母乳
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/07/02 07:06 UTC 版)
母乳（ぼにゅう）は、辞典で母の乳[1]とされ、母が子を育てるために乳房から分泌する白色で不透明な液体[2]である。乳は乳幼児（乳飲み子、ちのみご）の主要な栄養源で、母乳で栄養を与えることを母乳栄養という。子は母親の乳房から直接に母乳を得るが、搾乳器などで吸引したのちに哺乳瓶などを用いて与えることも可能である。
- ^ 大辞泉[要文献特定詳細情報]
- ^ 広辞苑[要文献特定詳細情報]
- ^ a b “WHO | Exclusive breastfeeding”. Who.int (2011年1月15日). 2011年10月26日閲覧。
- ^ a b “The World Health Organization's infant feeding recommendation”. 2013年9月30日閲覧。
- ^ “WHO and UNICEF call for renewed commitment to breast-feeding”. 2013年9月30日閲覧。
- ^ Breastfeeding Associated With Increased Intelligence, Study Suggests
- ^ “Recurrent middle-ear infections in infants: the protective role of maternal breast feeding”. Ear Nose Throat J 62 (6): 297–304. (June 1983). PMID 6409579.
- ^ “Prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of influenza during the postpartum period”. Am J Perinatol 30 (3): 233–40. (March 2013). doi:10.1055/s-0032-1323585. PMID 22926635.
- ^ “[Breastfeeding: the importance of intervening”] (Portuguese). Acta Med Port 24 Suppl 4: 889–96. (December 2011). PMID 22863497.
- ^ “Breastfeeding and diabetes: Part 2”. Pract Midwife 15 (11): 33–4, 36. (December 2012). PMID 23304866.
- ^ a b “Breastfeeding: an overview of oral and general health benefits”. J Am Dent Assoc 144 (2): 143–51. (February 2013). PMID 23372130.
- ^ “Neonatal anthropometrics and correlation to childhood obesity--data from the Danish Children's Obesity Clinic”. Eur. J. Pediatr. 172 (6): 747–51. (June 2013). doi:10.1007/s00431-013-1949-z. PMID 23371390.
- ^ “Effect of suboptimal breast-feeding on occurrence of autism: a case-control study”. Nutrition 28 (7-8): e27–32. (July 2012). doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.007. PMID 22541054.
- ^ “Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: implications for adopted children and their mothers”, International Breastfeeding Journal, (2006)
- ^ “Understanding the relationships between breastfeeding, malocclusion, ADHD, sleep-disordered breathing and traumatic dental injuries”. Med. Hypotheses 80 (3): 315–20. (March 2013). doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.017. PMID 23306004.
- ^ “Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD006734. (January 2009). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2. PMID 19160297.
- ^ “Breast-Feeding Might Cut Risk for Tough-to-Treat Breast Cancer: Study”. 2012年10月18日閲覧。
- ^ Levin, Roy J. (May 2006). “The breast/nipple/areola complex and human sexuality”. Sexual & Relationship Therapy 21 (2): 237–249.
- ^ “Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Human Milk in Feeding of Preterm Infants”. 2013年9月30日閲覧。
- ^ Prentice, A.M., Paul, A., Prentice, A., Black, A., Cole, T., & Whitehead, R. (1986). Cross - cultural differences in lactational performance. In Maternal Environmental Factors in Human Lactation. Human Lactation 2, pp.13-44. Hamosh, M., & Goldman, A.S. (eds). New York: Plenum Press.
- ^ “Breast-feeding: Pumping and maintaining your milk supply”. MayoClinic.com (2010年3月13日). 2011年10月26日閲覧。
- ^ “How Can I Increase My Milk Supply?”. LLLI (2011年6月21日). 2011年10月26日閲覧。
- ^ “How Breast Milk is Produced”. Babies.sutterhealth.org. 2011年10月26日閲覧。
- ^ Low Milk Supply - Metoclopramide
- ^ Constituents of human milk United Nations University Centre
- ^ Mohrbacher, https://breastfeedingusa.org/content/article/worries-about-foremilk-and-hindmilk
- ^ Rechtman, DJ and Ferry, B. and Lee, ML and Chapel, H. 2002. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 6, pS58.
- ^ Belitz, H Food Chemistry, 4th Edition, p.501 table 10.5
- ^ Precht, D and J.Molkentin C18:1, C18:2, and C8:3 trans and cis fatty acid isomers including conjugated cis delta 9, trans delta 11 linoleic acid (CLA) as well as total fat composition of German human milk lipids, Nahrung 1999 43(4) 233-244
- ^ Friesen, R, and S.M. Innis, Trans Fatty acids in Human milk in Canada declined with the introduction of trans fat food labeling, J. Nut 2006, 136 2558-2561
- ^ Svanborg, C; Agerstam H, Aronson A, Bjerkvig R, Düringer C, Fischer W, Gustafsson L, Hallgren O, Leijonhuvud I, Linse S, Mossberg AK, Nilsson H, Pettersson J, Svensson M. (2003). “HAMLET kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism--cellular, molecular, and therapeutic aspects.”. Advances in Cancer Research 88: 1–29. doi:10.1016/S0065-230X(03)88302-1. PMID 12665051.
- ^ Jenness R (July 1979). “The composition of human milk”. Seminars in Perinatology 3 (3): 225–239. PMID 392766.
- ^ Thorell L; Sjöberg LB, Hernell O (December 1996). “Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant”. Pediatric Research 40 (6): 845–852. doi:10.1203/00006450-199612000-00012. PMID 8947961.
- ^ Sanchez CL et al. (2009). “The possible role of human milk nucleotides as sleep inducers.”. Nutr Neurosci 12 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1179/147683009X388922. PMID 19178785.
- ^ Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC. (April 2005). “Endocannabinoids and food intake: newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood” (PDF). Experimental Biology and Medicine 230 (4): 225–234. PMID 15792943.
- ^ The wonder of breasts |Life and style |The Guardian
- ^ Rajilić-Stojanović, Mirjana; de Vos, Willem M. (2014). “The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota” (英語). FEMS Microbiology Reviews 38 (5): 996–1047. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075. ISSN 1574-6976. PMC 4262072. PMID 24861948.
- ^ アランナ・コリン著、矢野真千子訳『あなたの体は9割が細菌』 p242ほか、2016年8月30日、河出書房新社、ISBN 978-4-309-25352-7
- ^ Rodekamp E, Harder T, Kohlhoff R, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A (2006). “Impact of breast-feeding on psychomotor and neuropsychological development in children of diabetic mothers: role of the late neonatal period”. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 34 (6): 490–6. doi:10.1515/JPM.2006.095. PMID 17140300.
- ^ a b “Effect of flash-heat treatment on antimicrobial activity of breastmilk”. Breastfeed Med 6 (3): 111–6. (June 2011). doi:10.1089/bfm.2010.0078. PMC 3143386. PMID 21091243.
- ^ “Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk”. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (1990年11月1日). 2012年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ The Newborn Immune System and Immunological Benefits of Breastmilk
- ^ “Iron-saturated lactoferrin and pathogenic protozoa: could this protein be an iron source for their parasitic style of life?”. Future Microbiol 7 (1): 149–64. (January 2012). doi:10.2217/fmb.11.140. PMID 22191452.
- ^ Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple - Breastfeeding Reporter - Do Breastfeeding Babies Need Extra Iron at 4 Months?
- ^ First AAP recommendations on iron supplementation include directive on universal screening
- ^ “授乳と薬について知りたい方へ”. www.ncchd.go.jp. 2023年12月16日閲覧。
- ^ “Breastfeeding | Health benefits for mother and baby”. womenshealth.gov (2010年8月1日). 2011年10月26日閲覧。
- ^ Fallon, Sally. Nourishing Traditions, The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats
- ^ a b c "Milk, human, mature, fluid"（英語）（米国農務省食品成分データベース）
- ^ milk-collection/397/pump-and-save-bags---20-pack Medela.
- ^ Protocol #8: Human milk storage information for home use for healthy full-term infants. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol.
- ^ Department of Health, 1994. Weaning and the weaning diet. Report of the Working Group on the Weaning Diet of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: HMSO. Report on Health and Social Subjects No 45.
- ^ a b Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation
- ^ Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation
- ^ FSA, 2002. McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, 6th summary edition. Cambridge, England, Royal Society of Chemistry.
- ^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cow's milk for infants and children
- ^ Martinez, G.A., Ryan, A.S. and Malec, D.J. 1985. Nutrient intakes of American infants and children fed cow's milk or infant formula. American Journal of Diseases in Children. 139 (10) 1010-8.
- ^ "Some patients with lactose intolerance may believe they are allergic to milk or milk products. A milk allergy, however, is related to the proteins in milk rather than the lactose." Lactose Intolerance, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- ^ Newsvine.com. The Milk Of Human Kindness: Uses For Human Breast Milk http://daniel-slack.newsvine.com/_news/2009/04/26/2733785-the-milk-of-human-kindness-uses-for-human-breast-milk
- ^ Bella Online: Medicinal Uses of Breast milk http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art41924.asp
- ^ New England Journal of Medicine Breast Milk & Risk of CMV 1980 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/302/19/1073
- ^ “HIV-specific antibodies capable of ADCC are common in breastmilk and are associated with reduced risk of transmission in women with high viral loads”. PLoS Pathog. 8 (6): e1002739. (2012). doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739. PMC 3375288. PMID 22719248.
- ^ Hallgren O, Aits S, Brest P, Gustafsson L, Mossberg AK, Wullt B, Svanborg C (2008). “Apoptosis and tumor cell death in response to HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells”. Adv Exp Med Biol. 606: 217–40. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_8. PMID 18183931.
- ^ New York Daily News: Restaurant Drops Plan to Cook with Breast Milk http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/09/18/2008-09-18_restaurant_drops_plan_to_cook_with_breas.html
- ^ Tammy Frissell-Deppe. A Breastfeeding Mother's Secret Recipes: Breast milk Recipes, Fun Food for Kids and Quick Dishes!. Dracut, MA: JED Publishing, 2002
- ^ PETA Urges Ben & Jerry's To Use Human Milk - Food News StoryPOSTED: 2:21 pm EDT September 23, 2008, UPDATED: 10:28 pm EDT September 23, 2008 - WNBC
- ^ Jelliffe, Derrick B., and E. F. Patrice Jelliffe. Human Milk in the Modern World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
- ^ The Traditional Midwife Mother's Milk Soap
- ^ “昭和大病院に「母乳バンク」 低体重児の合併症予防に期待”. (2013年11月13日) 2014年2月4日閲覧。
- ^ NHK. “小さな命守る「母乳バンク」”. 2015年7月3日閲覧。
- ^ 日本マクドナルド株式会社広報部『日本マクドナルド20年のあゆみ』日本マクドナルド、1991年、81頁。OCLC 47486957。
[続きの解説]
母乳と同じ種類の言葉
- >> 「母乳」を含む用語の索引
- 母乳のページへのリンク
