相同組換えとは何？わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

相同組換え

同義/類義語：相同的組換え, 相同組換え体, 相互的組換え
英訳・(英)同義/類義語：homologous recombination, General recombination

異なるDNA 分子間で、相互の分子に含まれる同じDNA配列を持つ領域間で二本鎖が形成されることがきっかけとなって分子間の再結合が起こることにより、もとのDNA 分子の鎖が相互に置き換わった分子が形成されること。

一般的組換え

同義/類義語：相同組換え
英訳・(英)同義/類義語：general recombination, homologous recombination

DNA配列間の相同性に基づいて起こる組換え反応。

「生物学用語辞典」の他の用語

遺伝や核酸に関する反応や現象など：

ワトソン・クリック型塩基対一次転写産物一般形質導入一般的組換え三倍体不完全連鎖不等交差

ウィキペディア

索引トップランキングカテゴリー

相同組換え

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/01/06 15:31 UTC 版)

相同組換え（そうどうくみかえ、英: homologous recombination、略称: HR）は遺伝的組換えの一種であり、2つの類似したまたは同一の核酸分子（生物では通常DNAであるが、ウイルスではRNAの場合もある）の間でヌクレオチド配列が交換される過程である。相同組換えは、DNA二本鎖の双方の鎖に起こった有害な切断（二本鎖切断）を正確に修復するために細胞で最も広く利用されている手法である。また、真核生物が精子や卵といった配偶子細胞を形成する過程である減数分裂において、相同組換えによってDNA配列の新たな組み合わせが作り出される。このようにして生じたDNAの新たな組み合わせによって子孫に遺伝的多様性がもたらされ、進化過程における集団の適応を可能にする^[1]。相同組換えは遺伝子の水平伝播でも利用されており、細菌やウイルスのさまざまな系統や種の間で遺伝物質の交換が行われる。

出典

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相同組換え

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/07/22 23:04 UTC 版)

「遺伝的組換え」の記事における「相同組換え」の解説

詳細は「相同組換え」を参照染色体の組換えは普通、相同性のあるDNAの間で行われる。これを相同組換えという。減数分裂の過程で染色体の乗換えに伴うのが普通であるが、体細胞分裂での乗換えに伴うものもある。相同組換えであっても、染色体の別の位置（染色体レベルでは相同でない）の間で組換えが起これば、座位の数が変化する。その範囲に遺伝子が含まれていれば、遺伝子の重複または欠失につながる。これを不等組換えといい、不等乗換えに当たる。これらの相同性があるDNA配列の間での組換え反応（相同組換え）を触媒するのは、組換え酵素（リコンビナーゼ）と呼ばれる酵素である。大腸菌を含む真性細菌においては RecAと呼ばれるリコンビナーゼが相同組換えを介して DNA修復や外来 DNAの取り込みに関与している。一般にリコンビナーゼは細胞にとって重大な障害であるDNAの二本鎖切断(DSBs)の修復に重要である。大腸菌においては電離放射線やDNA複製の失敗によってDNAの二重鎖が切断されると、RecBCDと呼ばれるヘリカーゼとヌクレアーゼの複合体によりその末端の認識・消化が行われ一本鎖DNAが生じる。通常、生体内の一本鎖DNA 領域は一本鎖結合蛋白質 (ssDNA binding protein, SSB) によって保護されているがRecBCDの働きにより一本鎖DNA上にRecA タンパク質が配置される。その後、RecA タンパク質がSSBを除去しながら一本鎖DNA上に重合・伸長することにより右巻き螺旋のヌクレオプロテインフィラメントが形成される。その後 RecA フィラメントは染色体上の相同領域を探しあて組換え反応を行う。酵母やヒトを含む真核生物では2種のリコンビナーゼが知られている。そのうち Rad51 タンパク質は体細胞分裂および減数分裂での相同組換えに必要である。もう一つのDmc1 タンパク質は減数分裂時の相同組換えに特異的に機能する。真核生物ではDNA 二重鎖の切断末端はMre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (Xrs2) 複合体によって認識され、さらにこの複合体を中心にその後の修復様式が制御されている。相同組換えを介した修復が行われる際は、ヘリカーゼおよびヌクレアーゼによって一本鎖領域が生じ、さらに一本鎖DNA 結合蛋白質 (RPA) によって安定化される。その後 Rad52 タンパク質等の組換え触媒蛋白質が一本鎖DNA 上で RPAを除去し Rad51を配置することで、最終的に RecAと同様のヌクレオプロテインフィラメントを形成し相同組換え反応を起こす。

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相同組換えとは？ わかりやすく解説

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