ポルトガルの奴隷貿易とは？ わかりやすく解説

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ポルトガルの奴隷貿易

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/08/15 00:01 UTC 版)

ポルトガルの奴隷貿易（ポルトガルのどれいぼうえき）では、主に16世紀以降のポルトガル人によるアジア人の奴隷貿易について述べる。ポルトガルにおいては古くから奴隷制が存在し、古代ローマ、ウマイヤ朝など時代を通じてそのあり方が変化してきた。15世紀以降の大航海時代になると、黒人を奴隷とする大西洋奴隷貿易が盛んになるが、ポルトガル人のアジアへの進出に伴い、アジア人を奴隷とする奴隷貿易も行われるようになっていった。


注釈
  1. ^ 一般に排水量が増えるほど必要とされる乗組員数は多くなる。
  2. ^ 毎年一隻に日本と中国の間での貿易事業の権利が与えられ、日本への航海のカピタン・マジョールの称号が与えられた[27]。
  3. ^ a b イエズス会は倭寇を恐れており、1555年に書かれた手紙の中で、ルイス・フロイスは、倭寇の一団から身を守るために、宣教師たちが武器に頼らざるを得なかったことを語っている[40]。
  4. ^ 大量の奴隷を船内に押し込めるための設備、積層型区画のある奴隷船が登場するのは17世紀以降である。
  5. ^ 「薩摩の兵が豊後で捕らえた人々の一部は、肥後へ売られていった。ところが、その年の肥後の住民は飢饉に苦しめられ、生活すらままならなかった。したがって、豊後の人々を買って養うことは、もちろん不可能であった。それゆえ買った豊後の人々を羊や牛のごとく、高来に運んで売った。このように三会・島原では、四十人くらいがまとめて売られることもあった。豊後の女・子供は、二束三文で売られ、しかもその数は実に多かった。」ルイス・フロイス 著、松田毅一・川崎桃太 訳『完訳 フロイス日本史』 8巻、中央公論新社〈中公文庫〉、2000年、268頁。 
  6. ^ 天正遣欧使節記の目的をヴァリニャーノはポルトガル国王やローマ教皇に対して政治的、経済的援助を依頼するためと書き残している。天正遣欧使節記はポルトガルの奴隷貿易に関連して引用されることがあるが、イエズス会は1555年の最初期の奴隷取引からポルトガル商人を告発している[54]。イエズス会による抗議は1571年のセバスティアン1世 (ポルトガル王) による日本人奴隷貿易禁止の勅許公布の原動力としても知られている[53]。日本人奴隷の購入禁止令を根拠に奴隷取引を停止させようとした司教に従わないポルトガル商人が続出、非難の応酬が長期に渡り繰り返される事態が続いた[69][70][71]。ポルトガル国王やインド副王の命令に従わず法執行を拒否して騒動を起こすポルトガル商人や裁判官等も数多くいたという[72]。宣教師によって記述された情報は「ポルトガル王室への奴隷貿易廃止のロビー活動」[73]として政治的な性質を帯びており、宣教師側がポルトガル王室から政治的援助を受けるため、さらにポルトガル商人を批判して奴隷売買禁止令の執行実施を促すために生み出した虚構としての側面からも史料批判が必要と考えられる。
  7. ^ 豊臣秀吉は「人心鎮撫の策」として、遊女屋の営業を積極的に認め、京都に遊廓を造った。1585年に大坂三郷遊廓を許可。89年京都柳町遊里（新屋敷）＝指定区域を遊里とした最初である。秀吉も遊びに行ったという。オールコックの『大君の都』によれば、「秀吉は・・・・部下が故郷の妻のところに帰りたがっているのを知って、問題の制度（遊廓）をはじめたのである」やがて「その制度は各地風に望んで蔓延して伊勢の古市、奈良の木辻、播州の室、越後の寺泊、瀬波、出雲碕、その他、博多には「女膜閣」という唐韓人の遊女屋が出来、江島、下関、厳島、浜松、岡崎、その他全国に三百有余ヶ所の遊里が天下御免で大発展し、信濃国善光寺様の門前ですら道行く人の袖を引いていた。」[75]のだという。
  8. ^ 元和二年（1616年）江戸幕府は高札で人身売買を禁止、元和四年に禁制を繰り返し、元和五年（1619年）12箇条の人身売買禁止令を発布、寛永四年（1627年）正月にも人身売買禁止令をだすなど、人身売買の禁令は豊臣秀吉以降も繰り返し行われているため、秀吉が日本人の人身売買を阻止したとは考えられない、丹野勲『江戸時代の奉公人制度 と日本的雇用慣行』、2011。
出典
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  7. ^ WESTBROOK, Raymond. “Vitae Necisque Potestas”. In: Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 48,H. 2 (2nd quarter, 1999). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999, p. 203
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  40. ^ Tōkyō Daigaku Shiryō Hensanjo (ed.). Nihon Kankei Kaigai Shiryō – Iezusu-kai Nihon Shokan, Genbun, 3 volumes. Tokyo: Tōkyō Daigaku Shiryō Hensanjo, 1990-2011. II, pp. 303-4.
  41. ^ HOFFMAN, MICHAEL (2013年5月26日). “The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders”. The Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/05/26/books/the-rarely-if-ever-told-story-of-japanese-sold-as-slaves-by-portuguese-traders/ 2014年3月2日閲覧。 
  42. ^ “Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn’t know…”. Japan Probe. (2007年5月10日). http://www.japanprobe.com/2007/05/10/europeans-had-japanese-slaves-in-case-you-didnt-know/ 2014年3月2日閲覧。 
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  80. ^ Tomoko Yamazaki; Karen F. Colligan-Taylor (2015). Sandakan Brothel No.8: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women. Translated by Karen F. Colligan-Taylor. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-1317460251. https://books.google.com/books?id=vlXrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 
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  82. ^ a b Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, Jesuit Arguments for Voluntary Slavery in Japan and Brazil, Brazilian Journal of History, Volume: 39, Number: 80, Jan-Apr. 2019., p.10
  83. ^ BRAH, Cortes 566 (9/2666), maço 21, f. 275. RUIZ DE MEDINA, Juan G. Orígenes de la Iglesia Catolica Coreana desde 1566 hasta 1784 según documentos inéditos de la época. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1986, p. 114-22.
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  85. ^ Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan、Rômulo da Silva Ehalt、p. 426
  86. ^ BRAH, Cortes 566 (9/2666), maço 21, f. 273-276v. Pagès in PAGÈS, Léon. Histoire de la religion chrétienne au Japon – Seconde Partie, Annexes. Paris: Charles Douniol, 1870, p. 70-9. SOUSA, Lúcio de. “Dom Luís de Cerqueira e a escravatura no Japão em 1598.” Brotéria, 165. Braga, 2007, pp. 245-61.
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  92. ^ Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan, ed (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0521527503. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&pg=PA277&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+slaves+guns+silk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j4QVU-aVIZLo0wG1voCoAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20slaves%20guns%20silk&f=false 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  94. ^ Olof G. Lidin (2002). Tanegashima - The Arrival of Europe in Japan. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 1135788715. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=FliQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4cVU9vFFtTukQf6-oDABA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20slaves&f=false 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  95. ^ Amy Stanley (2012). Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan. Volume 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Matthew H. Sommer. University of California Press. ISBN 0520952383. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=6yjTKhcy0jYC&pg=PT60&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+portuguese+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wIcVU6fRO6TJ0wHL74HYBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20portuguese%20slaves&f=false 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  96. ^ Lee, Christina H., ed (2012). Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657. Routledge. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1409408505. https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC 2019年12月17日閲覧。 
  97. ^ Dr Christina H Lee (2012). Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 13. ISBN 978-1409483687. https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&pg=PT43&dq=Chinos+in+sixteenth+Diego+Indio&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DqU_U87jMtWhsQT-zIDIBw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Chinos%20in%20sixteenth%20Diego%20Indio&f=false 2014年5月23日閲覧。 
  98. ^ Christina H. Lee, ed (2016). Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134759590. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7GXCwAAQBAJ&q=de+haro+slaves+evocative+name&pg=PT200 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  99. ^ Dr Christina H Lee (2012). Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN 978-1409483687. https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=haro+Catalina+Diaz&pg=PT278 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  100. ^ Boxer 1939, pp. 542–543
  101. ^ Mungello 2009, p. 81
  102. ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999) (Portuguese). A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras. UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. ISBN 8526804367. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=MyEsAAAAYAAJ 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  103. ^ a b c Teixeira Leite 1999, p. 20: "Já por aí se vê que devem ter sido numerosos os escravos chineses que tomaram o caminho de Lisboa — e por extensão o do Brasil ... Em 1744 era o imperador Qianlong quem ordenava que nenhum Chinês ou europeu de Macau vendesse filhos e filhas, prohibição reiterada em 1750 pelo vice-rei de Cantão."
  104. ^ Jonathan D. Spence (1985). The memory palace of Matteo Ricci (illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin Books. p. 208. ISBN 0140080988. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=DN6hT8zdGKS16AHNsY30CA&id=YmauWWluaqcC&dq=sassetti+chinese+slaves&q=sassetti+scattering+chinese+slaves&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2012年5月5日閲覧. "countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese" 
  105. ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999) (Portuguese). A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras. UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. ISBN 8526804367. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=_OGhT5PyGobA6AGCh-33CA&id=wNZ6AAAAMAAJ 2012年5月5日閲覧。 
  106. ^ Jeanette Pinto (1992). Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510-1842. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=I9-hT_HxO7Ce6QHb75zbCA&id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&dq=respectable+families+for+sale+as+slaves+in+India.36+Chinese+slaves+and+domestic+servants+were+for+the+most+part+kidnapped+from+their+villages+when+they+were+young&q=circa+1580&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2012年5月5日閲覧. "ing Chinese as slaves, since they are found to be very loyal, intelligent and hard working' . . . their culinary bent was also evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks." 
  107. ^ Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). 2, illustrated, reprint. p. 225. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=xvylT8XlEJDUgAflqoS3AQ&id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Florentine+traveller+Filipe+Sassetti+recording+his+impressions+of+Lisbon%27s+enormous+slave+population+circa+1580,+states+that+the+majority+of+the+Chinese+there+were+employed+as+cooks&q=enormous+majority&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2012年5月5日閲覧. "be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ..." 
  108. ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999) (Portuguese). A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras. UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. ISBN 8526804367. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=MyEsAAAAYAAJ 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  109. ^ Dias 2007, p. 71
  110. ^ Fonseca 1997, p. 21: "e o chinês, também António, ainda há pouco referido e que era condutor das azémolas de D. Maria de Vilhena"
  111. ^ Jorge Fonseca (1997) (Portuguese). Os escravos em Évora no século XVI. Volume 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. ISBN 9729696535. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Finalmente+dois+chinas,+um+deles+azemel+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+e+o+outro+Francisco+China,+de+Francisco+de+Carvalhais,+e+dois+judeus,+ambos+fugidos,+um+em+1575+e+o+outro+em+1577.&dq=Finalmente+dois+chinas,+um+deles+azemel+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+e+o+outro+Francisco+China,+de+Francisco+de+Carvalhais,+e+dois+judeus,+ambos+fugidos,+um+em+1575+e+o+outro+em+1577.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DwgUU4XCEM-s0AG-uIHIBA&redir_esc=y 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  113. ^ Hugh Thomas (2013). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 (illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 119. ISBN 1476737452. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&pg=PA119&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#v=onepage&q&f=false 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  118. ^ Jorge Fonseca (1997) (Portuguese). Os escravos em Évora no século XVI. Volume 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 30. ISBN 9729696535. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+tinha+entre+os+quinze+escravos+que+menciona+no+seu+testamento.+58+-+A.D.E..+F.N..+Evora&dq=D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+tinha+entre+os+quinze+escravos+que+menciona+no+seu+testamento.+58+-+A.D.E..+F.N..+Evora&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rQkUU5nkMayO1AHpjYCwCA&redir_esc=y 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  124. ^ Jorge Fonseca (1997) (Portuguese). Os escravos em Évora no século XVI. Volume 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 24. ISBN 9729696535. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ& 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  125. ^ Jorge Fonseca (1997) (Portuguese). Os escravos em Évora no século XVI. Volume 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. ISBN 9729696535. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  126. ^ Jorge Fonseca (1997) (Portuguese). Os escravos em Évora no século XVI. Volume 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. ISBN 9729696535. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  131. ^ Paul Finkelman (1998). Paul Finkelman, Joseph Calder Miller. ed. Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 2. Macmillan Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan. p. 737. ISBN 0028647815. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=5s0YAAAAIAAJ 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
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  134. ^ A. C. de C. M. Saunders (1982). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555. Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0521231507. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA168&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#v=onepage&q&f=false 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  135. ^ Jeanette Pinto (1992). Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510-1842. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+%27they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working%27&dq=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+%27they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working%27&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KokVU4npJqvh0wGdq4C4Dw&redir_esc=y 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  136. ^ Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford U.P.. p. 225. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+%27they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working%27&dq=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+%27they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working%27&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KokVU4npJqvh0wGdq4C4Dw&redir_esc=y 2014年2月2日閲覧。 
  137. ^ Ernest S. Dodge (1976). Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia. Volume 7 of Europe and the World in Age of Expansion. U of Minnesota Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-8166-0853-9. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=B9jOp9SlQIwC&pg=PA226&dq=The+Portuguese,+who+considered+all+Eastern+peoples+legitimate+prey,+established+trading+settlements+at+Ningpo+and+in+Fukien,+but+both+were+wiped+out+by+massacres+in+1545+and+1549.&hl=en&ei=_C2fTurjFqrb0QHx9NytCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Portuguese%2C%20who%20considered%20all%20Eastern%20peoples%20legitimate%20prey%2C%20established%20trading%20settlements%20at%20Ningpo%20and%20in%20Fukien%2C%20but%20both%20were%20wiped%20out%20by%20massacres%20in%201545%20and%201549.&f=false 2011年10月18日閲覧. "The Portuguese, who considered all Eastern peoples legitimate prey, established trading settlements at Ningpo and in Fukien, but both were wiped out by massacres in 1545 and 1549. For some years the Portuguese were second only to the" 
  138. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 235. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=gzCfTsmcFYXI0AGv6PySCQ&ct=result&id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+settlement+which+the+Portuguese+established+near+Ningpo+was+wiped+out+by+a+massacre+(1545),+and+a+similar+fate+overtook+a+trading+colony+in+Fukien+(1549).+For+a+time+the+Portuguese+retained+a+precarious+tenure+only+on+islands+south+of+Canton&q=Ningpo+massacre+1545&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年7月18日閲覧. "A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton" (the University of Michigan)
  139. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette (1942). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 313. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=4TCfTpa8NKby0gHktryACQ&ct=result&id=ixAhAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+settlement+which+the+Portuguese+established+near+Ningpo+was+wiped+out+by+a+massacre+(1545),+and+a+similar+fate+overtook+a+trading+colony+in+Fukien+(1549).+For+a+time+the+Portuguese+retained+a+precarious+tenure+only+on+islands+south+of+Canton&q=ningpo+massacre+1545&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年7月18日閲覧. "A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton" (the University of Michigan)
  140. ^ John William Parry (1969). Spices: The story of spices. The spices described. Volume 1 of Spices. Chemical Pub. Co.. p. 102. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=llo-AQAAIAAJ&q=The+Portuguese+succeeded+in+establishing+a+settlement+near+Ningpo+which+was+wiped+out+by+massacre+in+1545%3B+another+Portuguese+settlement+in+Fukien+province+met+a+similar+fate+in+1549,+but+they+finally+succeeded+in+establishing+a&dq=The+Portuguese+succeeded+in+establishing+a+settlement+near+Ningpo+which+was+wiped+out+by+massacre+in+1545%3B+another+Portuguese+settlement+in+Fukien+province+met+a+similar+fate+in+1549,+but+they+finally+succeeded+in+establishing+a&hl=en&ei=lzGfTrWnGsL40gGyh-2JCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y 2011年7月18日閲覧. "The Portuguese succeeded in establishing a settlement near Ningpo which was wiped out by massacre in 1545; another Portuguese settlement in Fukien province met a similar fate in 1549, but they finally succeeded in establishing a" (the University of California)
  141. ^ Witold Rodziński (1983). A history of China, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-08-021806-7. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=pjGfTvKME-H20gG_68DzCA&ct=result&id=X63tAAAAMAAJ&dq=In+1545+the+Portuguese+colony+in+Ningpo+was+completely+wiped+out+after+three+years+of+existence+and+later,+in+1+549,+the+same+fate+met+the+settlement+in+Ch%27+iianchou.+Somewhat+later,+the+Portuguese+did+succeed+finally+in+gaining&q=1545+wiped&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年7月18日閲覧. "A further attempt was made by the Portuguese in 1 522 by Affonso de Mello Coutinho which also suffered defeat. In spite of these initial setbacks the Portuguese succeeded, probably by bribing local officials, in establishing themselves in Ningpo (Chekiang) and in Ch'uanchou (Fukien), where considerable trade with the Chinese was developed. In both cases, however, the unspeakably brutal behavious of the Portuguese caused a revulsion of Chinese feeling against the newcomers. In 1545 the Portuguese colony in Ningpo was completely wiped out after three years of existence and later, in 1549, the same fate met the settlement in Ch'iianchou. Somewhat later, the Portuguese did succeed finally in gaining" (the University of Michigan)
  142. ^ A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams. ed. Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition. Volume 6 of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. p. 202. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=VsEXAQAAIAAJ 2011年7月18日閲覧。 (Original from the University of California)
  143. ^ Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. (1909). p. 490. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=_N1TAAAAYAAJ 2011年7月18日閲覧。 (Original from the New York Public Library)
  144. ^ Charles Kendall Adams (1895). Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6. NEW YORK: A.J. Johnson Co.. p. 202. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=jjFOAAAAYAAJ 2011年7月18日閲覧。 (Original from Princeton University)
  145. ^ Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson (1902). Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. p. 490. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=ntdTAAAAYAAJ 2011年7月18日閲覧。 (Original from the New York Public Library)
  146. ^ a b George Bryan Souza (2004). The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754 (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-521-53135-7. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=nPyg0evI8ykC&pg=PA32&dq=and+soldiers+5000+slaves+20000+Chinese+1643+2000+moradores+(Portuguese+inhabitants)+1644+40000+total+inhabitants+1648&hl=en&ei=XfC6TtDND-jo0QGsscDeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=and%20soldiers%205000%20slaves%2020000%20Chinese%201643%202000%20moradores%20(Portuguese%20inhabitants)%201644%2040000%20total%20inhabitants%201648&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "5000 slaves 20000 Chinese 1643 2000 moradores (Portuguese civil citizens) 1644" 
  147. ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler, Darrell T. Tryon (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas. Walter de Gruyter. p. 323. ISBN 3-11-013417-9. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC&pg=PA323&dq=typical+cross+section+of+the+population+consisted+of+about+600+casados,+100-200+other+Portuguese,+some+5000+slaves+and+a+growing&hl=en&ei=bPC6TrzhGIrs0gGKoIzfCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=typical%20cross%20section%20of%20the%20population%20consisted%20of%20about%20600%20casados%2C%20100-200%20other%20Portuguese%2C%20some%205000%20slaves%20and%20a%20growing&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "The Portuguese population of Macao was never very large. Between the period 1601 -1669, a typical cross section of the population consisted of about 600 casados, 100-200 other Portuguese, some 5000 slaves and a growing number of Chinese" 
  148. ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 63. ISBN 988-8028-54-5. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&pg=PA63&dq=black+slaves+macao&hl=en&ei=Ku66TuyxNcbc0QHP5Z3dDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "This is a time when there were most African slaves, about 5100. In comparison there were about 1000 to 2000 during the later Portuguese rule in Macau." 
  149. ^ Trevor Burnard (2010). Gad Heuman, Trevor Burnard. ed. The Routledge history of slavery (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN 0-415-46689-X. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=b_oSu7nW-m0C&pg=PA57&dq=black+slaves+macao&hl=en&ei=tO26TtyML8Pl0QHiv7jeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=black%20slaves%20macao&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "South Asia also exported bondspeople: Indians, for example, were exported as slaves to Macao, Japan, Indonesia" 
  150. ^ Indrani Chatterjee, Richard Maxwell Eaton (2006). Indrani Chatterjee, Richard Maxwell Eaton. ed. Slavery and South Asian history (illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-253-21873-X. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA238&dq=african+slaves+macau&hl=en&ei=jfe6Tr-9LOfV0QGJ4cXfCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=african%20slaves%20macau&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "Portuguese,”he concluded;“The Portuguese beat us off from Macao with their slaves.”10 The same year as the Dutch ... an English witness recorded that the Portuguese defense was conducted primarily by their African slaves,who threw" 
  151. ^ Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. (1996). p. 544. ISBN 1-884964-04-4. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA544&dq=african+slaves+macau&hl=en&ei=jfe6Tr-9LOfV0QGJ4cXfCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=african%20slaves%20macau&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "A miscellaneous assemblage of Portuguese soldiers, citizens, African slaves, friars, and Jesuits managed to withstand the attack. Following this defeat, the Dutch made no further attempts to take Macau, although they continued to harass" 
  152. ^ Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 159. ISBN 962-209-486-4. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&pg=PA159&dq=invaded+Macau+on+24+June+1622+but+was+defeated+by+a+handful+of+Portuguese+priests,+citizens+and+African+slaves&hl=en&ei=4_i6TtDdLsXb0QHvxejeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=invaded%20Macau%20on%2024%20June%201622%20but%20was%20defeated%20by%20a%20handful%20of%20Portuguese%20priests%2C%20citizens%20and%20African%20slaves&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "invaded Macau on 24 June 1622 but was defeated by a handful of Portuguese priests, citizens and African slaves" 
  153. ^ Steven Bailey (2007). Strolling in Macau: A Visitor's Guide to Macau, Taipa, and Coloane (illustrated ed.). ThingsAsian Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-9715940-9-0. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=Lw6JYOYgjokC&pg=PA15&dq=Macau%27s+future+as+a+Dutch+colony+seemed+all+but+assured,+since+the+city%27s+...+still+remained+under+construction+and+its+defenders+numbered+only+about+60+soldiers+and+90+civilians,+who+ranged+from+Jesuit+priests+to+African+slaves&hl=en&ei=UPm6Tv-AHObV0QGyoojeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Macau's%20future%20as%20a%20Dutch%20colony%20seemed%20all%20but%20assured%2C%20since%20the%20city's%20...%20still%20remained%20under%20construction%20and%20its%20defenders%20numbered%20only%20about%2060%20soldiers%20and%2090%20civilians%2C%20who%20ranged%20from%20Jesuit%20priests%20to%20African%20slaves&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "On June 24, 1622, a Dutch fleet under Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon assembled a landing force of some 800 armed sailors, a number thought more than sufficient to overpower Macau's relatively weak garrison. Macau's future as a Dutch colony seemed all but assured, since the city's ... still remained under construction and its defenders numbered only about 60 soldiers and 90 civilians, who ranged from Jesuit priests to African slaves" 
  154. ^ Ruth Simms Hamilton, ed (2007). Routes of passage: rethinking the African diaspora, Volume 1, Part 1. Volume 1 of African diaspora research. Michigan State University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-87013-632-1. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=zvq6TtccxN3RAZH6qNcJ&ct=result&id=3s8VAQAAIAAJ&dq=Jan+Coen,+who+had+been+sent+to+establish+a+Dutch+base+on+the+China+coast,+wrote+about+the+slaves+who+served+the+Portuguese+so+faithfully:+%22It+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+last+year.%22&q=jan+coen&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年11月4日閲覧. "Jan Coen, who had been sent to establish a Dutch base on the China coast, wrote about the slaves who served the Portuguese so faithfully: "It was they who defeated and drove away our people last year."" (the University of California)
  155. ^ Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos (1968). Studia, Issue 23. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos.. p. 89. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=Kfu6TpniFIP10gHPmvXeCQ&ct=result&id=8gdmAAAAMAAJ&dq=85,+quotes+a+report+from+the+Dutch+governor-general,+Coen,+in+1623:+%C2%ABThe+slaves+of+the+Portuguese+at+Macao+served+them+so+well+and+faithfully,+that+it+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+last+year%C2%BB.&q=coen&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年11月4日閲覧. "85, quotes a report from the Dutch governor-general, Coen, in 1623: «The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people last year»." (University of Texas)
  156. ^ Themba Sono, Human Sciences Research Council (1993). Japan and Africa: the evolution and nature of political, economic and human bonds, 1543-1993. HSRC. p. 23. ISBN 0-7969-1525-3. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=8IEFAQAAIAAJ&q=A+year+later,+Captain+Coen+was+still+harping+on+the+same+theme:+%22The+slaves+of+the+Portuguese+at+Macao+served+them+so+well+and+faithfully,+that+it+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+there+last+year%22&dq=A+year+later,+Captain+Coen+was+still+harping+on+the+same+theme:+%22The+slaves+of+the+Portuguese+at+Macao+served+them+so+well+and+faithfully,+that+it+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+there+last+year%22&hl=en&ei=mPu6Tp3hA4LX0QGzl_XeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y 2011年11月4日閲覧. "A year later, Captain Coen was still harping on the same theme: "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last year". Captain Coen was" 
  157. ^ Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford U.P.. p. 85. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=6fu6TqOmEYLd0QGyq83fCQ&ct=result&id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&dq=Our+people+saw+very+few+Portuguese%22.+A+year+later+he+was+still+harping+on+the+same+theme.+%22The+slaves+of+the+Portuguese+at+Macao+served+them+so+well+and+faithfully,+that+it+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+there+last&q=harping&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年11月4日閲覧. "The enemy, it was reported, "had lost many more men than we, albeit mostly slaves. Our people saw very few Portuguese". A year later he was still harping on the same theme. "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last" (the University of Michigan)
  158. ^ P. D. Coates (1988). The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843-1943 (2, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press,. p. 124. https://books.google.co.jp/books?ei=k-C5Tv2zNYHCgAfEh_m5CA&ct=result&id=G-MvAAAAMAAJ&dq=a+Portuguese+slave+trade+in+male+and+female+children+aged+between+5+and+8,+whom+Portuguese+bought+for+%243+to+%244&q=trade+children&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 2011年11月4日閲覧. "a Portuguese slave trade in male and female children aged between 5 and 8, whom Portuguese bought for $3 to $4" (the University of Michigan)
  159. ^ Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 159. ISBN 962-209-486-4. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&pg=PA159&dq=black+slaves+macau&hl=en&ei=du66TvWCDcbw0gH8qaDeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=black%20slaves%20macau&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "Apart from being a centre of coolie-slave trade, Macau was also known as the Oriental Monte Carlo" 
  160. ^ W. G. Clarence-Smith (1985). The third Portuguese empire, 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press ND. p. 71. ISBN 0-7190-1719-X. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=LA28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71&dq=19+As+the+African+slave+trade+declined+the+Portuguese+became+involved+in+a+form+of+trade+in+Chinese+labour+which+was+in+effect&hl=en&ei=qfC6Tou9NKTh0QHj483ZCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=19%20As%20the%20African%20slave%20trade%20declined%20the%20Portuguese%20became%20involved%20in%20a%20form%20of%20trade%20in%20Chinese%20labour%20which%20was%20in%20effect&f=false 2011年11月4日閲覧. "As the African slave trade declined the Portuguese became involved in a form of trade in Chinese labour which was in effect a Chinese slave trade." 
  161. ^ Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. p. 336. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=BZAPAAAAIAAJ&q=mohammedan&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#v=onepage&q=mohammedan%20slaves%20to%20beys&f=false 2011年7月6日閲覧。 
  162. ^ Saunders, A.C. De C.M. A social history of black slaves and freedmen in Portugal 1441-1555. New York: University of Cambridge Press, 1982 p.89
  163. ^ OM, Lib. 4, Tit. XVI; LARA, Silvia Hunold. ‘Legislação sobre escravos africanos na América portuguesa’. in: ANDRÉS-GALLEGO, Jose (Coord). Nuevas Aportaciones a la Historia Jurídica de Iberoamérica. Madrid: Fundación Histórica Tavera/Digibis/Fundación Hernando de Larramendi, 2000 (CD-Rom), p. 57. Tit. XCIX.
  164. ^ Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 91
  165. ^ A. Saunders (2010). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-521-13003-4. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA14&dq=portuguese+slaves+padlocks&hl=en&ei=yzoeTcS-AYSs8AaA2sGvDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 2010年11月14日閲覧。 
  166. ^ A. Saunders (2010). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-521-13003-4. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&dq=portuguese+slaves+padlocks&q=chains+hot+fat+wax&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#v=snippet&q=chains%20hot%20fat%20wax&f=false 2010年11月14日閲覧。 
  167. ^ Charles Patterson (2002). Eternal Treblinka: our treatment of animals and the Holocaust. Lantern Books. p. 14. ISBN 1-930051-99-9. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=zkvY1-t3VxMC&pg=PA14&dq=portuguese+branded+slaves&hl=en&ei=cDQeTeLvFMSt8AabxM3hDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=portuguese%20branded%20slaves&f=false 2010年11月14日閲覧。 
  168. ^ Northrup, David. Africa’s Discovery of Europe 1450-1850. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Northrup, 2009, p.10
  169. ^ a b Saunders, A.C. De C.M. A social history of black slaves and freedmen in Portugal 1441-1555. New York: University of Cambridge Press, 1982 p.178
  170. ^ SOUSA, Lúcio de, and OKA Mihoko. Daikōkai Jidai no Nihonjin Dorei. Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha, 2017.
  171. ^ Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 33
  172. ^ Boxer, Charles Ralph; Pereira, Galeote; Cruz, Gaspar da; Rada, Martín de (1953), South in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550-1575)], Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, pp. 149–152, https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=ImoTAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=ja  (Includes an translation of Gaspar da Cruz's entire book, with C.R. Boxer's comments)
  173. ^ a b de Pina-Cabral 2002, pp. 114–115: "From very early on, it was recognized that the purchase of Chinese persons (particularly female infants) caused no particular problems in Macao, but that the export of these people as slaves was contrary to the safeguarding of peaceable relations with the Chinese authorities. This point is clearly made by a Royal Decree of 1624 ... [t]hese good intentions were, however, difficult to uphold in the territory where the monetary purchase of persons was easily accomplished and the supply very abundant, particularly of young females."
  174. ^ Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias (2007). Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-84718-111-2. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=XHm4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.&dq=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.&hl=en&ei=PdgOTdDACsP58AaIoLGXDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y 2010年7月14日閲覧。 
  175. ^ Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, and emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 0-8264-5749-5. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&pg=PA115&dq=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&hl=en&ei=j7JdTPf4GYT58Abhw-S1DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=1624%20royal%20decree&f=false 2010年7月14日閲覧。 
  176. ^ Mancall 2007, p. 228
  177. ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras. Editora da Unicamp. p. 19. ISBN 85-268-0436-7. http://www.fundaj.gov.br/china/texto1.rtf 2010年7月14日閲覧。 

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奴隷貿易の規制
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
94% |||||

2
奴隷の購入
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
70% |||||

3
マカオおよび中国沿岸部における奴隷交易
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52% |||||

4
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52% |||||

5
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52% |||||

6
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ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
36% |||||

7
律令制崩壊後
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
32% |||||

8
バテレン追放令
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32% |||||

9
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32% |||||

10
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30% |||||

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