じゃがいも飢饉とは? わかりやすく解説

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ジャガイモ飢饉

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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/03/17 12:27 UTC 版)

ジャガイモ飢饉(ジャガイモききん、英語: Potato Famineアイルランド語: An Gorta Mór あるいは An Drochshaol[1])は、19世紀アイルランド島で主要食物のジャガイモ疫病により枯死したことで起こった大飢饉のことである。アイルランドにおいては歴史を飢餓前と飢餓後に分けるほど決定的な影響を与えたため、「Great Famine(大飢饉)」と呼ばれている。特に1847年の状況は最も酷かったため、ブラック47(Black '47)とも呼ばれる[2]


  1. ^ O termo surgiu em títulos de múltiplas obras sobre o evento, como demonstra a pesquisa no WorldCat
  2. ^ ‘BLACK ‘47’ – THE DARKEST OF YEARS; For Ireland, it marked the full onslaught of the Famine” (英語). Boston Irish (2017年3月2日). 2022年9月29日閲覧。
  3. ^ Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212379063 
  4. ^ a b c d Genocide: a history. (2004). http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA85 2011年4月1日閲覧。 
  5. ^ Ross, David, 1943- (2002). Ireland : history of a nation (New ed ed.). New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset. ISBN 1-84205-164-4. OCLC 52945911. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52945911 
  6. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. University College Dublin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 804630176. http://worldcat.org/oclc/804630176 
  7. ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 19. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59833851 
  8. ^ Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. xvi–ii, 2–3. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212379063 
  9. ^ Kinealy, This Great Calamity, p. xvii.
  10. ^ A fome que atingiu a Irlanda entre 1845 e 1852 tornou-se parte integrante do folclore irlandês. Kenealy, This Great Calamity, p. 342.
  11. ^ a b The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32822629 
  12. ^ Citado em Blake (1967), p. 179.
  13. ^ Woodham-Smith (1964), p. 31.
  14. ^ A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland por Christine Kinealy. http://books.google.com/books?id=pWELdyf54HQC 2011年3月31日閲覧。 
  15. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  16. ^ a b Laxton, Edward. (1997). The famine ships : the Irish exodus to America (1st American ed ed.). New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5313-1. OCLC 37509632. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37509632 
  17. ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. pp. 20-21. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59833851 
  18. ^ a b Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 24. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59833851 
  19. ^ Butt, Isaac (29 March 1876). "Land Tenure (Ireland) Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 773.
  20. ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 21. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59833851 
  21. ^ a b Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 22. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59833851 
  22. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 9-10. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  23. ^ Robert Kee, The Laurel and the Ivy: The Story of Charles Stewart Parnell and Irish Nationalism p. 15.
  24. ^ Jill and Leon Uris, Ireland A Terrible Beauty (New York, Bantam Books,2003), p. 15.
  25. ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). pp. 19-20. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32822629 
  26. ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 20. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32822629 
  27. ^ a b Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 40. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48920409 
  28. ^ a b Kinealy, Christine. (1995). This great calamity : the Irish famine, 1845-52. [Dublin]: Gill & Macmillan. p. 31. ISBN 1-57098-034-9. OCLC 32484115. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32484115 
  29. ^ a b Woodham-Smith (1964), p. 38
  30. ^ Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 41. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48920409 
  31. ^ W.C. Paddock, "Our Last Chance to Win the War on Hunger", 1992, Advances in Plant Pathology 8:197–222.
  32. ^ a b Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 42. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48920409 
  33. ^ a b Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 39–40
  34. ^ Kinealy, Christine. (1995). This great calamity : the Irish famine, 1845-52. [Dublin]: Gill & Macmillan. p. 33. ISBN 1-57098-034-9. OCLC 32484115. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32484115 
  35. ^ a b Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212379063 
  36. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67873816 
  37. ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 69. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43456002 
  38. ^ David Ross (2002) Ireland: History of a Nation: 311
  39. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67873816 
  40. ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. pp. 94-96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60705209 
  41. ^ Woodham-Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962), 41–42
  42. ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60705209 
  43. ^ The Nation Newspaper, 1 November 1844.
  44. ^ Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945
  45. ^ a b The Nation Newspaper, 1846
  46. ^ Duffy, Peter, 1969- (2007). The killing of Major Denis Mahon : a mystery of old Ireland (1st ed ed.). New York, NY: Harper. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-06-084050-1. OCLC 148887326. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/148887326 
  47. ^ Duffy, Peter, 1969- (2007). The killing of Major Denis Mahon : a mystery of old Ireland (1st ed ed.). New York, NY: Harper. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-06-084050-1. OCLC 148887326. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/148887326 
  48. ^ Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Four Years of Irish History 1845–1849, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1888, pp. 277–278
  49. ^ a b Last Conquest Of Ireland (Perhaps), John Mitchel, Lynch, Cole & Meehan 1873.
  50. ^ F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, 30
  51. ^ a b c Kinealy "This Great Calamity" pg 38
  52. ^ a b Robert Blake, Disraeli, 221–241.
  53. ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 78–86
  54. ^ Michael Doheny's The Felon's Track, M.H. Gill & Son, LTD, 1951 Edition p. 98
  55. ^ a b c d Lyons, 30–34.
  56. ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (1996). Jail journal 1876, or, Five years in British prisons. New York: Woodstock Books. p. 16. ISBN 1-85477-218-X. OCLC 34690880. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34690880 
  57. ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 408–11
  58. ^ a b David Ross (2002) Ireland: History of a Nation: 224, 311
  59. ^ a b 'Fearful realities' : new perspectives on the famine. Morash, Chris, 1963-, Hayes, Richard., Society for the Study of Nineteenth-Century Ireland.. Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. (1996). p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7165-2565-3. OCLC 34722690. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34722690 
  60. ^ Kinealy (1995), 354.
  61. ^ A Short History of Ireland (第2版 ed.). ケンブリッジ、イングランド: Cambridge University Press. (1994年(初版1983年)). p. 115 
  62. ^ This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52. 米国メリーランド州ランハム: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. (1995). p. 200 
  63. ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. pp. 94-96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60705209 
  64. ^ A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland, por Christine Kinealy 
  65. ^ Alfred Webb, biografia não publicada, c. 1868, pp. 120–122
  66. ^ Kinealy (1995), 161.
  67. ^ Why crescentstar on Drogheda Utd emblem?”. 2008年3月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年10月27日閲覧。
  68. ^ Gratitude to the Ottomans”. 2010年6月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年10月27日閲覧。
  69. ^ Ward, Mike (1992). Irish Repay Choctaw Famine Gift: March Traces Trail of Tears in Trek for Somalian Relief. American-Stateman Capitol. http://www.uwm.edu/~michael/choctaw/retrace.html 2007年9月20日閲覧。. 
  70. ^ a b Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 95. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  71. ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 115. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32822629 
  72. ^ a b The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 156. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32822629 
  73. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  74. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  75. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 95-98. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  76. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  77. ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31595441 
  78. ^ Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 110. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48920409 
  79. ^ Thornton, Jeremy (2004). The Irish Potato Famine. The Rosen Publishing Group: Irish Immigrants Come to America (1845-1850). p. 24 
  80. ^ Thornton, Jeremy (2004). The Irish Potato Famine, Irish Immigrants Come to America (1845-1850). The Rosen Publishing Group 
  81. ^ Harman Akenson, Donald (1999). The Irish in Ontario, a study in rural history. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 404 
  82. ^ Peter Gray, 1995, The Irish Famine, Thames and Hudson:London
  83. ^ Annual Register James Dodsley, registo de 1849 em julgamento
  84. ^ James Jupp (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins 
  85. ^ Woodham-Smith. The Great Famine, p204
  86. ^ O registo civil de nascimentos e mortes na Irlanda não foi imposto por lei até 1863. URL: http://www.groireland.ie/history.htm アーカイブ 2010年7月1日 - ウェイバックマシン Acesso em 20-10-2007.
  87. ^ Richard Killen, A Short History of Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd., 2003)
  88. ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
  89. ^ Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'…Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (Nov. 1984), pp. 473–488."
  90. ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
  91. ^ Joe Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society (Gill History of Ireland Series No.10) p.2
  92. ^ a b c Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 36. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43456002 
  93. ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43456002 
  94. ^ Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43456002 
  95. ^ M. Levi-Bacci, Population and nutrition: an essy on European demographic history, Cambridge, 1991, p. 38
  96. ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43456002 
  97. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67873816 
  98. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67873816 
  99. ^ Kinealy, Christine (1995), This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52, Gill & Macmillan, p. 80
  100. ^ British fail to attend Famine ceremony” (英語). independent. 2020年8月20日閲覧。
  101. ^ Smith, Roberta (2002年7月16日). “Critic's Notebook; A Memorial Remembers The Hungry” (英語). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/16/arts/critic-s-notebook-a-memorial-remembers-the-hungry.html 2020年8月20日閲覧。 
  102. ^ Bono Takes World-record-breaking Debt Petition to Millennium Summit”. nyrock.com (2000年). 2012年10月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年3月20日閲覧。
  103. ^ Blair issues apology for Irish Potato Famine The Independent 1997年7月2日





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