ジョーンズタウンとは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

ジョーンズタウン

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/12/28 14:32 UTC 版)

ジョーンズタウン（英語: Jonestown）は、アメリカ合衆国のキリスト教系新宗教（カルト）・人民寺院（英語: Peoples Temple）によってガイアナ北部に開拓・設立された町（コミューン）。正式名称は、ピープルズ・テンプル・アグリカルチュラル・プロジェクト（英語: Peoples Temple Agricultural Project、人民寺院農業計画）であり、ジョーンズタウンは通称である^{[注 1]}。1978年11月18日、この人里離れたコミューンで計918人^{[注 2]}が集団自殺を決行したことで世界的に著名になった^[1]^[2]。後にこの開拓地の名前は、このコミューンで起こった惨劇そのものを示すこととなった。

脚注

注釈

^ ただし、人民寺院側もジョーンズタウンという名前は使用しており、ジョーンズタウンの入り口に掲げられた横断幕にも「ジョーンズタウンへようこそ」 (Welcome to Jonestown)と書かれている。
^ ジョーンズタウンで死亡したのは合計909人でありガイアナの首都ジョージタウンに所在した教団支部で自殺した4名とポート・カイトゥマ（英語版）の空港で殺害された5人の合計人数である。
^ バーナムは、協同組合制度を基礎にした社会主義政策を推進していた。
^ "コミューン内の監視カメラシステムを使って視聴された。
^ ガイアナ北部の町で、ジョーンズタウンまで約6マイル（約10km）の位置にある。
^ デボラ・レイトンの兄弟。
^ ジョーンズや他の信者の演説とともに、BGMとしてゴスペルが流れるという内容。最後はBGMが切れてまったくの無音になる。
^ 彼女は、人民寺院の信者ではなかった。
^ スザンヌは、集団自殺よりも前に人民寺院を離反しており、義理の両親であるジョーンズ夫妻と対立していた。
^ 彼はジョーンズの義理の息子である。
^ 判明している中で最も大きな遺構である。
^ ポート・カイトゥマ空港襲撃に使われたトラクターと同じものであると推測されている。

出典

^ “Inside the Jonestown massacre”. CNN. (2008年11月13日) 2015年5月14日閲覧。
^ "How many people died on November 18?". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ In the documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, former member Stanley Clayton refused to "use the term 'suicide'" because "that man [Jones] was killing us"; another member, Tim Carter, said that the victims were "fucking slaughtered" and that their deaths had nothing to do with "revolutionary suicide."
^ "Murder or Suicide: What I Saw" by Tim Carter. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University
^ "WHY 900 DIED IN GUYANA' by Carey Winfrey. The New York Times, Feb. 25, 1979
^ "How many children and minors died in Jonestown? What were their ages?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Department of Religious Studies, San Diego State University.
^ Rapaport, Richard. "Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory." San Francisco Chronicle. November 16, 2003.
^ Wessinger, Catherine (2000). How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3
^ Dawson, Lorne L. (2003). Cults and new religious movements: a reader. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 194. ISBN 1-4051-0181-4
^ “Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later”. Time. (2008年)
^ ^a ^b Layton 1998, p. 53
^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 78
^ “The Religious Movements Homepage Project: Peoples Temple”. 2006年9月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月24日閲覧。
^ Layton 1998, pp. 64–5
^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS.org.
^ Layton 1998, p. 105
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 237
^ ^a ^b ^c Paranoia And Delusions, Time, December 11, 1978
^ ^a ^b ^c Carter, Tim. (2007年4月9日). “Interview on Oregon Public Broadcasting Radio (Clip#3)”. OPB Radio. 2007年4月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年9月10日閲覧。
^ Timeline: The Life and Death of Jim Jones. PBS.org. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 275
^ Seconds From Disaster, "Jonestown Cult Suicide", aired November 5, 2012
^ Walliss, John, "Apocalyptic Trajectories : Millenarianism and Violence in the Contemporary World", Oxford, New York, 2004, ISBN 0820472174
^ ^a ^b ^c Hall 1987, p. 132
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 418
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 337.
^ House of Representatives Report on Jonestown—Findings. United States Congress. 15 May 1979. 2013年9月27日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
^ ^a ^b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 833." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 451
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 274–5, 281
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 285
^ Hall 1987, p. 195
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 274–5, 418
^ After the tragedy at Jonestown, Adams married Mann. On October 24, 1983, Mann fatally shot both Adams and the couple's child, and then fatally shot himself. (Weingarten, Gene. "The Peekaboo Paradox." The Washington Post. January 22, 2006).
^ ^a ^b ^c Moore 1985, pp. 173–4
^ ^a ^b Layton 1998, p. 113
^ Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy."Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 390–2
^ Hall 1987, p. 133
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 322
^ Jones, Jim. FBI tape Q 320.
^ Martin, Bradley K. Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004. ISBN 0-312-32221-6. p. 159.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 163–4
^ ^a ^b "FBI Summaries of Peoples Temple Tapes Q 155, Q 160, Q 190, Q 198, Q 200, Q 203 and Q 242." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ See for example Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 182. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. ".... in China, when their foreign policy’s so bad, they still have self-criticism and group criticism. Unfortunately, not enough about their foreign policy. But in the Soviet Union, they have it.... The sale of nearly 30,000 pounds of copper to China has been announced by the Ministry of Mining in Industry of Chile. Another blunder of China’s foreign policy, supporting fascist regimes... In spite of the beauty of China, what it’s done domestically, getting rid of the rats, the flies... nothing justifies this kind of uh, inexcusable behavior. That’s why we’re pro-Soviet. That’s why we stand by the Soviet Union as the avant-garde, because this is a hellish thing to do, to support one of the most brutal fascist regimes, who has tortured dark members— the black members of its population, presently more than any other color on up to how white your skin determines your rank in Chilean society."
^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple" (Documentary also airing on PBS including numerous interviews).
^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 216. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ ^a ^b Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 322. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 161. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moore 1985, p. 292
^ Moore 1985, p. 293
^ ^a ^b Hall 1987, p. 236
^ ^a ^b ^c Layton 1998
^ Reiterman, Tim, "Peoples Temple's $26 million financial empire", San Francisco Examiner, January 9, 1979.
^ “Jonestown massacre + 20: Questions linger”. CNN. オリジナルの2007年4月21日時点におけるアーカイブ。 2007年4月9日閲覧。
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 502
^ Layton 1998, p. 176
^ King, Peter. "How Jones used drugs." San Francisco Examiner. December 28, 1978. Archived.
^ An Analysis of Jonestown. Guyana.org. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reiterman, Tim, For Those Who Were There, Jonestown's A Part Of Each Day, Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1998
^ Layton 1998, p. 103
^ ^a ^b Pear, Richard. "State Explains Response to Cult Letters." Washington Star News. November 26, 1978.
^ Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
^ "Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple,” in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America, edited by Rebecca Moore, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer (Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005), p. 59.
^ https://books.google.com/books?id=XuKB_2ll27wC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=“Demographics+and+the+Black+Religious+Culture+of+Peoples+Temple,”+in+Peoples+Temple+and+Black+Religion+in+America&source=bl&ots=STYcjoUPnx&sig=H4bPYIDodQu2nICe-5dbUsfiTuE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz-s-rmYDUAhXDxrwKHRIjAtgQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=“Demographics%20and%20the%20Black%20Religious%20Culture%20of%20Peoples%20Temple%2C”%20in%20Peoples%20Temple%20and%20Black%20Religion%20in%20America&f=false“Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple,” in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America, edited by Rebecca Moore, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer (Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005), p. 58.
^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 234. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 051. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Layton 1998, p. 178
^ Jones, Jim. The White Nights were originally called 'Omegas', denoting their finality, but when Jones decided that the events more properly marked a new beginning and an evolution to a higher form of socialist consciousness, they were briefly renamed 'Alphas'. This second title was only briefly used, and 'White Night' was adopted soon thereafter. Jones refers to an 'Omega' on one tape recorded at Jonestown, the only known time when this title was used. Confusingly, this mention came after the switch to 'White Night' had been made."Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 642." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ ^a ^b "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Jones plotted cyanide deaths years before Jonestown" CNN, November 12, 2008
^ Thirty Years Later. Carter, Tim. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 361
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 366
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 360–72
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 369
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 367
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 370
^ ^a ^b ^c Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 371
^ ^a ^b ^c Moore 1985, p. 165
^ Ryans, Larry. Jonestown History
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 416
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 352." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 408
^ Sims, Hank, Tim Stoen's Story, North Coast Journal, September 25, 2003
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 458
^ Hall 1987, p. 227
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 380–3
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 383
^ Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978
^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones. April 11, 1978. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Moore 1985, p. 259
^ Moore 1985, p. 268
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 440
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 441
^ Goodlett, Carlton B. Notes on Peoples Temple, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Excerpted from The Need For A Second Look At Jonestown, Rebecca Moore and Fielding M. McGehee, III, editors. Lewiston NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989.
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 446
^ Moore, Rebecca. American as Cherry Pie, Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 299–300, 457–58
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 481
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 476–80
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 484–85
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 485
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 487
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 487–88
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 488–90
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 491
^ Hall 1987, p. 270
^ Hall 1987, p. 271
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 489–99
^ ^a ^b ^c ' Survivors of the Tragedy', CNN
^ 'Slavery of Faith': Survivor recounts escape from Jonestown, Leslie Wilson, CNN reprint of excerpt
^ Knapp, Don (1998年11月19日). “Jonestown massacre memories linger amid rumors of CIA link”. CNN. 2001年6月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年9月10日閲覧。
^ Obituary announcement of Julius Evans (references his escape with family), Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Hall 1987, p. 272
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 505
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 512
^ Stephenson, Denice. Dear People: Remembering Jonestown. Heyday Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59714-002-3.
^ Hall 1987, p. 273
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 516
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 515
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 516–17
^ ^a ^b The Events of November 18, 1978. PBS: American Experience, Jonestown. (February 20, 2007) 2007年12月7日閲覧。
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 518
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 519–20
^ Hall 1987, p. 276
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d United States House of Representatives; Foreign Affairs Committee (15 May 1979). "Congressional Foreign Affairs Committee report on Ryan's assassination". Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. United States Congress. 2013年9月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite conference}}: 不明な引数|dead-url=は無視されます。（もしかして：|url-status=） (説明)
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 524
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 525
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 526
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 533
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 527
^ Hall 1987, p. 278
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 529–31
^ Hall 1987, pp. 275–76
^ Hall 1987, pp. 273–74
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Jonestown Audiotape Primary Project." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
^ “The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) (November 18, 1978)”. 2013年8月24日閲覧。
^ Hall 1987, p. 282
^ “Jonestown Autopsies: Carolyn Moore Layton” (PDF) (1979年4月18日). 2015年9月9日閲覧。
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 566
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 178
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Guyana Inquest – Interview of Odell Rhodes. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ ^a ^b ^c Guyana Inquest – Interview of Stanley Clayton. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Another Day of Death." Time. December 11, 1978.
^ "Some of 780 Forced To Drink Witness Says Most Waited Turn Quietly." Los Angeles Herald Examiner. November 25, 1978.
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 565
^ “Guyana Inquest – Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo” (PDF) (1978年9月22日). 2015年9月9日閲覧。
^ Rapaport, Richard, Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory, San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2003
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 561–80
^ ^a ^b "Letter to Feodor Timofeyev." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Letter from Annie McGowan." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Another Letter from Annie McGowan." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 540–42
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 578
^ ^a ^b "Last Rights." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. March 8, 2007.
^ Guyana Inquest – Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Last Words – Annie Moore." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ "Letter from Carolyn Layton." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 522–3
^ ^a ^b ^c Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 544–5
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 568–70
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 534–38
^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 566–67
^ "Statement of Michael Prokes." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bishop, Katherine. "1978 CULT FIGURE GETS LIFE TERM IN CONGRESSMAN'S JUNGLE SLAYING." The New York Times. March 4, 1987.
^ Coleman, Loren. The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Realities. 2004. ISBN 1-4165-0554-7
^ Jorgensen, Danny L. (1 April 1980). “The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and the Mass Media”. Deviant Behavior 1 (3-4): 309-312. doi:10.1080/01639625.1980.9967531. ISSN 0163-9625.
^ ^a ^b Hall 1989, p. 289
^ ^a ^b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 576
^ Taylor, Michael; Lattin, Don (1998年11月13日). “Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed”. San Francisco Examiner 2008年8月24日閲覧。
^ Meier, M (1989). Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence. New York: Edwin Mellen. ISBN 0-88946-013-2
^ Moore, Rebecca, "Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown, Journal of Popular Culture 36, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 200–20
^ See, e.g., Anderson, Jack, CIA Involved In Jonestown Massacre, September 27, 1980
^ See, e.g., Alinin, S.F., B.G. Antonov and A.N. Itskov, The Jonestown carnage—a CIA crime, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987
^ Jones, Carolyn (2011年5月29日). “Jonestown memorial unveiled after 32 years”. San Francisco Chronicle 2014年9月5日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b "What happened to Jonestown?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. March 8, 2007
^ https://www.bradtguides.com/articles/jonestown/
^ Smith, Gary (2007年12月24日). “Escaping Jonestown”. Sports Illustrated. 2008年1月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年9月10日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Guyana TV (2003), "Lets Talk", Jonestown, 25 Years Later (clip #2), including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site.
^ Guyana TV (2003), "Lets Talk", Jonestown, 25 Years Later (clip #3), including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site.
^ Higgins, Chris (2012年11月8日). “Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid'”. The Atlantic. 2014年7月7日閲覧。
^ Slaven, Neil (November 17, 2009). Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa. Omnibus Press