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ファシズム

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ウィキポータル政治学

脚注

^ ^a ^b ^c 田中浩.日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) コトバンク. 2019年2月25日閲覧。
^ 伊藤 2018, p. 126.
^ 中村 1983, p. 90.
^ 泉, 宣道 (2020年). “【書評】原体験を踏まえ“トランプ後”の世界を占う：マデレーン・オルブライト著『ファシズム　警告の書』”. 公益財団法人ニッポンドットコム. 2021年8月24日閲覧。 “結束主義とも訳されるファシズムの語源は、イタリア語で「束（たば）」を意味するファッショ（fascio、単数）とされている。”
^ Mayu Uchida「タリブ・クウェリがジミー・ファロンのTV番組にて Black Lives Matter について語る：自身の抗議運動、存在する制度的な人種差別の現状やアメリカのトランプ政権について」『HYPEBEAST』、2020年6月7日。2020年7月2日閲覧。「トランプ大統領自身は結束主義者であるという自覚はないかもしれませんが、確実に結束主義的方向に進んでいます。（Donald Trump, he might not think he's a fascist, but he's moving in fascist ways.）」
^ ^a ^b 「(1)狭義では、イタリアのファシスト党の運動、並びに同党が権力を握っていた時期の政治的理念およびその体制。(2)広義では、イタリア-ファシズムと共通の本質をもつ傾向・運動・支配体制。（以下略）」（広辞苑第四版）
^ Fasism - thefreedictionary.com
^ fascism - Oxford Dictionary of Sociology
^ ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典コトバンク. 2019年2月25日閲覧。
^ New World, Websters (2005). Webster's II New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. ISBN 0-618-39601-2
^ Payne, Stanley (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2
^ Doordan, Dennis P (1995). In the Shadow of the Fasces: Political Design in Fascist Italy. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2
^ Parkins, Wendy (2002). Fashioning the Body Politic: Dress, Gender, Citizenship. Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-587-8
^ ファッショか共産主義か五来欣造 1933年7月12日、24頁
^ 岩田新の昭和17年の著書でも用例がある。大東亜建設法の理念と構造」1942年9月20日、1頁
^ 国家社会主義とは何か（レフ・トロツキー）
^ “「抗日勝利行事働き掛けを習主席が国連事務総長に五輪を政治利用？」”. 産経新聞. (2014年2月7日). オリジナルの2014年2月7日時点におけるアーカイブ。 2014年2月7日閲覧。
^ “George Orwell: ‘What is Fascism?’”. Orwell.ru. (2008年1月8日)
^ “ジョージ・オーウェル: ‘ファシズムとは何か’”
^ Gregor. Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press, 2005 p. 4 ISBN 0-691-12009-9
^ George Orwell, What is Fascism? Orwell.ru
^ ^a ^b Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2918-2
^ Woolf, Stuart (1981). Fascism in Europe. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-30240-0
^ Gregor, A. James (2002). Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0855-2
^ ^a ^b Payne, Stanley G (1983). Fascism, Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-08064-1
^ ^a ^b 西川正雄 1967, pp. 2.
^ Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science p. 420-421, 2004 Taylor and Francis.
^ Kallis, Aristotle, ed. (2003). The Fascism Reader, London: Routledge, pages 84–85.
^ Renton, David. Fascism: Theory and Practice, p. 21, London: Pluto Press, 1999.
^ Girvin, Brianの「The Right in the Twentieth Century」（Pinter、1994年）P83ではファシズムを「反自由主義の急進主義的な権威主義のナショナリストの運動」(anti-liberal radical authoritarian nationalist movement)。
^ Turner, Henry Ashbyの「Reappraisals of Fascism、（New Viewpoints、1975年） P162では以下と記した「（ファシズムの）急進的で権威主義的なナショナリズムの目標」(goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism)
^ Payne, Stanleyは「en:University of Wisconsin Press」（1992年、P43）で、1923年から1977年のスペインのファシズムにおけるスペインのファシストen:José Antonio Primo de Riveraの目標を以下のように記した「若いJosé Antonioの主要な政治的情熱は、彼の父の著作の正しさの証明を長く保持したもので、彼は今、急進的で権威主義的なナショナリストの体制の概念化を試みた。(Young José Antonio's primary political passion was and would long remain the vindication of his father's work, which he was now trying to conceptualize in a radical, authoritarian nationalist form)
^ Larsen, Stein Ugelvikや Hagtvet, Berntや Myklebust, Jan Petterは「Who were the Fascists: social roots of European Fascism」(p.424)で、ファシズムの参照用定義(reference calls)を「統合された急進的なナショナリストの権威主義の、組織的な体制」(organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism)と記した
^ Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia; Massel, David (translation). The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press: 1994. pp. 189–190.
^ Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Oxon: The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 2005 (digital edition). p. 112.
^ Lyons, Matthew N.. “What is Fascism? Some General Ideological Features”. PublicEye.org. Political Research Associates. 2009年10月27日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Griffin, Roger: "The Palingenetic Core of Fascism", Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche, Ideazione editrice, Rome, 2003 AH.Brookes.ac.uk Archived 2011年11月20日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b Stackleberg, Rodney Hitler's Germany, Routeledge, 1999, p. 3
^ ^a ^b Eatwell, Roger: "A 'Spectral-Syncretic Approach to Fascism', The Fascism Reader, Routledge, 2003 pp 71–80 Books.google.com
^ ^a ^b Lipset, Seymour: "Fascism as Extremism of the Middle Class", The Fascism Reader, Routledge, 2003, pp. 112–116
^ "We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century." ... "We are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and thus the century of the state. It is eminently reasonable for a new doctrine to make use of still-vital elements from other doctrines," ... "Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people." (p. 14) "The Fascist negation of socialism, democracy, liberalism, should not, however, be interpreted as implying a desire to drive the world backwards to positions occupied prior to 1789, a year commonly referred to as that which opened the demo-liberal century. History does not travel backwards. The Fascist doctrine has not taken De Maistre as its prophet. Monarchical absolutism is of the past, and so is ecclesiolatry. Dead and done for are feudal privileges and the division of society into closed, uncommunicating castes. Neither has the Fascist conception of authority anything in common with that of a police ridden State." ... "Fascism is therefore opposed to Socialism to which unity within the State (which amalgamates classes into a single economic and ethical reality) is unknown, and which sees in history nothing but the class struggle. Fascism is likewise opposed to trade unionism as a class weapon. But when brought within the orbit of the State, Fascism recognises the real needs which gave rise to socialism and trade-unionism, giving them due weight in the guild or corporative system in which divergent interests are coordinated and harmonised in the unity of the State." (p.15) "In rejecting democracy Fascism rejects the absurd conventional lie of political equalitarianism, the habit of collective irresponsibility, the myth of felicity and indefinite progress." ... "Fascism denies that numbers, as such, can be the determining factor in human society; it denies the right of numbers to govern by means of periodical consultations; it asserts the irremediable and fertile and beneficent inequality of men who cannot be leveled by any such mechanical and extrinsic device as universal suffrage." Doctrine of Fascism.
^ E.G. Noel O'Sullivan's five major themes of fascism are: corporatism, revolution, the leader principle, messianic faith, and autarky)
^ Wiarda, Howard J.「Corporatism and comparative politics」（M.E. Sharpe、1996年） p12
^ 「The Fascism Reader」(Aristotle A. Kallis)
^ ^a ^b Grčić, Joseph. Ethics and political theory. Lanham, Maryland, USA: University of America, Inc, 2000. p. 120
^ Mussolini, Benito. 1935. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome: Ardita Publishers. p 14. "The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people."
^ Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" – by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 72."Nazi political theorist Carl Schmitt described the Nazi intention to form a "strong state which guarantees a totality of political unity transcending all diversity" in order to avoid a "disasterous pluralism tearing the German people apart."
^ De Grand, Alexander. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: the "fascist" style of rule. Routledge, 2004. p. 28.
^ ^a ^b "Pax Romanizing". TIME Magazine, 31 December 1934. The Fascist International declared their opposition to the seeking of autonomy and cultural distinction of Jewish groups in Europe, claiming that such attempts were dangerous and an affront to national unity.
^ Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Nasri, William Z. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 62 – Supplement 25 – Automated Discourse Generation to the User-Centered Revolution: 1970–1995. CRC Press, 1998. ISBN 9780824720629. p. 69.
^ Griffin, Roger (ed.); Feldman, Matthew (ed.). Fascism: Fascism and culture. London, UK; New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. p. 185.
^ Frank Bealey, Allan G. Johnson. The Blackwell dictionary of political science: a user's guide to its terms. 2nd edition. Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. p. 129.
^ Walter Laqueur, Walter. Fascism: A Readers' Guide : Analysis, Interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1976 (first edition, 1978 (paperback edition). p. 338.
^ Griffin, Roger. The Nature of Fascism. New York, New York, USA: St. Martins Press, 1991. pp. 222–223.
^ Gregor, Anthony James. Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought. Princeton University Press, 2004. p. 172.
^ ^a ^b ^c Roland Sarti. "Italian fascism: radical politics and conservative goals". Fascists and Conservatives. Ed. Martin Blinkhorn. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 p. 21.
^ Eatwell, Roger: "A Spectral-Syncretic Approach to Fascism", The Fascism Reader, Routledge, 2003, p 79. Books.Google.com
^ Turner, Stephen P., Käsler, Dirk: Sociology Responds to Fascism, Routledge. 2004, p. 222
^ Eatwell, Roger: "A Spectral-Syncretic Approach to Fascism(ファシズムへのスペクトル - シンクレティック・アプローチ)", The Fascism Reader, Routledge, 2003, pp 79–80
^ Books.Google.com Key concepts in politics, Andrew Heywood, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. p28. ISBN 978-0-312-23381-5 "various horseshoe shaped and two dimensional spectrums have been developed to offer a more complete picture of ideological positions"
^ “The Political Compass, Analysis”. Politicalcompass.org (2010年4月26日). 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001. p. 112.
^ Mosse, G: "Toward a General Theory of Fascism", Fascism, ed. Griffin, Routeledge, 2003
^ ^a ^b Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis: en:University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 54.
^ Mussolini, Benito; Schnapp, Jeffery Thompson (ed.); Sears, Olivia E. (ed.); Stampino, Maria G. (ed.). "Address to the National Corporative Council (14 November 1933) and Senate Speech on the Bill Establishing the Corporations (abridged; 13 January 1934)". A Primer of Italian Fascism. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. pp. 158–159.
^ Books.Google.com "a final indicator of the amibiguity between left and right extremes is that many militants switch sides, including the very founder of fascism, Benito Mussolini" Terrorism today, Christopher C. Harmon, Routledge, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7146-4998-6
^ Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 58.
^ John Toland (1976), Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography, p. 306
^ Weber, Eugen. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, [1964] 1982. p. 8.
^ Renton, David. Fascism: Theory and Practice, London: Pluto Press, 1999.
^ Jenkins, Brian (ed). France in the Era of Fascis’, Oxford: Beghahan Books, 2005, p 66.
^ Stackleberg, Roderick: Hitler's Germany, London: Routeledge, 1999, p 17
^ Stanley G. Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press, 1983, p. 3.
^ Roger Griffin, Interregnum or Endgame?: Radical Right Thought in the ‘Post-fascist’ Era, The Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 5, no. 2, July 2000, pp. 163–78
^ ‘Non Angeli, sed Angli: the neo-populist foreign policy of the "New" BNP', in Christina Liang (ed.) Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right (Ashgate, Hampshire, 2007) ISBN 0754648516
^ Laqueur, Walter. ‘’Fascism Past, Present and Future’’, Oxford, OUP, 1997
^ Stanley G. Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. 1983. ISBN 9780299080648. p. 8 an 104
^ Stanley G. Payne (1996). A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-595-6
^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. 1983. ISBN 9780299080648. p. 104
^ Lipset, Seymour. ‘’Political Man’’, New York, Anchor Books, 1960, p 141
^ Griffin, Roger. ‘’The Nature of Fascism’’, London, Routeledge, 1991
^ Counts, George Sylvester (1970). Bolshevism, Fascism, and Capitalism: An Account of the Three Economic Systems. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-8369-1866-5
^ Gregor, A. James (2004). Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher Of Fascism. Transaction Pub. ISBN 0-7658-0593-6
^ Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta. Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. University of California Press, 2000. p. 136.
^ Zeev Sternhell: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion, 2001, pp.92
^ Sternhell, Zeev, in Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader's Guide, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976, pp. 315–76
^ Ignazi, Piero. Extreme right parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0199291594 p. 83
^ The Book of Poisonous Quotes, by Colin Jarman, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1993, ISBN 0809236818, pg 245
^ ファシズムとは何か（レフ・トロツキー、1931年）
^ 国家社会主義とは何か（レフ・トロツキー、1933年）
^ 丸山眞男「増補版現代政治の思想と行動」未來社、1964年
^ ファシズムへの道準戦時体制へ - 大内力^{[リンク切れ]}
^ ^a ^b Talmon, Jacob Leib. The Myth of the Nation and Vision of Revolution: Ideological Polarization in the Twentieth Century. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishers, 1991. pp. 451–452.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Payne, Stanley. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. UCL Press Ltd, 1995 (original); Digital Printing, 2005. p. 28
^ Miliukov, Paul (1920). Bolshevism: An International Danger. London, George Allen & Unwin, pp. 24-25.
^ 大杉栄『ベルグソンとソレル』
^ Zeev Sternhell: The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion, 2001, pp.92
^ ^a ^b Roberts, David D. The syndicalist tradition and Italian fascism. University of North Carolina Press, 1979. p. 77
^ Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945 Edited by Charles F. Delzel, Harper Rowe 1970, page 3
^ Schreiber, Emile. L’Illustration, No. 4672 (September 17, 1932).
^ Versluis, Arthur.The New Inquistions. Oxford University Press, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 161.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 162.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 160.
^ ^a ^b Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 163.
^ ^a ^b ^c Martin Blinkhorn. Mussolini and fascist Italy. Second edition. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2003 p. 9.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 32.
^ Emilio Gentile. The struggle for modernity: nationalism, futurism, and fascism. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2003. p. 5.
^ Emilio Gentile. The struggle for modernity: nationalism, futurism, and fascism. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2003. p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 170.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 173.
^ Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. p. 1001.
^ Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. p. 884.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 175.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. pp. 173, 175.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 214.
^ Anthony James Gregor. Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA; London, England, UK: University of California Press, 1979. p. 195–196.
^ ^a ^b Anthony James Gregor. Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA; London, England, UK: University of California Press, 1979. p. 196.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roger Griffin, Matthew Feldman. Fascism: Fascism and culture. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. p. 207.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 178.
^ Stanislao G. Pugliese. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004. 43–44.
^ Pugliese, Stanislao G. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. p. 25-27.
^ ^a ^b Hewitt, Andrew. Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics, and the Avant-Garde. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 1993. p. 144
^ Pugliese, Stanislao G. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. p. 25
^ Dahlia S. Elazar. The making of fascism: class, state, and counter-revolution, Italy 1919–1922. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2001. p. 73
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 69.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. pp. 69–70.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 70.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 186.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 187.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 189.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 73.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 75.
^ ^a ^b Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 193.
^ ^a ^b ^c De Grand, Alexander. Italian fascism: its origins and development. 3rd ed. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. p. 145.
^ Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe. Routdlege, 1990. p. 14.
^ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri. The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution. Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 190.
^ Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and Conservatives. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 p. 22.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 72.
^ Cristogianni Borsella, Adolph Caso. Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Branden Books, 2007. p. 76.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Robert O. Paxton. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York, New York, USA; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Random House, Inc., 2005 p. 87.
^ ^a ^b Robert O. Paxton. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York, New York, USA; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Random House, Inc., 2005 p. 88.
^ ^a ^b Robert O. Paxton. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York, New York, USA; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Random House, Inc., 2005 p. 90.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 110.
^ De Grand, Alexander. Italian fascism: its origins and development. 3rd ed. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. pp. 45 and 54.
^ De Grand, Alexander. Italian fascism: its origins and development. 3rd ed. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. p. 45.
^ ^a ^b Roland Sarti. "Italian fascism: radical politics and conservative goals". Fascists and Conservatives. Ed. Martin Blinkhorn. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 p. 22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 113.
^ ^a ^b Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 114.
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 115.
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. pp. 119–120.
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 122.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 150.
^ Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2000. p. 132.
^ ^a ^b Ali Abdullatif Ahmida. The making of modern Libya: state formation, colonization, and resistance, 1830–1922. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York Press, 1994. pp. 134–135.
^ Ian Kershaw. Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris. New York, New York, USA; London, England, UK: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. p. 182.
^ David Jablonsky. The Nazi Party in dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923–1925. London, England, UK; Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1989. pp. 20–26, 30
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital Printing Edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 132
^ Dylan J. Riley. The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. p. 87
^ Dylan J. Riley. The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. pp. 87, 90
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital Printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 270.
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital Printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. pp. 282–288.
^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Digital Printing edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 145.
^ ^a ^b Günter Berghaus. Fascism and theatre: comparative studies on the aesthetics and politics of performance. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 2000. 136–137
^ ^a ^b Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 189.
^ Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 190.
^ Ebenstein, William. 1964. Today's Isms: Communism, Fascism, Capitalism, and Socialism. Prentice Hall (original from the University of Michigan). p. 178. Books.Google.com
^ Oliver Zimmer, Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940 (London, Palgrave, 2003), chapter 4, pp. 80–107.
^ Paxton, Robert. The Anatomy of Fascism. Vintage Books. ISBN 1-4000-4094-9
^ Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-07132-9
^ Laqueuer, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-19-511793-X
^ “Fascism”. Encyclopædia Britannica. (2008年1月8日)
^ Passmore, Kevin (2002). Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280155-4
^ Griffen, Roger (ed). Fascism. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0192892495. p. 44.
^ Griffen, Roger (ed). Fascism. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0192892495. p. 183.
^ "Goebbels on National-Socialism, Bolshevism and Democracy, Documents on International Affairs, vol. II, 1938, pp. 17–19. Accessed from the Jewish Virtual Library on February 5, 2009. JewishVirtualLibrary.org Joseph Goebbels describes the Nazis as being allied with countries which had "authoritarian nationalist" ideology and conception of the state.
^ Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe. Routledge, 1990. p. 14.
^ ^a ^b Bosworth, R. J. B. The Oxford Handbook of Fascism. New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Talmon, Jacob Leib. The Myth of the Nation and the Vision of Revolution: The Origins of Ideological Polarization. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press p. 484.
^ Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe. Routdlege, 1990. p. 24.
^ ^a ^b The seizure of power: fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. 3rd ed. Abingdon-Oxxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA, 2004. pp. 330–331.
^ Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe. Routdlege, 1990. p. 21.
^ Payne, Stanley G. 1996. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. 3rd ed. Ambingdon-Oxxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 p. 112.
^ Mussolini, Benito. 1935. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome: Ardita Publishers. p 14.
^ Linz, Juan José. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes: with a major new introduction. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 7. Books.google.com
^ Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" – by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 72.
^ Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Need for a Totalitarian Japan" – by Nakano Seigo. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239.
^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Routledge, 1996. pp. 485–486.
^ Griffen, Roger (ed.). Fascism. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 59.
^ ^a ^b Hawkins, Mike. Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. p. 285.
^ Hawkins, Mike. Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 282, 284.
^ Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. Vol. C. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2005. p. 1064.
^ Sarti, Roland. 1974. The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action. New York: New Viewpoints. p189.
^ Joseph A. Leighton, "Social Philosophies in Conflict", D. Appleton-Century Company, 1937. pg. 32
^ John Weiss, "The Fascist Tradition", Harper & Row, 1967. pg 2
^ Kevin Passmore, "Fascism: A Very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press, 2002. Chapter 6.
^ John Weiss, The Fascist Tradition, Harper & Row, 1967. pg 2
^ John Weiss, The Fascist Tradition, Harper & Row, 1967. pg 5
^ John Weiss, The Fascist Tradition, Harper & Row, 1967. pg 9
^ The Rise of the Nazis, Conan Fischer, Manchester University Press (2002), ISBN 0-7190-6067-2, p. 60
^ Gentile, Emilio. The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. p. 86. Books.Google.com
^ ^a ^b Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945, Taylor & Francis, 2003, p. 168.
^ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge, 2002. p. 146
^ Heywood, Andrew. Key Concepts in Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. p. 78
^ The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right (2002) by Peter Jonathan Davies and Derek Lynch, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0415214947 p. 143.
^ Payne, Stanley (1996). A History of Fascism. Routledge. ISBN 1857285956 p.10
^ Pauley. 2003. pp. 72, 84.
^ Pauley. 2003. p. 85.
^ Pauley. 2003. p. 86.
^ Payne, Stanley G. 1996. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Routledge. p. 64.
^ Robert Eccleshall, Vincent Geoghegan, Richard Jay, Michael Kenny, Iain Mackenzie, Rick Wilford. Political Ideologies: an introduction. 2nd ed. Routledge, 1994. p. 208.
^ Griffen, Roger (editor). Chapter 8: "Extremism of the Centre" – by Seymour Martin Lipset. International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. Arnold Readers. p. 101.
^ Welch, David. Modern European History, 1871–2000. p. 57. (Speaks of fascism opposing capitalism for creating class conflict and communism for exploiting class conflict).
^ David Baker, "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?", New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227–250.
^ Richard Allen Epstein, Principles for a Free Society: Reconciling Individual Liberty With the Common Good, De Capo Press 2002, p. 168
^ James A. Gregor, The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 7
^ Herbert Kitschelt, Anthony J. McGann. The Radical Right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis. 1996 University of Michigan Press. p. 30
^ De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, pp. 48–51.
^ Benito Mussolini, Richard Washburn Child, Max Ascoli, Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press, 1998. p. 26.
^ ^a ^b Knight, Patricia, Mussolini and Fascism, p. 72, Routledge, 2003.
^ Pollard, John Francis, The Fascist Experience in Italy, p. 80 Routledge 1998
^ ^a ^b Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35.
^ Benito Mussolini, Richard Washburn Child, Max Ascoli, Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press, 1998. pp. 2, 38.
^ Aaron Gillette. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. p. 43.
^ Griffen, Roger (ed.). Fascism. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 59.
^ 南米諸国では、異なる人種や民族の出身者間での結婚の推奨がファシズムが発生する以前から意識的・政策的に行われていた。
^ ^a ^b Laqueur, Walter, Fascism: Past, Present, Future p. 41 1996 Oxford University Press.
^ Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran by Said Amir Arjomand. pp. 204–9.
^ Farrell, Nicholas, Mussolini: A New Life p. 5 2004 Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
^ Pollard, John F. (1985). The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
^ Rochat Giorgio, Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche, Torino, Claudiana, 1990.
^ Bracco, Roberto. Persecuzione in Italia . Rome, n.d.
^ Rochat, Giorgio. Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Torino: Claudiana, 1990.
^ Poewe, Karla O, New Religions and the Nazis, p. 30, Routledge 2006
^ Ludwig, Emile; Mussolini, Benito. Talks with Mussolini. Boston: Little Brown & Company, 1933. p. 130.
^ Jayapalan, N. Plato. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1999. p. 81.
^ Aron, Raymond Main Currents in Sociological Thought: Durkheim, Pareto, Weber. Vol. 2. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishers, 2009 (3rd ed.). p. 194-195.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mussolini, Benito; Sarfatti, Margherita G; Whyte, Frederic (translator). The Life of Benito Mussolini. Kessinger Publishing: 1925 (original), 2004. p. 102.
^ Griffin, Miriam. A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford, UK; West Sussex, UK; Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd, 2009. p. 437.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wyke, Maria. Julius Caesar in western culture. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd, 2006. p. 249.
^ Borgese, G. A. Goliath – The March of Fascism. New York, USA: Viking Press, 2007. p. 242.
^ Mussolini, Benito; Sarfatti, Margherita G; Whyte, Frederic (translator). The Life of Benito Mussolini. Kessinger Publishing: 1925 (original), 2004. p. 132.
^ Downs,Robert B. Books That Changed the World. Revised ed. New York, New York, USA: New American Library, 2004. p. 25.
^ Borgese, G. A. Goliath – The March of Fascism. New York, USA: Viking Press, 2007. p. 335.
^ ^a ^b Berman, Art. Preface to modernism. Chicago, Illinois, USA: Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 1994. p. 242.
^ Marcuse, Herbet. Reason and revolution: Hegel and the rise of social theory, Volume 1954. 7th ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1977. 402–403.
^ ^a ^b ^c Germino, Dante L. The Italian Fascist Party in power: a study in totalitarian rule. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota / Jones Press, Inc, 1959. p. 135.
^ Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 236.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 241.
^ Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 242.
^ Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 242-243.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 249.
^ Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 250.
^ Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. Nietzsche, godfather of fascism?: on the uses and abuses of a philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2002. p. 237.
^ Gregor, Anthony James. Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA; London, England, UK: University of California Press, 1979. p. 29
^ Haugen, Brenda. Benito Mussolini: Fascist Italian Dictator. Minneapolis, Minnesota, US: Compass Point Books, 2007. Pp. 17.
^ ^a ^b Gregor, Anthony James. Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA; London, England, UK: University of California Press, 1979. p. 31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006. p. 628.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006. p. 629.
^ Aaron Gillette. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. p. 40.
^ ^a ^b Aaron Gillette. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. p. 41.
^ Mühlberger, Detlef (1987). The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements. Routledge. ISBN 0709935854
^ ファシストの持つ反民主主義、反共主義、軍国主義などの特徴をある程度は持っているが、ファシストの持つ新国家創造の革命的な目標に欠ける。Peter Davies, Derek Lynchは著書「The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right」でこのような本当のファシストの国家や運動とは異なる側面を持った権威主義的な統治を「パラ・ファシズム」と呼んだ。
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 樹中毅「レーニン主義からファシズムへ蔣介石と独裁政治モデル」アジア研究 51(1), 2005年、アジア政経学会
^ 樹中毅「蔣介石体制の成立非公式エリート組織とファシズムの中国化」アジア研究 57(1), 2011年、アジア政経学会
^ ^a ^b “Mussolini and Fascism in Italy”. FSmitha.com. (2008年1月8日). http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch12.htm
^ ^a ^b Macdonald, Hamish (1999). Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0748733868
^ Mediterranean Fascism, 1919–1945, Ed. Charles F. Delzell 1970 p. 7.
^ Mediterranean Fascism, 1919–1945, Ed. Charles F. Delzell 1970 p. 9.
^ “Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini” (英語). ガーディアン. (2009年10月13日) 2010年1月3日閲覧。
^ “Fascist Modernization in Italy: Traditional or Revolutionary”. Roland Sarti. (2008年1月8日). http://www.jstor.org/pss/1852268
^ “Mussolini's Italy”. Appstate.edu. (2008年1月8日). オリジナルの2008年4月15日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ Macdonald, Hamish (1999). Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0748733868
^ Copinger, Stewart (1964). The rise and fall of Western colonialism. F.A.Praeger
^ Fulda, Bernhard. Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 65.
^ Carlsten, F.L. The Rise of Fascism. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1982. p. 80.
^ Nazi foreign policy, 1933–1941: the road to global war. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. p. 10.
^ ^a ^b Carlsten, 1982. p. 80.
^ Carlsten, 1982. p. 81.
^ Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914–1945. Abingdon, England, UK: Routledge, 1995, 2005 (Digital Printing edition). p. 463.
^ Fortescue, William. The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: conflicts and continuities. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. p. 181.
^ Scobie, Alexander. Hitler's state architecture: the impact of classical antiquity. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. pp. 22, 38.
^ Scobie, Alexander. Hitler's state architecture: the impact of classical antiquity. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. p. 22
^ Nazi foreign policy, 1933–1941: the road to global war. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. p. 9.
^ Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science p. 8, 2004 Taylor and Francis.
^ Gilbert Allardyce (1979). "What Fascism Is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept". American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 84 (2): 367–388. doi:10.2307/1855138. JSTOR 1855138。
^ Paul H. Lewis (2000). Latin Fascist Elites. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 9. ISBN 0-275-97880-X
^ Karl Dietrich Bracher (1976). Fascism: A Reader's Guide. Harmondsworth. pp. 217-218. ISBN 0520030338
^ Griffin, Roger (2003). Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415290198
「It might well be claimed that Nazism and Italian fascism were separate species within the same genus, without any implicit assumption that the two species ought to be well-nigh identical. Ernst Nolte has stated that the differences could be easily reconciled by employing a term such as 'radical fascism' for Nazism. ... The establishment of fundamental generic characteristics linking Nazism to movements in other parts of Europe allows further consideration on a comparative basis of the reasons why such movements were able to become a real political danger and gain power in Italy and Germany, whereas in other European countries they remained an unpleasant, but transitory irritant…」
^ Sternhell, Zeev (1996). The Birth of the Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691044864
^ Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek Lynch The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. p. 255, 2002 Routledge
^ ^a ^b ^c 古田善文「1930年代初頭におけるオーストリア護国団運動の分裂過程」獨協大学ドイツ文学研究
^ ^a ^b Morgan, Philip. Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. London, UK; New York, USA: Routledge, 2003. p. 170.
^ Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and Conservatives. Abingdon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 (2nd edition). p. 105.
^ ^a ^b Payne, Stanley G (1961-06-01). Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Textbook Publisherss. ISBN 0758134452
^ “Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista”. Britannica.com. (2008年1月8日)
^ Loveday, Arthur Frederic (1949). Spain, 1923–1948: Civil War and World War. Boswell Publishing Company
^ Tucker, Spencer (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576079996
^ Del Boca, Angelo (1969). Fascism Today: A World Survey. Pantheon Books
^ Payne, Stanley G (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299110702
^ Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, p. 476 1999 Univ. of Wisconsin Press
^ Laqueur, Walter Fascism: Past, Present, Future p. 13 1996 Oxford University Press
^ De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro Franco and the Spanish Civil War, p. 87, Routledge
^ Gilmour, David, The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy, p. 7 1985 Quartet Books
^ Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, pp. 347, 476 1999 Univ. of Wisconsin Press
^ Laqueur, Walter Fascism: Past, Present, Future, p. 13, 1997 Oxford University Press US
^ “Spanish Civil War veterans look back, BBC News, 17 March 2006”. BBC News. (2006年3月17日) 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ Chase, Allan (1943). Falange: The Axis Secret Army in the Americas. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0404169198
^ Gunson, Phil (1989). The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America. Routledge. ISBN 0415028086
^ ^a ^b Robertson, David (2002-10). A Dictionary of Modern Politics. Routledge. ISBN 185743093X
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and Conservatives. Abingdon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 (2nd edition). p. 164.
^ Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and Conservatives. Abingdon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 (2nd edition). p. 161.
^ Blinkhorn, Martin. Fascists and Conservatives. Abingdon, England, UK: Routledge, 2001 (2nd edition). p. 165.
^ 「プーチン体制はウソと暴力の体制だ」 71歳ジャーナリストがロシアの若者と語る
^ 「ファシズムとロシア」書評　プーチン体制の本丸を見誤るな｜好書好日
^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1980. p. 112.
^ Miklós Molnár, Anna Magyar. A concise history of Hungary. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 278.
^ Denis Sinor. History of Hungary. Woking and London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1959. p. 291
^ Spicer, Kevin P. 2007. Antisemitism, Christian ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press on behalf of the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. p. 142. Google Books (Describes the Romanian Iron Guard as a totalitarian nationalist and anti-Semitic movement.
^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4.)
^ Ioanid, "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard".
^ Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science p.8, 2004 Taylor and Francis
^ Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek Lynch The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. p. 3, 2002 Routledge
^ Davies, Peter Jonathan and Derek Lynch The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. p. 326, 2002 Routledge
^ 福家崇洋 2007, pp. 3.
^ 福家崇洋 2007, pp. 5.
^ 福家崇洋 2007, pp. 5–6.
^ 福家崇洋 2007, pp. 6–8.
^ 福家崇洋 2007, pp. 23.
^ ファシズムと社会政策の新傾向五来欣造 1932年
^ ファッショか共産主義か五来欣造 1933年7月12日、24頁
^ 文明一新の先駆イタリヤ五来欣造 1933年10月25日
^ 『国民思想善導教化及団体関係雑件第一巻 8．露西亜ファシスト党日本代表出演ノ皇化連盟主催演説会状況関係』「JACAR(アジア歴史資料センター)Ref.B04013004000、国民思想善導教化及団体関係雑件第一巻(I-4-5-1-8_001)(外務省外交史料館)」
^ 「JACAR(アジア歴史資料センター)Ref.A06030020400、昭和18年1月30日・国家主義国体調(国立公文書館)」
^ 赤軍将校陰謀事件の真相 : スターリン暗黒政治の曝露山内封介国際反共聯盟調査部発行 1937年
^ ^a ^b 都築忠七(Tsuzuki, Chushichi). The Pursuit of Power in Japan 1825–1995. Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 244.
^ ^a ^b Nish, Ian. Japanese Foreign Policy. Routledge, 2001. p. 234.
^ Tsuzuki, Chushichi. The Pursuit of Power in Japan 1825–1995. Oxford University Press, 2000. P. 245.
^ 『社会学小辞典』（有斐閣・1982年・増補版）の「天皇制ファシズム」の項には〈日本の場合、イタリアやドイツなどのような「下から」の運動による国家権力の掌握ではなく、天皇制国家権力自体が「上から」なし崩し的にファシズム化していったので、天皇制ファシズムと呼ばれる。〉とある。
^ Yahoo!百科事典（小学館『日本大百科全書』）の「ファシズム」の項目^{[リンク切れ]}
^ 『ブリタニカ国際大百科事典』、平凡社『世界大百科事典』の「ファシズム」の項目
^ 大辞泉 Archived 2011年5月19日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, 118.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0880339888. p. 255.
^ Payne, Stanley G., A history of fascism, 1914–1945. (University of Wisconsin Press, 1996), p. 352
^ Elsa Marston, "Fascist Tendencies in Pre-War Arab Polocies: A study of Three Arab Political Movements, [PPS, Misr al-Fatat, and Futuwa]," Middle East Forum, 35 (May, 1959), pp. 19–22 Google Books
^ qtd in. Books.google.com. (2007-11-08) 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ Confronting fascism in Egypt: dictatorship versus democracy in the 1930s. Stanford University Press. (2009). ISBN 0804763445
^ qtd in: Constitutionalism: western and middle eastern Por Mohammad Taki Mehdi, University of California., 1960, p. 458 Google Books
^ qtd in: Iraqi politics, 1921–41: the interaction between domestic politics and foreign policy, Ahmad 'Abd al-Razzāq Shikārah, LAAM, 1987, p. 217 Google Books
^ Stanley G. Payne (1996). A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299148742
^ Minicy Catom Software Engineering Ltd. www.catom.com. “Institute for Global Jewish Affairs – Global Antisemitism, Anti-Israelism, Jewish Studies”. Jcpa.org. 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ Language planning and policy in Africa: Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria and Tunisia, Volume 2, by Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, Multilingual Matters, 2007, p. 69 Google Books
^ The Nile: histories, cultures, myths By Ḥagai Erlikh, I. Gershoni, p. 194 Google Books
^ Fascism outside Europe: the European impulse against domestic conditions in the diffusion of global fascism. Social Science Monographs. (2001). ISBN 0880339888
^ Newsweek – Google Books. Books.google.com. (2009-09-29) 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ S. Ponzanesi Paradoxes of postcolonial culture: contemporary women writers of the Indian and Afro-Italian diaspora SUNY Press, 2004 ISBN 0791462013
^ ^a ^b Fouad Ajami (1992). The Arab predicament: Arab political thought and practice since 1967. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438330
^ ^a ^b Concise encyclopaedia of Arabic civilization: the Arab East, Volume 1 Por Stephan Ronart,Nandy Ronart, Praeger, 1960, p. 263 Google Books
^ Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, Transaction Publishers, 2009 ISBN 1412810779
^ “The Mufti and the Fuhrer”. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org (1941年11月28日). 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ David Dalin, John Rothmann, Alan Dershowitz Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, Transaction Publishers, 2009 ISBN 1412810779
^ “The Nazi Background of Saddam Hussein”. Archive.newsmax.com (2003年2月21日). 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ “Article or Op-Ed”. Washingtoninstitute.org. 2010年6月4日閲覧。
^ Alan Waring, A. Ian Glendon (1998). Managing risk. ISBN 1861521677
^ Iran, dictatorship and development, Fred Halliday, volume 1979, part 2, Penguin, 1978, p. 53
^ World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson – 2006, p. 342 Google.books
^ Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576079406
^ Bitter legacy: ideology and politics in the Arab world Por Paul Salem, Syracuse University Press, 1994, p. 244 Google Books
^ The PLO: the rise and fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization By Jillian Becker, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1984, p. 106 Google Books
^ The Near East since the First World War: a history to 1995 By Malcolm Yapp, Longman, 1996, p. 113, Google Books
^ Payne, Stanley G., A history of fascism, 1914–1945. (University of Wisconsin Press, 1996), p. 352.
^ Hirszowicz, Lukasz, The Third Reich and the Arab East (London: Routledge & K. Paul, Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1966)
^ The Third Reich and the Arab East – Google Books. Books.google.com. (2006-07-07) 2010年6月4日閲覧。
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^ ファシズムとは何か - トロツキー
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