こうり‐しゅぎ【功利主義】
功利主義
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/06/14 06:54 UTC 版)
倫理学において功利主義(こうりしゅぎ、英: utilitarianism)とは、影響を受けるすべての個人の幸福を最大化する行為を指令する規範倫理学の理論の一派である[1][2]。
- ^ Duignan, Brian. [1999] 2000. "Utilitarianism" (revised). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ “Utilitarianism” (英語). Ethics Unwrapped. Austin, TX: McCombs School of Business. 2020年5月27日閲覧。
- ^ White, Stuart. [2004] 2015. "Social Minimum." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by E. N. Zalta. Stanford University. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ a b Habibi, Don (2001). “Chapter 3, Mill’s Moral Philosophy”. John Stuart Mill and the Ethic of Human Growth. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 89–90, 112. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2010-6_3. ISBN 978-90-481-5668-9
- ^ Mill, John Stuart. 1861. Utilitarianism. n1.
- ^ a b 小林武「清末におけるutilityと功利観」『京都産業大学論集 人文科学系列』第41巻、京都産業大学、2010年3月、52–76頁、ISSN 02879727、NAID 110007523043。
- ^ a b c 小林武、佐藤豊『清末功利思想と日本』(第1版)研文出版、2011年。ISBN 9784876363193。 NCID BB05455199。
- ^ a b 佐藤豊「清末の功利主義受容に関連して見たところの前近代における功利概念」『愛知教育大学研究報告 人文・社会科学編』第51巻、愛知教育大学、2002年3月、9–17頁、ISSN 13414615、NAID 110000576102。
- ^ 深貝保則「永井義雄『イギリス近代社会思想史研究』未来社, 1996, 299+ixp.」『経済学史学会年報』第35巻第35号、経済学史学会、1997年、171-173頁、doi:10.11498/jshet1963.35.171、ISSN 0453-4786、NAID 130004246210。
- ^ 一ノ瀬正樹『功利主義と分析哲学』日本放送出版協会、2010年。および同書の増訂版『英米哲学史講義』ちくま学芸文庫、2016年
- ^ “SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Man’s last end (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 1)”. newadvent.org. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ “SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Things in which man’s happiness consists (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 2)”. newadvent.org. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ “SUMMA THEOLOGICA: What is happiness (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 3)”. newadvent.org. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ “SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Things that are required for happiness (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 4)”. newadvent.org. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ “SUMMA THEOLOGICA: The attainment of happiness (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 5)”. newadvent.org. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ Goodman, Charles. 2016. "Śāntideva", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Fraser, Chris (2011). The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-532899-8
- ^ Hutcheson, Francis (2002). “The Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue”. In Schneewind, J. B.. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ Ashcraft, Richard (1991) John Locke: Critical Assessments (Critical assessments of leading political philosophers), Routledge, p. 691
- ^ Gay, John (2002). “Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality”. In Schneewind, J. B.. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ Gay, John (2002). “Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality”. In Schneewind, J. B.. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–05. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ Hume, David (2002). “An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals”. In Schneewind, J. B.. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ a b Schneewind, J. B. (2002). Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ Smith, Wilson (July 1954). “William Paley’s Theological Utilitarianism in America”. William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd Series 11 (3): 402–24. doi:10.2307/1943313. JSTOR 1943313.
- ^ Schneewind, J. B. (1977). Sidgwick’s Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-824552-0
- ^ Paley, William (2002). “The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy”. In Schneewind, J. B.. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. pp. 455–56. ISBN 978-0-521-00304-9
- ^ a b Rosen, Frederick. 2003. Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. Routledge. p. 132.
- ^ Schneewind, J. B. 1977. Sidgwick’s Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 122.
- ^ Hutcheson, Francis. 1726. "Introduction." In An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue.
- ^ Rosen, Frederick. 2003. Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. Routledge. p. 32.
- ^ Bentham, Jeremy; Dumont, Etienne; Hildreth, R (November 2005). Theory of Legislation: Translated from the French of Etienne Dumont. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4021-7034-8
- ^ Halevy, Elie (1966). The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. Beacon Press. pp. 282–84. ISBN 978-0-19-101020-0
- ^ Hinman, Lawrence (2012). Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1-133-05001-8
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (2010). Utilitarianism - Ed. Heydt (Broadview Editions). Broadview Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-55111-501-6 2019年7月28日閲覧。
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapter 2
- ^ Brink, David. [2007] 2018. "Mill Moral and Political Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hauskeller, Michael (2011). “No Philosophy for Swine: John Stuart Mill on the Quality of Pleasures”. Utilitas 23 (4): 428–446. doi:10.1017/S0953820811000264. hdl:10871/9381.
- ^ Saunders, Ben. 2010. "J. S. Mill’s Conception of Utility." Utilitas 22(1):52–69. doi:10.1017/S0953820809990380. ProQuest 200183451.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ a b c d Popkin, Richard H. (1950). “A Note on the ‘Proof’ of Utility in J. S. Mill”. Ethics 61: 66–68. doi:10.1086/290751.
- ^ Alican, Necip Fikri (1994). Mill’s Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill’s Notorious Proof. Rodopi. ISBN 9051837488
- ^ Hall, Everett W. (1949). “The ‘Proof’ of Utility in Bentham and Mill”. Ethics 60: 1–18. doi:10.1086/290691.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapter 2.
- ^ a b c “Henry Sidgwick”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University (2020年). 2020年12月29日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g Craig, Edward (1996). “Sidgwick, Henry”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge
- ^ a b Honderich, Ted (2005). “Sidgwick, Henry”. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press
- ^ “Utilitarianism” (英語). Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020年12月29日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e Borchert, Donald M. (2006). “Sidgwick, Henry”. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition. Macmillan
- ^ Borchert, Donald M. (2006). “Sidgwick, Henry [Addendum”]. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition. Macmillan
- ^ a b Moore, G. E. (1912). Ethics, London: Williams and Norgate, Ch. 7
- ^ Bayles, M. D., ed. 1968. Contemporary Utilitarianism. Doubleday: Anchor Books.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ Smart, J. J. C. (1956). “Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism”. Philosophical Quarterly 6 (25): 344–54. doi:10.2307/2216786. JSTOR 2216786 .
- ^ a b McCloskey, H. J. (October 1957). “An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism”. Philosophical Review 66 (4): 466–85. doi:10.2307/2182745. JSTOR 2182745.
- ^ a b Robert Merrihew Adams, "Motive Utilitarianism", The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 73, No. 14, On Motives and Morals (12 August 1976), pp. 467–81
- ^ Urmson, J. O. (1953). “The Interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill”. Philosophical Quarterly 3 (10): 33–39. doi:10.2307/2216697. JSTOR 2216697.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill 17, edited by J. M. Robson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1963–91. p. 1881.
- ^ Oliphant, Jill. 2007. OCR Religious Ethics for AS and A2. Routledge.
- ^ Lyons, David. 1965. Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism.
- ^ Habib, Allen. [2008] 2014. "Promises." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ a b c Hare, R. M. (1972–1973). “The Presidential Address: Principles”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. New Series 73: 1–18. doi:10.1093/aristotelian/73.1.1. JSTOR 4544830.
- ^ a b c Hare, R.M. (1981). Moral thinking: its levels, method, and point. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824660-2
- ^ Peter Singer, Practical Ethics, 2011, p. 13
- ^ ハルサーニ, ジョン・C. 1977. "Morality and the theory of rational behavior." Social Research 44 (4):623–56. JSTOR 40971169.
- ^ a b c d e f ハルサーニ, ジョン・C. [1977] 1982. "Morality and the theory of rational behaviour." Pp. 39–62 in Utilitarianism and Beyond, edited by A. セン and B. ウィリアムズ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-61196-4.
- ^ シンガー, ピーター (1979). Practical ethics (1st ed.). Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29720-2:シンガー, ピーター (1993). Practical ethics (2nd ed.). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43971-8
- ^ ブラント, リチャード B. (1979). A Theory of the Good and the Right. Oxford/New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824550-6
- ^ Popper, Karl (2002). The Open Society and Its Enemies: Volume 2. Routledge. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-415-27842-3
- ^ Popper, Karl (2002). The Open Society and Its Enemies: Volume 1: The Spell of Plato. Routledge. pp. 284–85. ISBN 978-0-415-23731-4
- ^ Smart, R.N. (October 1958). “Negative Utilitarianism”. Mind 67 (268): 542–43. doi:10.1093/mind/lxvii.268.542. JSTOR 2251207.
- ^ Knutsson, Simon (2019-08-29). “The world destruction argument”. Inquiry 64 (10): 1004–1023. ISSN 0020-174X.
- ^ Knutsson, Simon (2021-11-26). “The world destruction argument” (英語). Inquiry 64 (10): 1004–1023. doi:10.1080/0020174X.2019.1658631. ISSN 0020-174X .
- ^ a b Fabian, Fricke. 2002. "Verschiedene Versionen des negativen Utilitarismus." Kriterion 15(1): p. 14.
- ^ Gustav, Arrhenius. 2000. "Future Generations, A Challenge for Moral Theory" (FD-Diss.). Uppsala: ウプサラ大学, Department of Philosophy. p. 100.
- ^ Fricke Fabian (2002), Verschiedene Versionen des negativen Utilitarismus, Kriterion, vol.15, no.1, pp. 20–22
- ^ Chao, "Negative Average Preference Utilitarianism", Journal of Philosophy of Life, 2012; 2(1): 55–66
- ^ Bruno Contestabile: "Negative Utilitarianism and Buddhist Intuition". In: Contemporary Buddhism Vol.15, Issue 2, S. 298–311, London 2014.
- ^ Broome John (1991), Weighing Goods, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 222
- ^ a b Goodin, Robert E. "Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy." Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1976. "Motive Utilitarianism. The Journal of Philosophy 73(14).
- ^ “ME Book 3 Chapter 14 Section 5”. www.laits.utexas.edu. 2021年5月13日閲覧。
- ^ Feldman, Fred (May 1993). “On the Consistency of Act- and Motive-Utilitarianism: A Reply to Robert Adams”. Philosophical Studies 70 (2): 211–12. doi:10.1007/BF00989590.
- ^ Briggs, Rachael (2017), Edward N. Zalta, ed., Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Expected Utility (Spring 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2017年11月15日閲覧。
- ^ Hare, R. M. (1981) Moral Thinking. Oxford Univ. Press, p. 36
- ^ Bentham, Jeremy (2009) Theory of Legislation. General Books LLC, p. 58
- ^ McCloskey, H.J. (1963) A Note on Utilitarian Punishment, in Mind, 72, 1963, p. 599
- ^ “The Dostoevsky Dilemma for Religious Ethics | Center for Inquiry” (2011年2月15日). 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ Dennett, Daniel (1995), Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, Simon & Schuster, p. 498 ISBN 0-684-82471-X.
- ^ Hardin, Russell (May 1990). Morality within the Limits of Reason. University of Chicago Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-226-31620-8
- ^ a b Hardin, Russell (May 1990). Morality within the Limits of Reason. University of Chicago Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-226-31620-8
- ^ Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. Prometheus Books UK. pp. 203–4. ISBN 978-0-87975-498-3
- ^ a b c Mill, John Stuart. “Utilitarianism, Chapter 2”. 2012年6月24日閲覧。
- ^ Hooker, Brad (2011). “Chapter 8: The Demandingness Objection”. In Chappell, Timothy. The Problem of Moral Demandingness: new philosophical essays. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-230-21940-3
- ^ Kagan, Shelly (1991). The Limits of Morality. Oxford Ethics Series. Clarendon Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-19-823916-1
- ^ a b Hooker, Brad (2002). Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-Consequentialist Theory of Morality. Clarendon Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-19-925657-0
- ^ Singer, Peter (2011). Practical Ethics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–3. ISBN 978-0-521-70768-8
- ^ Hooker, Brad (2011). “Chapter 8: The Demandingness Objection”. In Chappell, Timothy. The problem of moral demandingness: new philosophical essays. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-230-21940-3
- ^ Kagan, Shelly (1984). “Does Consequentialism Demand too Much? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation”. Philosophy & Public Affairs 13 (3): 239–54. JSTOR 2265413.
- ^ Slote, Michael (1984). “Satisficing Consequentialism”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 58: 139–176. doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/58.1.139. JSTOR 4106846.
- ^ Scheffler, Samuel (August 1994). The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823511-8
- ^ Kagan, Shelly (Summer 1984). “Does Consequentialism Demand too Much? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation”. Philosophy & Public Affairs 13 (3): 239–254. JSTOR 2265413.
- ^ Goodin, Robert E. (1995). Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-521-46806-0
- ^ GANDJOUR, Afschin (30 June 2007). “Is it Rational to Pursue Utilitarianism?”. Ethical Perspectives 14 (2): 139–158. doi:10.2143/EP.14.2.2023965.
- ^ Harsanyi, John C. (June 1975). “Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory A Theory of Justice by John Rawls”. American Political Science Review 69 (2): 594–606. doi:10.2307/1959090. JSTOR 1959090 .
- ^ Rawls, John (2005). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-674-01772-6
- ^ Ryder, Richard D. Painism: A Modern Morality. Centaur Press, 2001. pp. 27–29
- ^ Nagel, Thomas (2012). The Possibility of Altruism (New ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-691-02002-0
- ^ Gauthier, David (1963). Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-824190-4
- ^ Norcross, Alastair (2009). “Two Dogmas of Deontology: Aggregation, Rights and the Separateness of Persons”. Social Philosophy and Policy 26: 81–82. doi:10.1017/S0265052509090049. オリジナルの27 November 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。 2012年6月29日閲覧。.
- ^ In Moral Laws of the Jungle (link to Philosophy Now magazine), Iain King argues: "The way I reconcile my interests with those of other people is not for all of us to pour everything we care about into a pot then see which of the combination of satisfied wants would generate the most happiness (benefit). If we did that, I could be completely outnumbered… No, the way we reconcile interests is through empathy. Empathy is one-to-one, since we only imagine ourselves in the mind of one other person at a time. Even when I empathise with ‘the people’ here… I am really imagining what it is like to be just one woman. I cannot imagine myself to be more than one person at a time, and neither can you." Link accessed 2014-01-29.
- ^ King, Iain (2008). How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time. Continuum. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-84706-347-2
- ^ This quote is from Iain King’s article in issue 100 of Philosophy Now magazine, Moral Laws of the Jungle (link), accessed 29 January 2014.
- ^ Chandler Brett (2014年7月16日). “24 and Philosophy”. Blackwell. 2019年12月27日閲覧。
- ^ Frezzo, Eldo (2018-10-25). Medical Ethics: A Reference Guide. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-138-58107-4
- ^ Zuckerman, Phil (2019-09-10). What it Means to be Moral. Published by Counterpoint. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-64009-274-7
- ^ John M. Taurek, "Should the Numbers Count?", Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6:4 (Summer 1977), pp. 293–316.
- ^ Parfit, Derek. 1978. "Innumerate Ethics." Philosophy & Public Affairs 7(4):285–301.
- ^ Kamm, Frances Myrna. 1985. "Equal Treatment and Equal Chances." Philosophy & Public Affairs 14(2):177–94.
- ^ Kavka, Gregory S. 1979. "The Numbers Should Count", Philosophical Studies 36(3):285–94.
- ^ Otsuka, Michael. 2004. "Skepticism about Saving the Greater Number." Philosophy & Public Affairs 32(4):413–26.
- ^ Lawlor, Rob. 2006. "Taurek, Numbers and Probabilities." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 9(2):149–66.
- ^ Smart, J. J. C.; Williams, Bernard (January 1973). Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42. ISBN 978-0-521-09822-9
- ^ “Godwin, "Political Justice," Book 2, Chap. 2”. 2023年5月26日閲覧。
- ^ Carlyle, Thomas (1841). “Lecture II. The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam.”. 英雄崇拝論
- ^ Das Kapital Volume 1, Chapter 24, endnote 50
- ^ “Letter to Families”. 2011年4月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年4月1日閲覧。
- ^ Ross, W. D. (2002). The Right and the Good. Clarendon Press
- ^ “William David Ross”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2021年1月12日閲覧。
- ^ Scruton, Roger (2017). On Human Nature. Princeton. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-691-18303-9
- ^ Laing, Jacqueline A. (1997), "Innocence and Consequentialism" in Human Lives: Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics, eds. J. A. Laing with D. S. Oderberg. London, Macmillan, pp. 196-224
- ^ Sidgwick, Henry (1981). Methods of Ethics (7th ed.). Hackett Publishing Co. p. xxxvi. ISBN 978-0-915145-28-7
- ^ Sidgwick, Henry (1981). Methods of Ethics (7th ed.). Hackett Publishing Co. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-915145-28-7
- ^ Paley, William (1785年). “The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy”. 2012年7月1日閲覧。
- ^ Smart, J. J. C.; Williams, Bernard (January 1973). Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-521-09822-9
- ^ Parfit, Derek (January 1986). Reasons and Persons. Oxford Paperbacks. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-19-824908-5
- ^ Shaw, William (November 1998). Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 31–35. ISBN 978-0-631-20294-3
- ^ Shaw, William (November 1998). Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-631-20294-3
- ^ Bentham, Jeremy (January 2009). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Dover Philosophical Classics. Dover Publications. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-486-45452-8
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1981). “Autobiography”. In Robson, John. Collected Works, volume 31. University of Toronto Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7100-0718-6
- ^ a b Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger. ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-875163-2
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1981). “Comments upon James Mill’s Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind”. In Robson, John. Collected Works, volume 31. University of Toronto Press. pp. 252–53. ISBN 978-0-7100-0718-6 and as quoted by Ridge, Michael (2002). “Mill’s Intentions and Motives”. Utilitas 14: 54–70. doi:10.1017/S0953820800003393. hdl:20.500.11820/deb5b261-303a-4395-9ea4-4a9367e7592b .
- ^ a b Dancy, Jonathan (2000). “Mill’s Puzzling Footnote”. Utilitas 12 (2): 219–22. doi:10.1017/S095382080000279X.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (February 2011). A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. Classic Reprint. Forgotten Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4400-9082-0
- ^ An Introduction to the Principals of Morals and Legislation, Jeremy Bentham, 1789 ("printed" in 1780, "first published" in 1789, "corrected by the Author" in 1823.) See Chapter I: Of the Principle of Utility. For Bentham on animals, see Ch. XVII Note 122.
- ^ Mill, J. S.. “Whewell on Moral Philosophy”. Collected Works 10: 185–87 .
- ^ Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, Chapter I, pp. 7–8, 2nd edition, 1990.
- ^ Sidgwick, Henry (1981). Methods of Ethics (7th ed.). Hackett Publishing Co. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-915145-28-7
- ^ Animal Liberation, Second Edition Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Singer, Peter, 1975, 1990, excerpt, pp. 171–74, main passage on oysters, mussels, etc. p. 174 (last paragraph of this excerpt). And in a footnote in the actual book, Singer writes "My change of mind about mollusks stems from conversations with R.I. Sikora."
- ^ “Mill’s "On Nature"”. www.lancaster.ac.uk (1904年). 2015年8月9日閲覧。
- ^ Cowen, T. (2003). c. Hargrove, Eugene. ed. “Policing Nature”. Environmental Ethics 25 (2): 169–182. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200325231.
- ^ “Acting on Utilitarianism” (英語). Introduction to Utilitarianism. 2021年2月11日閲覧。
- ^ “Ethics - Lying”. BBC (1970年1月1日). 2022年6月30日閲覧。
- ^ N. Gregory Mankiw; Matthew Weinzierl (2010). “The Optimal Taxation of Height: A Case Study of Utilitarian Income Redistribution”. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2 (1): 155–176. doi:10.1257/pol.2.1.155. JSTOR 25760055.
- ^ Peter Singer: The why and how of effective altruism | Talk Video. TED.com.
功利主義
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2022/06/06 01:20 UTC 版)
シンガーの主張は、最大幸福や平等な配慮という功利主義の原則は動物に対してもあてはまるというものである。人間ではないという理由でそうした原則が適用されないという見解は、「種差別」にあたるとしてしりぞけられる。ある生き物が配慮の対象になる基準は、功利主義者のベンサムが、「問題は、理性があるか、話す事ができるか、ということではなく、苦痛を感じるということである」と述べているように、痛みや苦しみを感じる存在 (sentient being) であるかどうかという点になる。どこまでがそうした配慮の対象となるかについてシンガーは、『動物の解放』の中で (食べるものに関して)「ひとつの境界線にすべての人が賛成するわけではないことは認めよう」と言いつつ「もし線引きをするとすれば、小えびとカキのあいだのどこかで線をひくのが一番妥当であろう」と述べている。 同じく功利主義者であるジェレミー・ベンサムと同様、動物を苦しめずに殺すことは問題にならないという立場である。人間などの高等な生物は生活計画を持ち、それを殺して妨げるのは不正だが、そういったものを持たない生物を苦しめずに殺すのは不正ではないとしている。
※この「功利主義」の解説は、「動物の権利」の解説の一部です。
「功利主義」を含む「動物の権利」の記事については、「動物の権利」の概要を参照ください。
「功利主義」の例文・使い方・用例・文例
功利主義と同じ種類の言葉
固有名詞の分類
- 功利主義のページへのリンク