細菌とは？ わかりやすく解説

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さい‐きん【細菌】

読み方：さいきん

原核細胞を持つ単細胞の微生物。原形質に明瞭な核をもたない生物の一群。主に分裂によって繁殖する。地球上の至る所に存在する。食品加工や有機物の分解に利用されるが、病原体となるものも多い。光合成細菌、藍藻類（シアノバクテリア）、窒素固定菌、放線菌など。バクテリア。

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微生物黴菌虫胚芽ばい菌

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細菌

【英】： Bacteria

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細菌 (さいきん)

微生物で、顕微鏡で見ることができます。人に有害な細菌、たとえば体の中に入り込んで病気を起こすものもありますが、人の生活に有用な細菌（納豆を作る納豆菌など）もあります。また、人と共生している細菌も。代表が腸内にいるビフィズス菌でしょう。皮膚や鼻の穴には黄色ブドウ球菌などもよく住んでいます。ちなみに黄色ブドウ球菌は、大人または健康な皮膚にはなんでもない菌ですが、皮膚が傷ついていたり抵抗力が落ちていたりすると、「とびひ」を起こすこともあります（子どもに多い病気ですが、大人でもなることがあります）。このように、状況によって人に有害になったりならなかったりする菌を「日和見菌（ひよりみきん）」と呼んだりします。なお、こうした病気を起こす細菌を退治する薬が抗菌薬です

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細菌

Bacterium

【概要】 バクテリア(複数形)とも言う。細胞膜の外に細胞壁があり、分類上は植物。一つの細胞で一匹の生命体。細胞の中には核がなく、遺伝子はDNAである。細菌のうち、圧倒的に多くのものはヒトを含む高等生物と共存共栄している。ヒトに対して病気を起こす細菌は病原菌とよばれる。　

【詳しく】 細菌の中に、多くの分類がある。ヒトの体には細菌がいっぱい住んでいる。皮膚には表皮ぶどう球菌がいる。気管支の細い所から肺は無菌状態だが、上気道つまり、鼻、口、のどには、ビリダンス菌、連鎖球菌、ナイセリアなどがいる。尿自体は無菌であるが、尿道口の近くや膣内にはぶどう球菌やグラム陽性桿菌がいる。腸内には正常な腸内細菌、腸球菌、嫌気性菌などがいる。膣にはデーデルライン桿菌がいる。これら常在菌が頑張っているので病原菌が生えにくくなっている。

《参照》 細胞、 遺伝子、 ＤＮＡ


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細菌

【仮名】さいきん
【原文】bacteria

多数の種から構成される一群の単細胞微生物。動物や人間に感染して疾患を引き起こすものも存在する。「bacteria（細菌）」の単数形は「bacterium」である。

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細菌(バクテリア)

膜のない原核生物に属する単細胞の微生物の一種です。細菌の大きさは0.1～
μm（1 μm＝100万分の1 m）で、球状・桿状･らせん状などの形態です。二分裂を繰り返して増殖し、一部のものは芽胞をつくります。広く生態系の中で物質循環に重要な役割を果たします。

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細菌[Acid-fast bacilli]

　広い意味では、酵母、カビや細菌などの総称名として用いられる。専門的には、ヒトを含む動物の細胞と異なり植物に特有の細胞壁を最外側に持つが、葉緑体は持たない。核膜が存在しないので核が無い(カビは核を持つ)単細胞の生物である。有名な抗生物質であるペニシリンは細胞壁の合成を阻害するので、細菌には有効に作用するが動物細胞には無効である。肉眼では見えないが光学顕微鏡で観察できる。

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細菌（さいきん）

単細胞の顕微鏡的な微生物で、分裂によって増殖するものをいう。

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細 菌

・菌体が２つに別れて増殖するので分裂菌と呼ばれている。種類は極めて多く人に病原性を与える病原細菌、食品に増殖して腐敗させる腐敗細菌等があり食品を汚染し、食中毒の原因ともなり、食品衛生上問題になる事が多い。 　

ウィキペディア
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ウィキペディアウィキペディア

細菌

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/04/02 14:18 UTC 版)

細菌（さいきん、真正細菌、ラテン語: bacterium、複数形 bacteria、バクテリア）とは、古細菌、真核生物とともに全生物界を三分する、生物の主要な系統（ドメイン）の一つである。語源はギリシャ語の「小さな杖」（βακτήριον）に由来する[1]。細菌は大腸菌、枯草菌、藍色細菌（シアノバクテリア）など様々な系統を含む生物群である。通常1-10 µmほどの微生物であり、球菌や桿菌、螺旋菌など様々な形状が知られている。真核生物と比較した場合、非常に単純な構造を持つ一方で、はるかに多様な代謝系や栄養要求性を示す。細菌を研究する科学分野は微生物学（または細菌学）と呼ばれる。


脚注
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細菌

出典:『Wiktionary』 (2021/07/11 22:43 UTC 版)

この単語の漢字
細 菌
さい
第二学年 		きん
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細菌 (さいきん)

  1. 真正細菌のこと。原核生物のうち古細菌を除いたもの。→バクテリア (Bacteria)。
  2. 原核生物の総称。真正細菌と古細菌が含まれる。→狭義の微生物 (Microbe)。

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「斎藤和英大辞典」斎藤秀三郎著、日外アソシエーツ辞書編集部編
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