生物戦争
(細菌戦 から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/12/13 23:24 UTC 版)
生物戦争（せいぶつせんそう、英語：Biological warfare、BW、生物戦や細菌戦争とも）は、戦闘行為の中で人間、動物、または植物を殺したり無力化したりすることを目的とし、細菌、ウイルス、昆虫、真菌などの生物由来の毒素または病原体を使用する行為である。生物兵器として、生物または複製体（「生物」とは一般的に見なされていないウイルス）が用いられる。昆虫戦争は生物戦争のひとつの派生形である。
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- ^ [Akinfeyeva L. A., Aksyonova O. I., Vasilyevich I. V., et al. A case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Infektsionnye Bolezni (Moscow). 2005;3(1):85–88 [Russian].]
- ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2003). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Duckworth. ISBN 978-1-58567-348-3
- ^ Trevisanato SI (2007). “The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare”. Med Hypotheses 69 (6): 1371–4. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012. PMID 17499936.
- ^ a b Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002). Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen. Copernicus Books. p. 214,219. ISBN 0387950761
- ^ “Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (9): 971–5. (September 2002). doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776.
- ^ “History of biological warfare and bioterrorism”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20 (6): 497–502. (June 2014). doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID 24894605.
- ^ Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history," Military medicine (1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.
- ^ Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (2014) 2#9 p 38. online Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ John K. Thornton (November 2002). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36584-4
- ^ a b Akinwumi, Olayemi (1995). “BIOLOGICALLY-BASED WARFARE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL BORGU SOCIETY OF NIGERIA AND REPUBLIC OF BENIN”. Transafrican Journal of History 24: 123–130.
- ^ Calloway, Collin G. (2007). The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Pivotal Moments in American History). Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0195331271
- ^ Jones, David S. (2004). Rationalizing Epidemics. Harvard University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0674013056
- ^ McConnel, Michael N. (1997). A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774. University of Nebraska Press. p. 195
- ^ King, J. C. H. (2016). Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America. Penguin UK. p. 73. ISBN 9781846148088
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- ^ “History of biological warfare and bioterrorism”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20 (6): 497–502. (June 2014). doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID 24894605. "However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether his hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission, and that Native Americans had been in contact with smallpox >200 years before Ecuyer’s trickery, notably during Pizarro’s conquest of South America in the 16th century. As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-microbiological" attempts at biological warfare illustrate the difficulty of differentiating attempted biological attack from naturally occurring epidemics."
- ^ Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. (2007). p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. "In retrospect, it is difficult to evaluate the tactical success of Captain Ecuyer's biological attack because smallpox may have been transmitted after other contacts with colonists, as had previously happened in New England and the South. Although scabs from smallpox patients are thought to be of low infectivity as a result of binding of the virus in fibrin metric, and transmission by fomites has been considered inefficient compared with respiratory droplet transmission."
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- ^ Distinguished Research Fellow, Center for the Study of WMD, National Defense University, Ft. McNair, Washington.
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- ^ Koenig, Robert (2006), The Fourth Horseman: One Man's Secret Campaign to Fight the Great War in America, PublicAffairs.
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- ^ “Scientists and the history of biological weapons. A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century”. EMBO Reports 7 Spec No (Spec No): S45-9. (July 2006). doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400689. PMC 1490304. PMID 16819450.
- ^ a b Williams, Peter; Wallace, David (1989). Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-935301-1
- ^ Gold H (1996). Unit 731 testimony (Report). pp. 64–66.
- ^ Barenblatt, Daniel (2004). A Plague upon Humanity. HarperCollins. pp. 220–221
- ^ “The World's Most Dangerous Weapon” (英語). Washington Examiner (2017年5月8日). 2020年4月15日閲覧。
- ^ “Johnston Atoll”. The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001. Springer Science & Business Media. (July 2004). p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4020-2096-4
- ^ Croddy, Eric; Wirtz, James J (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-85109-490-5
- ^ Baumslag, Naomi (2005). Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus. pp. 207
- ^ “Weapons of Mass Destruction: Plague as Biological Weapons Agent”. GlobalSecurity.org. 2014年12月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年12月21日閲覧。
- ^ Stewart, Amy (2011年4月25日). “Where To Find The World's Most 'Wicked Bugs': Fleas”. National Public Radio. 2018年4月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年4月5日閲覧。
- ^ Russell Working (2001年6月5日). “The trial of Unit 731”. The Japan Times. 2014年12月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年12月26日閲覧。
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