地球の未来
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地球の未来
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2021/04/09 18:13 UTC 版)
本項では、推定される 地球の未来 について記述する。
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- ^ a b Hanslmeier 2009, p. 116.
- ^ a b Roberts 1998, p. 60.
- ^ Lunine & Lunine 1999, p. 244.
- ^ Berger, A.; Loutre, M. (1991), “Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years”, Quaternary Science Reviews 10 (4): 297–317, Bibcode: 1991QSRv...10..297B, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q
- ^ Maslin, Mark A.; Ridgwell, Andy J. (2005), “Mid-Pleistocene revolution and the 'eccentricity myth'”, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 247 (1): 19–34, Bibcode: 2005GSLSP.247...19M, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.247.01.02
- ^ The eccentricity e is related to the semimajor axis a and the semiminor axis b as follows:
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- ^ Laskar, J. et al. (2004), “A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth”, Astronomy & Astrophysics 428 (1): 261–85, Bibcode: 2004A&A...428..261L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041335
- ^ Laskar, J.; Joutel, F.; Robutel, P. (February 18, 1993), “Stabilization of the Earth's obliquity by the Moon”, Nature 361 (6413): 615–17, Bibcode: 1993Natur.361..615L, doi:10.1038/361615a0
- ^ Atobe, Keiko; Ida, Shigeru; Ito, Takashi (April 2004), “Obliquity variations of terrestrial planets in habitable zones”, Icarus 168 (2): 223–36, Bibcode: 2004Icar..168..223A, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.017
- ^ Neron de Surgy, O.; Laskar, J. (February 1997), “On the long term evolution of the spin of the Earth”, Astronomy and Astrophysics 318: 975–89, Bibcode: 1997A&A...318..975N
- ^ Donnadieu, Yannick et al. (2002), “Is high obliquity a plausible cause for Neoproterozoic glaciations?”, Geophysical Research Letters 29 (23): 42–, Bibcode: 2002GeoRL..29w..42D, doi:10.1029/2002GL015902
- ^ Lindsay, J. F.; Brasier, M. D. (2002), “Did global tectonics drive early biosphere evolution? Carbon isotope record from 2.6 to 1.9 Ga carbonates of Western Australian basins”, Precambrian Research 114 (1): 1–34, Bibcode: 2002PreR..114....1L, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00219-4
- ^ Lindsay, John F.; Brasier, Martin D. (2002), “A comment on tectonics and the future of terrestrial life – reply”, Precambrian Research 118 (3–4): 293–95, Bibcode: 2002PreR..118..293L, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00144-4 2009年8月28日閲覧。
- ^ a b c Ward 2006, pp. 231–32.
- ^ Murphy, J. Brendan; Nance, R. Damian; Cawood, Peter A. (June 2009), “Contrasting modes of supercontinent formation and the conundrum of Pangea”, Gondwana Research 15 (3–4): 408–20, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2008.09.005
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- ^ Trubitsyn, Valeriy; Kabana, Mikhail K.; Rothachera, Marcus (December 2008), “Mechanical and thermal effects of floating continents on the global mantle convection”, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 171 (1–4): 313–22, Bibcode: 2008PEPI..171..313T, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.03.011
- ^ a b c Bounama, Christine; Franck, Siegfried; von Bloh, Werner (2001), “The fate of Earth’s ocean”, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (Germany: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) 5 (4): 569–75, Bibcode: 2001HESS....5..569B, doi:10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 2009年7月3日閲覧。
- ^ Ward & Brownlee 2003, pp. 92–96.
- ^ Nield 2007, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Hoffman 1992, pp. 323–27.
- ^ Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (October 20, 2007), “Pangaea, the comeback”, New Scientist, オリジナルの2008-04-13時点におけるアーカイブ。 2009年8月28日閲覧。
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- ^ Calkin & Young 1996, pp. 9–75.
- ^ a b Thompson & Perry 1997, pp. 127–28.
- ^ Palmer 2003, p. 164.
- ^ Nimmo, F. et al. (February 2004), “The influence of potassium on core and geodynamo evolution”, Geophysical Journal International 156 (2): 363–76, Bibcode: 2003EAEJA.....1807N, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02157.x
- ^ Gonzalez & Richards 2004, p. 48.
- ^ Gubbins, David; Sreenivasan, Binod; Mound, Jon; Rost, Sebastian (May 19, 2011), “Melting of the Earth’s inner core”, Nature 473: 361–63, Bibcode: 2011Natur.473..361G, doi:10.1038/nature10068, PMID 21593868
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- ^ Stacey, F. D.; Stacey, C. H. B. (January 1999), “Gravitational energy of core evolution: implications for thermal history and geodynamo power”, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 110 (1–2): 83–93, Bibcode: 1999PEPI..110...83S, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00141-1
- ^ Meadows 2007, p. 34.
- ^ Stevenson 2002, p. 605.
- ^ van Thienen, P. et al. (March 2007), “Water, Life, and Planetary Geodynamical Evolution”, Space Science Reviews 129 (1–3): 167–203, Bibcode: 2007SSRv..129..167V, doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9149-7 In particular, see page 24.
- ^ a b Gough, D. O. (November 1981), “Solar interior structure and luminosity variations”, Solar Physics 74 (1): 21–34, Bibcode: 1981SoPh...74...21G, doi:10.1007/BF00151270
- ^ Ribas, Ignasi (February 2010), “The Sun and stars as the primary energy input in planetary atmospheres”, Solar and Stellar Variability: Impact on Earth and Planets, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium, 264, pp. 3–18, arXiv:0911.4872, Bibcode: 2010IAUS..264....3R, doi:10.1017/S1743921309992298
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- ^ Cain, Fraser (2007), “When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?”, Universe Today, オリジナルの17 May 2007時点におけるアーカイブ。 2007年5月16日閲覧。
- ^ Cox, T. J.; Loeb, Abraham (2007), “The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386: 461, arXiv:0705.1170, Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.tmp..333C, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x
- ^ Heath, Martin J.; Doyle, Laurance R. (2009). "Circumstellar Habitable Zones to Ecodynamic Domains: A Preliminary Review and Suggested Future Directions". arXiv:0912.2482。
- ^ a b c d e f g h O'Malley-James, J. T.; Greaves, J. S.; Raven, J. A.; Cockell, C. S., “Swansong Biospheres II: The final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes”, International Journal of Astrobiology 13: 229–243, arXiv:1310.4841, Bibcode: 2014IJAsB..13..229O, doi:10.1017/S1473550413000426
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- ^ Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (May 1, 2008), “Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (1): 155–63, arXiv:0801.4031, Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.386..155S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
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- ^ “時間”はあと50億年で終わる?ナショナルジオグラフィック(archive.is)
- ^ Kargel, J. S. et al. (May 2003), “Volatile Cycles and Glaciation: Earth and Mars (Now and Near a Red Giant Sun), and Moons of Hot Jupiters”, American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting# 35, #18.08; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 35: 945, Bibcode: 2003DPS....35.1808K
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- ^ Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (April 1997), “A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects”, Reviews of Modern Physics 69: 337–, arXiv:astro-ph/9701131, Bibcode: 1997RvMP...69..337A, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
- ^ Powell, David (January 22, 2007), “Earth's Moon Destined to Disintegrate”, Space.com (Tech Media Network) 2010年6月1日閲覧。
- ^ Murray, C.D.; Dermott, S.F. (1999). Solar System Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-521-57295-8
- ^ Dickinson, Terence (1993). From the Big Bang to Planet X. Camden East, Ontario: Camden House. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-921820-71-0
- ^ Canup, Robin M.; Righter, Kevin (2000). Origin of the Earth and Moon. The University of Arizona space science series. 30. University of Arizona Press. pp. 176–77. ISBN 978-0-8165-2073-2
- ^ Bruce Dorminey (2017年1月31日). “Earth and Moon May Be on Long-Term Collision Course”. Forbes. 2017年2月11日閲覧。
- ^ “Binary Stars can eject planets into interstellar space : Astronomy & Space Science”. Rational Skepticism Forum. 2017年12月15日閲覧。
- ^ Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). “Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe”. Reviews of Modern Physics 51 (3): 447–60. Bibcode: 1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 2008年7月5日閲覧。.
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