リバータリアン共産主義とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

アナキズム

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/11/14 03:26 UTC 版)

アナキズム（英: anarchism、仏: anarchisme、露: анархизм、アナーキズムとも）は、国家や宗教など一切の政治的権威と権力を否定し、自由な諸個人の合意のもとに個人の自由が重視される社会を運営していくことを理想とする思想^[1]^[2]^[3]。四大巨頭とされる著名な思想家はウィリアム・ゴドウィン、ピエール・ジョゼフ・プルードン、ミハイル・バクーニン、ピョートル・クロポトキン。アナキズムは自由主義的な立場である個人主義的無政府主義と、社会主義的な立場である社会的無政府主義にも分類され、アナキズムの支持者はアナキスト（アナーキスト）と呼ばれる。日本では無政府主義と訳される場合も多いが、誤解の多い訳語として忌避される傾向もある。

脚注

^ 「アナーキズム」 - ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典、Britannica Japan。
^ Malatesta, Errico. “Towards Anarchism”. MAN! (Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco). OCLC 3930443. Agrell, Siri (2007-05-14). “Working for The Man”. The Globe and Mail 2008年4月14日閲覧。. “Anarchism”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service (2006年). 2006年8月29日閲覧。 “Anarchism”. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 14. (2005). "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable." The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 59. ISBN 0754661962 Johnston, R. (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 0631205616
^ Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
^ 「アナキズム」 - 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)、小学館。
^ Anarchy. Merriam-Webster online.
^ Liddell, Henry George, & Scott, Robert, "A Greek-English Lexicon"[1].
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. A Greek-English Lexicon. ISBN 0199102058
^ Bates 2017, p. 128; Long 2013, p. 217.
^ Merriam-Webster 2019, "Anarchism".
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2005, "Anarchism".
^ Joll 1964, pp. 27–37.
^ Nettlau 1996, p. 162.
^ Guerin 1970, "The Basic Ideas of Anarchism".
^ Ward 2004, p. 62; Goodway 2006, p. 4; Skirda 2002, p. 183; Fernández 2009, p. 9.
^ Morris 2002, p. 61.
^ Long 2013, p. 217.
^ McLaughlin 2007, pp. 25–29; Long 2013, pp. 217.
^ McLaughlin 2007, pp. 25–26.
^ 台湾、オードリー・タン「アナーキズムは無政府主義ではない」
^ オードリー・タン「強制のない社会、安心できる社会のために」
^ Marshall 1993, p. 70.
^ Graham 2005, pp. xi–xiv.
^ Coutinho 2016; Marshall 1993, p. 54.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 4, 66–73.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 86.
^ Adams 2014, pp. 33–63.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 4.
^ ^a ^b Marshall 1993, pp. 4–5.
^ Dodson 2002, p. 312; Thomas 1985, p. 187; Chaliand & Blin 2007, p. 116.
^ Graham 2019, pp. 334–336; Marshall 1993, p. 24.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 5.
^ Graham 2005, p. xii.
^ Moya 2015, p. 327.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 519–521.
^ Dirlik 1991, p. 133; Ramnath 2019, pp. 681–682.
^ Levy 2011, p. 23; Laursen 2019, p. 157; Marshall 1993, pp. 504–508.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 633–636.
^ Anderson 2004.
^ Bantman 2019, p. 374.
^ Avrich 2006, p. 204.
^ Nomad 1966, p. 88.
^ Bolloten 1984, p. 1107.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. xi, 466.
^ Marshall 1993, p. xi.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 539.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. xi, 539.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 493–494.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 556–557.
^ ^a ^b Rupert 2006, p. 66.
^ Ramnath 2019, p. 691.
^ ^a ^b ^c 三訂版, ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典,百科事典マイペディア,精選版日本国語大辞典,旺文社日本史事典三訂版,デジタル大辞泉,世界大百科事典第２版,旺文社世界史事典. “アナーキズムとは”. コトバンク. 2022年1月17日閲覧。
^ 秋山清『日本の反逆思想 (秋山清著作集)』ぱる出版、2006年、176頁。ISBN 978-4827202021。
^ 『でもわたしには戦が待っている—斎藤和(東アジア反日武装戦線大地の牙)の軌跡』「第1章東京行動戦線から東アジア反日武装戦線へ」、東アジア反日武装戦線への死刑・重刑攻撃と闘う支援連絡会議編、風塵社、2004年
^ 千坂恭二『歴史からの黙示』（田畑書店。1973年）
^ 外山恒一「ファシズムとはおおよそこんな思想である」
^ 外山恒一「全く新しい左右対立－イデオロギーX」
^ 世界最過激思想家・千坂恭二氏との対談2014.09.17「なぜファシズムを掲げなければならないのか」（もくじ）｜外山恒一｜note
^ McLean & McMillan 2003, "Anarchism"; Ostergaard 2003, p. 14, "Anarchism".
^ Harrison & Boyd 2003, p. 251.
^ Levy & Adams 2019, p. 9.
^ Egoumenides 2014, p. 2.
^ Ostergaard 2006, p. 12; Gabardi 1986, pp. 300–302.
^ Klosko 2005, p. 4.
^ Franks 2019, p. 549.
^ Avrich 1996, p. 6.
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 1–6.
^ Brooks 1994, p. xi; Kahn 2000; Moynihan 2007.
^ Guerin 1970, p. 35, "Critique of authoritarian socialism": "The anarchists were unanimous in subjecting authoritarian socialism to a barrage of severe criticism. At the time when they made violent and satirical attacks these were not entirely well founded, for those to whom they were addressed were either primitive or "vulgar" communists, whose thought had not yet been fertilized by Marxist humanism, or else, in the case of Marx and Engels themselves, were not as set on authority and state control as the anarchists made out."
^ Marshall 1993, pp. 14–17.
^ Sylvan 2007, p. 262.
^ Wilbur 2019, p. 216-218.
^ Levy & Adams 2019, p. 2.
^ Wilbur 2019, pp. 213–218.
^ Avrich 1996, p. 6; Miller 1991, p. 11.
^ Pierson 2013, p. 187. The quote is from Proudhon's What is Property? (1840).
^ Morris 1993, p. 76.
^ Shannon 2019, p. 101.
^ Avrich 1996, pp. 3–4.
^ Heywood 2017, pp. 146–147; Bakunin 1990: "They [the Marxists] maintain that only a dictatorship—their dictatorship, of course—can create the will of the people, while our answer to this is: No dictatorship can have any other aim but that of self-perpetuation, and it can beget only slavery in the people tolerating it; freedom can be created only by freedom, that is, by a universal rebellion on the part of the people and free organization of the toiling masses from the bottom up."
^ Mayne 1999, p. 131.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 327; Turcato 2019, pp. 237–323.
^ Graham 2005.
^ Pernicone 2009, pp. 111–113.
^ Turcato 2019, p. 239–244.
^ van der Walt 2019, p. 249.
^ Ryley 2019, p. 225.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 440.
^ Imrie 1994; Parry 1987, p. 15.
^ ^a ^b Evren 2011, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Evren 2011, p. 2.
^ Perlin 1979.
^ Williams 2018, p. 4.
^ Franks 2013, pp. 385–386.
^ Franks 2013, p. 386.
^ Jun 2009, pp. 507–508.
^ Jun 2009, p. 507.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 107–108.
^ ^a ^b Williams 2018, pp. 4–5.
^ Kinna 2019, p. 125.
^ Williams 2019, p. 112.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 112–113.
^ Carter 1978, p. 320.
^ Fiala 2017.
^ Kinna 2019, pp. 116–117.
^ Carter 1978, pp. 320–325.
^ Williams 2019, p. 113.
^ Williams 2019, p. 114.
^ Kinna 2019, pp. 134–135.
^ Williams 2019, p. 115.
^ Williams 2019, p. 117.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 109–117.
^ Kinna 2019, pp. 145–149.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 109, 119.
^ Williams 2019, p. 119–121.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 118–119.
^ Williams 2019, pp. 120–121.
^ Kinna 2019, p. 139; Mattern 2019, p. 596; Williams 2018, pp. 5–6.
^ Kinna 2012, p. 250; Williams 2019, p. 119.
^ Williams 2019, p. 122.
^ Morland 2004, p. 37–38.
^ Marshall 1993, p. 565: "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."; Honderich 1995, p. 31; Meltzer 2000, p. 50: "The philosophy of "anarcho-capitalism" dreamed up by the "libertarian" New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper."; Goodway 2006, p. 4: "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."; Newman 2010, p. 53: "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)."
^ De George 2005, pp. 31–32.
^ Kinna 2019, p. 97.
^ Suissa 2019, pp. 511–512.
^ Suissa 2019, pp. 511–514.
^ Suissa 2019, pp. 517–518. 詳細はトルストイのエッセイ『Education and Culture』を参照。
^ Suissa 2019, pp. 518–519.
^ ^a ^b Suissa 2019, pp. 519–522.
^ ^a ^b Kinna 2019, pp. 89–96.
^ Avrich, Paul (1980) (英語). The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States. Princeton University Press. pp. 3-33. ISBN 978-1-4008-5318-2. OCLC 489692159
^ Suissa 2019, pp. 523–526. Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools; Self-Managed Learning College in Brighton, England; and Paideia School in Spain.
^ Carter 1971, p. 14; Jun 2019, pp. 29–30.
^ Jun 2019, pp. 32–38.
^ Antliff 1998, p. 78.
^ Antliff 1998, p. 99.
^ Mattern 2019, p. 592.
^ Gifford 2019, p. 577.
^ Mattern 2019, pp. 592–593.
^ Mattern 2019, p. 593.
^ Mattern 2019, pp. 593–596.
^ Nicholas 2019, p. 603.
^ Nicholas 2019, p. 611; Jeppesen & Nazar 2012, pp. 175–176.
^ Jeppesen & Nazar 2012, pp. 175–176.
^ Jeppesen & Nazar 2012, p. 177.
^ Jeppesen & Nazar 2012, pp. 175–177.
^ Kinna2019, pp. 166–167.
^ Nicholas 2019, pp. 609–611.
^ Nicholas 2019, pp. 610–611.
^ Nicholas 2019, pp. 616–617.
^ Fiala 2017, "4. Objections and Replies".
^ Klosko 1999, p. 536.
^ Klosko 1999, p. 536; Kristjánsson 2000, p. 896.
^ 『オードリー・タン氏提唱の「縛られぬ世界」』2021年3月1日朝日新聞（夕刊） p7

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