Deoxyribonucleic acidとは? わかりやすく解説

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deoxyribonucleic acid

別表記:デオキシリボヌクレイクアシッド

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の意味・「deoxyribonucleic acid」とは

「deoxyribonucleic acid」は、生物遺伝情報保持し伝達するための主要な分子である。この分子は、遺伝子呼ばれる単位組織化され生物形質決定する例えば、ヒト目の色髪の色身長などは、この「deoxyribonucleic acid」に含まれる情報によって決定される

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の発音・読み方

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の発音は、IPA表記では/diːˌɒksɪˌraɪbəʊnjuːˌkliːɪk ˈæsɪd/となる。IPAカタカナ読みでは「ディー・オクシ・ライボ・ニュー・クリー・イック・アシッド」となる。日本人発音するカタカナ英語では「デオキシリボヌクレイック・アシッド」と読む。

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の定義を英語で解説

"Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms."と定義される。つまり、DNA生物発達機能繁殖使用される遺伝指示大部分を運ぶ分子であり、ヒトやほぼすべての他の生物遺伝物質である。

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の類語

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の類語としては、「DNA」が最も一般的である。また、genetic material」、「hereditary material」なども同じ意味を持つ表現として用いられる

「deoxyribonucleic acid」に関連する用語・表現

「deoxyribonucleic acid」に関連する用語としては、「gene」(遺伝子)、「chromosome」(染色体)、「genome」(ゲノム)、「nucleotide」(ヌクレオチド)などがある。これらはすべて、生物遺伝情報保持し伝達する役割を果たす

「deoxyribonucleic acid」の例文

1. "The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick."(デオキシリボ核酸構造ジェームズ・ワトソンフランシス・クリックによって発見された。)
2. "Deoxyribonucleic acid is often referred to as DNA."(デオキシリボ核酸はしばしDNA呼ばれる。)
3. "The sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid determines the characteristics of an organism."(デオキシリボ核酸配列生物特性決定する。)
4. "Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans."(デオキシリボ核酸ヒト遺伝物質である。)
5. "The deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is composed of two strands that wind around each other to form a double helix."(デオキシリボ核酸分子二つの鎖から成り、それらが互いに巻きつくことでダブルヘリックス形成する。)
6. "Deoxyribonucleic acid replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself."(デオキシリボ核酸複製は、DNA自身コピー作る過程である。)
7. "Mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid can lead to genetic disorders."(デオキシリボ核酸突然変異遺伝疾患引き起こすことがある。)
8. "Deoxyribonucleic acid is found in the nucleus of a cell."(デオキシリボ核酸細胞存在する。)
9. "The study of deoxyribonucleic acid has greatly advanced our understanding of genetics."(デオキシリボ核酸研究は我々の遺伝学対す理解大い進めた。)
10. "Deoxyribonucleic acid testing is used in forensics to identify individuals."(デオキシリボ核酸テストは、法医学個人特定するために用いられる。)

DNA

読み方:ディー エヌ エー
別表記:デオキシリボ核酸、deoxyribonucleic acid

デオキシリボ核酸(DNA)」とは生体の遺伝情報保持している物質である。

【DNAの語源
デオキシリボ核酸は英語の名称である「deoxyribonucleic acid」の直接的な和訳である。略称としてよく用いられる「DNA」は、Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acidの頭文字である。Deoxyribo(デオキシリボ)-Nucleic()-Acid(酸)という構図であり、つまり「DNA」と「デオキシリボ核酸」は同義である。

【DNAの説明
デオキシリボ核酸は、五炭糖デオキシリボース)とリン酸、および4種塩基(アデニン・グァニン・シトシン・チミン)で構成され高分子である。2本の螺旋状の線が塩基結合された「二重らせん構造」であることがよく知られている。

【DNAの類語
遺伝子」は、遺伝情報伝達する要素という意味合い言葉である。具体的な物質を指す意味合いにおいては遺伝子デオキシリボ核酸(DNA)」といえるが、DNAを含むすべての遺伝物質遺伝情報総称として遺伝子」と呼ぶことも多々あり、必ずしも全ての文脈で「遺伝子=DNA」という理解当てはまるとは限らない

【DNAの関連語
DNA鑑定とは、生体のDNAのパターン解析することで固体同定を行う技術および同定法のことである。「DNA型鑑定」とも呼ばれる。DNAは個人ごと・固体ごとに微妙な違いがあり、個人固体のDNAは生涯不変であるため、極めて高精度個人識別実現できる

ディー‐エヌ‐エー【DNA】

読み方:でぃーえぬえー

《deoxyribonucleic acid》

デオキシリボ核酸

俗に遺伝子のこと。また、先祖から子孫連綿とわるもの。「父の—を受け継ぐ」「歴代モデルの—を引き継いだ新車」「ジャーナリスト精神の—を継承する


デオキシリボ‐かくさん【デオキシリボ核酸】

読み方:でおきしりぼかくさん

《deoxyribonucleic acid》デオキシリボースを糖成分とする核酸。アデニン・チミン・グアニン・シトシンの4種塩基含み二本鎖(にほんさ)の螺旋(らせん)構造をなす。動植物の主に細胞核内に存在し遺伝機構本体としてたんぱく質合成支配するDNA。→リボ核酸


デオキシリボ核酸

英訳・(英)同義/類義語:DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid

デオキシリボ核酸(DNA)は、生物遺伝情報担い手である。塩基プリンピリミジン)、五単糖(デオキシリボース)、リン酸から成るヌクレオチド重合した高分子で、二重らせん構造をとる。

デオキシリボ核酸

【英】: Deoxyribonucleic Acid, DNA
DNAのこと。


その生物がもつ遺伝情報規定する化学物質で、DNAは2本の鎖が逆方向合わさってできた二重らせん構造とっている。
DNAとヒストンタンパク質などが巻きついて太くなった構造染色体という。

DNA単位ヌクレオチド呼ばれ塩基、糖(D-デオキシリボース)、リン酸でできている。塩基には、アデニン(A)グアニン(G)シトシン(C)チミン(T)4種類があり、この4種類並び方で、遺伝情報規定している。
DNAのこと。


その生物がもつ遺伝情報規定する化学物質で、DNAは2本の鎖が逆方向合わさってできた二重らせん構造とっている。
DNAとヒストンタンパク質などが巻きついて太くなった構造染色体という。

DNA単位ヌクレオチド呼ばれ塩基、糖(D-デオキシリボース)、リン酸でできている。塩基には、アデニン(A)グアニン(G)シトシン(C)チミン(T)4種類があり、この4種類並び方で、遺伝情報規定している。
デオキシリボ核酸
拡大表示

遺伝

タンパク質

染色体

塩基

アデニン

グアニン

シトシン

チミン


DNA(デオキシリボ核酸) ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid )

遺伝子本体構築単位のことをヌクレオチドいいますが、ヌクレオチドアデニン、グアニンチミンシトニンという4つの[塩基]と、デオキシリボースという[糖]および[リン酸]から構成されています。遺伝情報はこのDNAの長い鎖の一部分ずつが遺伝子として機能します。しかし、DNAは遺伝だけにかかわるものではなく、がんその他多く病気がDNAの障害によって起こることがわかってます。逆に言えば障害のある遺伝子正常なDNAで置き換えれば、病気自体治すことができる理屈なりますこのような観点から治療への応用始められたのが遺伝子療法です。

デオキシリボ核酸


DNA

地球上のほぼ全ての生物において遺伝情報を担う物質となっており、デオキシ
ボース(糖)とリン酸塩基から構成されています。この DNAは四種類の分子
塩基アデニン(A)グアニン(G)シトシン(C)チミン(T)四種
あります)が連なった長大二本からなる分子で、必ず一方の鎖のAと他方の鎖のT、また一方のGと他方のCが対合し、二本のDNA 鎖は全体として二重らせん構造とっています。この相補的二本構造は、元のDNA を鋳型にして元と全く同じコピー作ることができ(DNAの複製)、生体内一個細胞分裂して複製された二個になるとき、複製され二本のDNA鎖が二個の細胞分配され遺伝情報伝えていきます

デオキシリボ核酸

(Deoxyribonucleic acid から転送)

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/04/07 12:03 UTC 版)

デオキシリボ核酸(デオキシリボかくさん、: deoxyribonucleic acidDNA[1])は、2本のポリヌクレオチド鎖が互いに巻きついて二重らせんを形成しているポリマーである。このポリマーは、すべての既知の生物と多くのウイルスの発生、機能、成長、および生殖のための遺伝的命令を伝達する。DNAはリボ核酸: ribonucleic acid、RNA)とともに核酸と総称される。核酸はタンパク質脂質複合多糖と並んで、すべての既知の生命体にとって不可欠な4大生体高分子のひとつである。


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