言語の起源とは？ わかりやすく解説

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言語の起源

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/01/23 15:25 UTC 版)

言語の起源（げんごのきげん）では、ヒトにおける言語の起源について記述する。


脚注
  1. ^ Tallerman, Maggie; Gibson, Kathleen (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199541116, 9780199541119 
  2. ^ Christiansen, M. H. and S. Kirby, 2003. Language evolution: the hardest problem in science? In M. H. Christiansen and S. Kirby (eds), Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1- 15.
  3. ^ Ulbaek, Ib (1998). “The Origin of Language and Cognition”. In J. R. Hurford & C. Knight. Approaches to the evolution of language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–43 
  4. ^ Chomsky, N. (2004). Language and Mind: Current thoughts on ancient problems. Part I & Part II. In Lyle Jenkins (ed.), Variation and Universals in Biolinguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 379-405.
  5. ^ Chomsky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry 36(1): 1-22.
  6. ^ Pinker, S. and P. Bloom (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 707-84.
  7. ^ Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. London: Penguin.
  8. ^ Ulbaek, I. (1998). The origin of language and cognition. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. D. Knight (eds), Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 30-43.
  9. ^ Tomasello, M. 1996. The cultural roots of language. In Velichkovsky, B. M. and D. M. Rumbaugh (eds), Communicating Meaning. The evolution and development of language. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 275-307.
  10. ^ Pika, S. and Mitani, J. C. 2006. 'Referential gesturing in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)'. Current Biology, 16.191-192.
  11. ^ The Economist, "The evolution of language: Babel or babble?", 16 April 2011, pp. 85-86.
  12. ^ Cross, I. & Woodruff, G. E. (2009). Music as a communicative medium. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds) The Prehistory of Language (pp113-144), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 77-98.
  13. ^ Knight, C. and C. Power (2011). Social conditions for the evolutionary emergence of language. In M. Tallerman and K. Gibson (eds), Handbook of Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 346-49.
  14. ^ Rappaport, R. A. (1999). Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  15. ^ Knight, C. (2010). 'Honest fakes' and language origins. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15: 10-11, pp. 236-48.
  16. ^ Knight, C. (2010). The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193-211.
  17. ^ a b Knight, C. 1998. Ritual/speech coevolution: a solution to the problem of deception. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 68-91.
  18. ^ Knight, C. 2006. Language co-evolved with the rule of law. In A. Cangelosi, A. D. M. Smith and K. Smith (eds) The evolution of language. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (EVOLANG 6). New Jersey & London: World Scientific Publishing, pp. 168-75.
  19. ^ Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. and K. McDonald (1988). Deception and social manipulation in symbol-using apes. In R. W. Byrne and A. Whiten (eds), Machiavellian Intelligence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 224-237.
  20. ^ Kegl, J., A. Senghas and M. Coppola (1998). Creation through Contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. In M. DeGraff (ed.), Language Creation and Change: Creolization, Diachrony and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  21. ^ Lieberman, P. and E. S. Crelin (1971). On the speech of Neandertal Man. Linguistic Inquiry 2: 203-22.
  22. ^ Arensburg, B., A. M. B. Vandermeersch, H. Duday, L. A. Schepartz and Y. Rak (1989). A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone. Nature 338: 758-760.
  23. ^ Diller, K. C. and R. L. Cann (2009). Evidence against a genetic-based revolution in language 50,000 years ago. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 135-149.
  24. ^ Henshilwood, C. S. and B. Dubreuil (2009). Reading the artifacts: gleaning language skills from the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 41-61.
  25. ^ Knight, C., (2009). Language, ochre and the rule of law. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 281-303.
  26. ^ Watts, I. (2009). Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 62-92.
  27. ^ Arcadi, A. C. 2000. Vocal responsiveness in male wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of language. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 205-223.
  28. ^ Bower, Bruce (1994年6月11日). “Talking back in time; prehistoric origins of language attract new data and debate - language evolution”. Science News on Bnet (Technology Industry). CBS Interactive News Service. 2012年7月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年9月29日閲覧。
  29. ^ Botha, R. and C. Knight (eds) 2009. The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  30. ^ Pinker, S. (2003) Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche, in M. H. Christiansen and S. Kirby (eds), Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 16-37.
  31. ^ Sampson, G., D. Gil and P. Trudghill (eds), Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  32. ^ Arcadi, A. C. (2000). Vocal responsiveness in male wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of language. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 205-223.
  33. ^ Goodall, J. 1986. The Chimpanzees of Gombe. Patterns of behavior. Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 125.
  34. ^ a b Freeman, Scott; Jon C. Herron., Evolutionary Analysis (4th ed.), Pearson Education, Inc. (2007), ISBN 0-13-227584-8 pages 789-90
  35. ^ Evolve (tv show): Communication
  36. ^ RedOrbit: Primate and Human Language Use Same Brain Regions
  37. ^ a b c d e Diamond, Jared (1992, 2006). The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 141–167. ISBN 0060183071 
  38. ^ Wade, Nicholas (2006年5月23日). “Nigerian Monkeys Drop Hints on Language Origin”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/science/23lang.html?ex=1306036800&en=7012db68d9bb1cc5&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss 2007年9月9日閲覧。 
  39. ^ Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds (2001). The Handbook of Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 1–18. ISBN 1405102527 
  40. ^ Fitch, W. Tecumseh. “The Evolution of Speech: A Comparative Review” (PDF). 2007年9月9日閲覧。
  41. ^ Ohala, John J.. (2000). The irrelevance of the lowered larynx in modern man for the development of speech. In Evolution of Language - Paris conference (pp. 171-172).
  42. ^ Bickerton, Adam's Tongue (2009).
  43. ^ Olson, Steve (2002). Mapping Human History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0618352104. "Any adaptations produced by evolution are useful only in the present, not in some vaguely defined future. So the vocal anatomy and neural circuits needed for language could not have arisen for something that did not yet exist" 
  44. ^ Ruhlen, Merritt (1994). Origin of Language. New York, NY: Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 0471584266. "Earlier human ancestors, such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus, would likely have possessed less developed forms of language, forms intermediate between the rudimentary communicative systems of, say, chimpanzees and modern human languages" 
  45. ^ [[Steven Mithen |Mithen, Steven J.]] (2006). The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02192-4 
  46. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). The Singing Neanderthals, ISBN 978-0-674-02559-2
  47. ^ Jungers, William L. et al. (August 2003). “Hypoglossal Canal Size in Living Hominoids and the Evolution of Human Speech” (PDF). Human Biology 75 (4): 473–484. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0057. PMID 14655872. オリジナルの2007-06-12時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612035730/http://www.baa.duke.edu/kay/site/riogallegos/PDFs/j74.pdf 2007年9月10日閲覧。. 
  48. ^ DeGusta, David et al. (1999). “Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (4): 1800–1804. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800. PMC 15600. PMID 9990105. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15600/. "Hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities." 
  49. ^ Johansson, Sverker (April 2006). “Constraining the Time When Language Evolved” (PDF). Evolution of Language: Sixth International Conference, Rome: 152. doi:10.1142/9789812774262_0020. http://www.tech.plymouth.ac.uk/socce/evolang6/johansson_constraining.pdf 2007年9月10日閲覧. "Hyoid bones are very rare as fossils, as they are not attached to the rest of the skeleton, but one Neanderthal hyoid has been found (Arensburg et al., 1989), very similar to the hyoid of modern Homo sapiens, leading to the conclusion that Neanderthals had a vocal tract similar to ours (Houghton, 1993; Bo¨e, Maeda, & Heim, 1999)." 
  50. ^ a b Klarreich, Erica (April 20, 2004). “Biography of Richard G. Klein”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (16): 5705–5707. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402190101. PMC 395972. PMID 15079069. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/16/5705#SEC1 2007年9月10日閲覧。. 
  51. ^ Klein, Richard G.. “Three Distinct Human Populations”. Biological and Behavioral Origins of Modern Humans. Access Excellence @ The National Health Museum. 2007年9月10日閲覧。
  52. ^ Schwarz, J. http://uwnews.org/article.asp?articleID=37362
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  54. ^ Krause; et al. (2007). Current Biology 17 (21). doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008. PMID 17949978. http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2807%2902065-9. 
  55. ^ Minkel, J. R. (2007年7月18日). “Skulls Add to "Out of Africa" Theory of Human Origins: Pattern of skull variation bolsters the case that humans took over from earlier species”. Scientific American.com. 2007年9月9日閲覧。
  56. ^ Klein, Richard. “Three Distinct Populations”. 2007年11月10日閲覧。 “You've had modern humans or people who look pretty modern in Africa by 100,000 to 130,000 years ago and that's the fossil evidence behind the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis, but that they only spread from Africa about 50,000 years ago. What took so long? Why that long lag, 80,000 years?”
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  67. ^ Power, C. 1998. Old wives’ tales: the gossip hypothesis and the reliability of cheap signals. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111 29.
  68. ^ Fitch, W. T. 2004. Kin Selection and ``Mother Tongues: A Neglected Component in Language Evolution. In D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel (eds), Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach, pp. 275-296. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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  71. ^ Ulbaek, I. 1998. The origin of language and cognition. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. D. Knight (eds), Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 30-43.
  72. ^ Trivers, R. L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35-57.
  73. ^ Knight, C. 2006. Language co-evolved with the rule of law. In A. Cangelosi, A. D. M. Smith and K. Smith (eds), The evolution of language. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (EVOLANG6). New Jersey & London: World Scientific Publishing, pp. 168-75.
  74. ^ Dessalles, J.-L. 1998. Altruism, status and the origin of relevance. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 130-147.
  75. ^ Dunbar, R. I. M. 1996. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber and Faber.
  76. ^ Power, C. 1998. Old wives’ tales: the gossip hypothesis and the reliability of cheap signals. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-29.
  77. ^ Knight, C. 1998. Ritual/speech coevolution: a solution to the problem of deception. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (eds), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 68-91.
  78. ^ Lewis, J. 2009. As well as words: Congo Pygmy hunting, mimicry, and play. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 236-256.
  79. ^ Enfield, N. J. (2010). Without social context? Science, 329, 1600–1601.
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  81. ^ Watts, I. 2009. Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 62-92.
  82. ^ Rappaport, R. A. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  84. ^ Deacon, T. 1997. The Symbolic Species: The co evolution of language and the human brain. London: Penguin.
  85. ^ Knight, C. 2010. The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193-211.
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 英語⇒日本語
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