Convert.ToSByte メソッドとは? わかりやすく解説

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Int32)

指定した 32 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Integer _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    int value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    int value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    int value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : int
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

32 ビット符号付き整数

戻り値
value等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (String)

指定した String 形式数値を、それと等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As String _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    string value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    String^ value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    String value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : String
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

変換する数値格納している String

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数。 または valuenull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) の場合は 0 です。

例外例外
例外種類条件

FormatException

value構成が、省略可能な符号と、それに続く 0 から 9 までの一連の数字ではありません。

OverflowException

value が MinValue 未満数値か、MaxValue より大きい数値表してます。

使用例使用例

既定書式設定使用しString 形式の SByte (符号付きバイト) 値を ToSByte メソッド変換するコード例次に示します

' Example of the Convert.ToSByte( String ) and 
' Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider ) methods.
Imports System
Imports System.Globalization
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic

Module ToSByteProviderDemo

    Dim format As String
 = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}"

    ' Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    Function GetExceptionType( ex As Exception
 ) As String

        Dim exceptionType   As String
 = ex.GetType( ).ToString( )
        Return exceptionType.Substring( _
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( "."c ) + 1
 )
    End Function

    Sub ConvertToSByte( numericStr As String,
 _
        provider As IFormatProvider )

        Dim defaultValue    As Object
        Dim providerValue   As Object

        ' Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        Try
            defaultValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr )
        Catch ex As Exception
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        ' Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        Try
            providerValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr, provider )
        Catch ex As Exception
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, _
            defaultValue, providerValue )
    End Sub

    Sub Main( )

        ' Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        ' properties that apply to numbers.
        Dim provider  As NumberFormatInfo =
 new NumberFormatInfo( )

        ' These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg "
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos "

        ' These properties do not affect the conversion.
        ' The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = "."
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0

        Console.WriteLine( "This example of" &
 vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToSByte( String ) and " &
 vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider ) "
 & _
            vbCrLf & "generates the following output. It "
 & _
            "converts several strings to " & vbCrLf
 & "SByte " & _
            "values, using default formatting " &
 _
            "or a NumberFormatInfo object." &
 vbCrLf )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert",
 _
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception"
 )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------",
 _
            "-----------------", "------------------"
 )

        ' Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte( "123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "128", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of
'   Convert.ToSByte( String ) and
'   Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider )
' generates the following output. It converts several strings to
' SByte values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
' 
' String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
' -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
' 123                 123                 123
' +123                123                 FormatException
' pos 123             FormatException     123
' -123                -123                FormatException
' neg 123             FormatException     -123
' 123.                FormatException     FormatException
' (123)               FormatException     FormatException
' 128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
' -129                OverflowException   FormatException
// Example of the Convert.ToSByte( string ) and 
// Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
using System;
using System.Globalization;

class ToSByteProviderDemo
{
    static string format = "{0,-20}{1
,-20}{2}";

     // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static string GetExceptionType( Exception
 ex )
    {
        string exceptionType = ex.GetType( ).ToString( );
        return exceptionType.Substring( 
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
    }

    static void ConvertToSByte( string
 numericStr, 
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        object defaultValue;
        object providerValue;

        // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        try
        {
            defaultValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        try
        {
            providerValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr, provider );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, 
            defaultValue, providerValue );
    }

    public static void Main(
 )
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider = new NumberFormatInfo();

        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg ";
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos ";

        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0;

        Console.WriteLine("This example of\n" +
            "  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and \n" +
            "  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
 " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " +
            "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
 +
            "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"
 );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert", 
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------", 
            "-----------------", "------------------" );

        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte( "123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "128", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider );
    }
}

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and
  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                 FormatException
pos 123             FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException     -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
*/ 
// Example of the Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and 
// Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* ) methods.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Globalization;
const __wchar_t * protoFmt = L"{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
String^ GetExceptionType( Exception^ ex )
{
   String^ exceptionType = ex->GetType()->ToString();
   return exceptionType->Substring( exceptionType->LastIndexOf(
 '.' ) + 1 );
}

void ConvertToSByte( String^ numericStr, IFormatProvider^ provider
 )
{
   Object^ defaultValue;
   Object^ providerValue;
   
   // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
   try
   {
      defaultValue = Convert::ToSByte( numericStr );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   
   // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
   try
   {
      providerValue = Convert::ToSByte( numericStr, provider );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue
 );
}

int main()
{
   
   // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
   // properties that apply to numbers.
   NumberFormatInfo^ provider = gcnew NumberFormatInfo;
   
   // These properties affect the conversion.
   provider->NegativeSign = "neg ";
   provider->PositiveSign = "pos ";
   
   // These properties do not affect the conversion.
   // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
   provider->NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
   provider->NumberNegativePattern = 0;
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of\n"
   "  Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and \n"
   "  Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* ) "
   "\ngenerates the following output. It converts "
   "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
   "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"
 );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "String to convert", "Default/exception",
 "Provider/exception" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "-----------------", "-----------------",
 "------------------" );
   
   // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
   ConvertToSByte( "123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "128", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider );
}

/*
This example of
  Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and
  Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                 FormatException
pos 123             FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException     -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToSByte( string ) and 
// Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
import System.* ;
import System.Globalization.* ;

class ToSByteProviderDemo
{
    private static String format = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";
   
   
    // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static String GetExceptionType(System.Exception ex) 
    {
        String exceptionType = ex.GetType().ToString();
        return exceptionType.Substring((exceptionType.LastIndexOf('.')
 + 1)) ;
    } //GetExceptionType   
   
    static void ConvertToSByte(String numericStr,
 IFormatProvider provider) 
    {
        Object defaultValue;
        Object providerValue;
      
        // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        try {
            defaultValue = System.Convert.ToString(Convert.ToSByte(numericStr));
        }
        catch(System.Exception  ex) {      
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType(ex);
        }
      
        // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        try {
            providerValue = System.Convert.ToString(
                            Convert.ToSByte(numericStr, provider));
        }
        catch(System.Exception  ex) {      
            providerValue = GetExceptionType(ex);
        }
      
        Console.WriteLine(format, numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue);
    } //ConvertToSByte   
   
    public static void main(String[]
 args)
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider =  new NumberFormatInfo();
      
        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.set_NegativeSign("neg ");
        provider.set_PositiveSign("pos ");
      
        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.set_NumberDecimalSeparator(".");
        provider.set_NumberNegativePattern(0);
      
        Console.WriteLine(("This example of\n" 
            + "  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and \n" 
            + "  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider
 ) " 
            + "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " 
            + "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
 
            + "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"));
        Console.WriteLine(format, "String to convert", "Default/exception",
 
            "Provider/exception");
        Console.WriteLine(format, "-----------------", "-----------------",
 
            "------------------");
      
        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte("123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("+123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("pos 123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("-123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("neg 123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("123.", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("(123)", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("128", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("-129", provider);
    } //main
} //ToSByteProviderDemo

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and
  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                FormatException
pos 123            FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException    -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
Press any key to continue
*/
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (UInt32)

指定した 32 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As UInteger _
) As SByte
Dim value As UInteger
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    uint value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    unsigned int value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    UInt32 value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : uint
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

32 ビット符号なし整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Int16)

指定した 16 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Short _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    short value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    short value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    short value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : short
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

16 ビット符号付き整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (SByte)

指定した 8 ビット符号付き整数返されます。実際変換行われません。

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As SByte _
) As SByte
Dim value As SByte
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    sbyte value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    signed char value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    SByte value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : sbyte
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

8 ビット符号付き整数

戻り値
パラメータ value変更されずに返されます。

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (String, Int32)

指定した基数での数値String 形式等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As String, _
    fromBase As Integer _
) As SByte
Dim value As String
Dim fromBase As Integer
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value, fromBase)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    string value,
    int fromBase
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    String^ value, 
    int fromBase
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    String value, 
    int fromBase
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : String, 
    fromBase : int
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

数値含んでいる String

fromBase

value 内の数値基数。これは 2、8、10、または 16 である必要があります

戻り値
value数値等価8 ビット符号付き整数。 または valuenull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) の場合は 0。

例外例外
例外種類条件

ArgumentException

fromBase が 2、8、10、または 16 ではありません。

または

Base10 形式ではない符号付き数値を表す valueマイナス記号始まってます。

FormatException

value には、fromBase指定され基数に対して有効なを示す数字以外の文字含まれています。例外メッセージは、value最初文字無効な場合変換する数字存在しないことを示しそれ以外場合value無効な後続文字含まれることを示します

OverflowException

基数10 以外の符号付き数値を表す valueマイナス記号始まってます。

または

戻り値が SByte.MinValue より小さい値か、SByte.MaxValue より大きい値です。

解説解説

fromBase16場合value パラメータ指定する数値前には "0x" または "0X" を付けることができます

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Object, IFormatProvider)

指定したカルチャに固有の書式情報使用して指定した Object の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Object, _
    provider As IFormatProvider _
) As SByte
Dim value As Object
Dim provider As IFormatProvider
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value, provider)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    Object value,
    IFormatProvider provider
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    Object^ value, 
    IFormatProvider^ provider
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    Object value, 
    IFormatProvider provider
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : Object, 
    provider : IFormatProvider
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

IConvertible インターフェイス実装する Object

provider

カルチャに固有の書式情報提供する IFormatProvider インターフェイス実装

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数valuenull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) の場合は 0。

解説解説

provider使用すると、value内容について、カルチャに固有の変換情報指定できます。たとえば、value数値を表す String場合provider によって、その数値表記方法に関するカルチャに固有の情報を提供できます

基本型では provider無視されますが、valueIConvertible インターフェイス実装するユーザー定義型の場合は有効となります

使用例使用例

IConvertible実装するクラスIFormatProvider実装するクラス定義するコード例次に示しますIConvertible実装するクラスオブジェクトは、Double 値の配列保持します。各クラスオブジェクトToSByte メソッド渡されます。このメソッドは、Double 値の配列平均値返しますIFormatProvider実装するオブジェクト使用して平均値算出方法決定されます。

' Example of the Convert.ToXXX( Object, IFormatProvider ) methods.
Imports System
Imports System.Collections
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic

Module IConvertibleProviderDemo

    ' Define the types of averaging available in the class 
    ' implementing IConvertible.
    Enum AverageType as Short
        None = 0
        GeometricMean = 1
        ArithmeticMean = 2
        Median = 3
    End Enum

    ' Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
    ' IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
    ' average to calculate.
    Public Class AverageInfo
        Implements IFormatProvider

        Protected  AvgType      As AverageType

        ' Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
        Public Sub New(
 avgType As AverageType )
            Me.AvgType = avgType
        End Sub

        ' This method returns a reference to the containing object 
        ' if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
        Public Function GetFormat( argType
 As Type ) As Object _
            Implements IFormatProvider.GetFormat

            If argType Is GetType(
 AverageInfo ) Then
                Return Me
            Else
                Return Nothing
            End If
        End Function 

        ' Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
        Public Property TypeOfAverage( ) As
 AverageType
            Get
                Return Me.AvgType
            End Get
            Set( ByVal value as
 AverageType )
                Me.AvgType = value
            End Set
        End Property
    End Class 

    ' This class encapsulates an array of Double values and implements
 
    ' the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
    ' return an average of the array elements in one of three types:
 
    ' arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
    Public Class DataSet
        Implements IConvertible

        Protected data              As ArrayList
        Protected defaultProvider   As AverageInfo
           
        ' Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
        ' Create a default format provider.
        Public Sub New(
 ParamArray values( ) As Double
 )
            data = New ArrayList( values )
            defaultProvider = New AverageInfo( _
                AverageType.ArithmeticMean )  
        End Sub
           
        ' Add additional values with this method.
        Public Function Add( value As
 Double ) As Integer
            data.Add( value )
            Return data.Count
        End Function
           
        ' Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
        Default Public Property
 Item(index As Integer) As
 Double
            Get
                If index >= 0 AndAlso index
 < data.Count Then
                    Return System.Convert.ToDouble( data( index
 ) )
                Else
                    Throw New InvalidOperationException(
 _
                        "[DataSet.get] Index out of range."
 )
                End If
            End Get
            Set
                If index >= 0 AndAlso index
 < data.Count Then
                    data( index ) = value
                 
                ElseIf index = data.Count Then
                    data.Add( value )
                Else
                    Throw New InvalidOperationException(
 _
                        "[DataSet.set] Index out of range."
 )
                End If
            End Set
        End Property
          
        ' This property returns the number of elements in the object.
        Public ReadOnly Property
 Count( ) As Integer
            Get
                Return data.Count
            End Get
        End Property

        ' This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
        Protected Function Average( ByVal
 avgType As AverageType ) As Double

            Dim SumProd As Double
 
            Dim Index   As Integer

            If data.Count = 0 Then Return
 0.0

            Select Case avgType
                
                Case AverageType.GeometricMean

                    SumProd = 1.0
                    For Index = 0 To data.Count
 - 1
                        SumProd *= data( Index )
                    Next Index
                    
                    ' This calculation will not fail with negative 
                    ' elements.
                    Return Math.Sign( SumProd ) * Math.Pow( _
                        Math.Abs( SumProd ), 1.0 / data.Count )

                Case AverageType.ArithmeticMean

                    SumProd = 0.0
                    For Index = 0 To data.Count
 - 1
                        SumProd += data( Index )
                    Next Index

                    Return SumProd / data.Count 

                Case AverageType.Median

                    If data.Count Mod 2 = 0
 Then
                        Return ( data( data.Count \ 2 ) + _
                            data( data.Count \ 2 - 1 ) ) / 2.0
                    Else
                        Return data( data.Count \ 2 ) 
                    End If
            End Select
        End Function

        ' Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format 
        ' provider, or use the local default.
        Protected Function GetAverageInfo(
 _
            provider As IFormatProvider ) As
 AverageInfo

            Dim avgInfo As AverageInfo = Nothing

            If Not provider Is
 Nothing Then
                avgInfo = provider.GetFormat( GetType( AverageInfo
 ) )
            End If

            Return IIf( avgInfo Is Nothing,
 defaultProvider, avgInfo )
            
        End Function           

        ' Calculate the average and limit the range.
        Protected Function CalcNLimitAverage(
 min As Double, _
            max As Double, provider as
 IFormatProvider ) As Double

            ' Get the format provider and calculate the average.
            Dim avgInfo As AverageInfo = GetAverageInfo(
 provider )
            Dim avg As Double
 = Average( avgInfo.TypeOfAverage )

            ' Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values
 
            ' for the type.
            Return IIf( avg > max, max, IIf( avg < min,
 min, avg ) )

        End Function

        ' The following elements are required by IConvertible.

        ' None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
        ' the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
        ' MinValue or MaxValue is used.
        Public Function GetTypeCode( ) As
 TypeCode _
            Implements IConvertible.GetTypeCode
            Return TypeCode.Object
        End Function

        Function ToBoolean( ByVal provider
 As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Boolean Implements IConvertible.ToBoolean

            ' ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
            If data.Count <= 0 Then
                Return False

            ' For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
            ' non-discarded elements are nonzero.
            ElseIf AverageType.Median = _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage Then

                If data.Count Mod 2 = 0 Then
                    Return ( data( data.Count \ 2 ) <> 0.0
 Or _
                        data( data.Count \ 2 - 1 ) <> 0.0 )
                Else
                    Return data( data.Count \ 2 ) <> 0.0
                End If

            ' For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean
 is 
            ' true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
            Else
                Dim Index As Integer
                For Index = 0 To data.Count
 - 1
                    If data( Index ) <> 0.0 Then
 Return True
                Next Index
                Return False
            End If
        End Function

        Function ToByte( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As Byte _
            Implements IConvertible.ToByte
            Return Convert.ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue,
 provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToChar( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As Char _
            Implements IConvertible.ToChar
            Return Convert.ToChar( Convert.ToUInt16( _
                CalcNLimitAverage( 0.0, &HFFFF, provider ) ) )
        End Function

        ' Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
        ' seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is
 
        ' always returned.
        Function ToDateTime( ByVal provider
 As IFormatProvider ) As _
            DateTime Implements IConvertible.ToDateTime
            Dim seconds As Double
 = Average( _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage )
            Try
                Return DateTime.Now.AddSeconds( seconds )
            Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException
 
                Return IIf( seconds < 0.0, DateTime.MinValue,
 _
                    DateTime.MaxValue )
            End Try
        End Function

        Function ToDecimal( ByVal provider
 As IFormatProvider ) As _
            Decimal Implements IConvertible.ToDecimal

            ' The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and
            ' Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
            ' following limits must be used.
            Return Convert.ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -79228162514264330000000000000.0, _
                79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToDouble( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider) As _
            Double Implements IConvertible.ToDouble
            Return Average( GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage
 )
        End Function

        Function ToInt16( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            Short Implements IConvertible.ToInt16
            Return Convert.ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToInt32( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            Integer Implements IConvertible.ToInt32
            Return Convert.ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToInt64( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As Long _
            Implements IConvertible.ToInt64

            ' The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
            ' Int64.MaxValue to invalid Long values, so the following
 
            ' limits must be used.
            Return Convert.ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -9223372036854775000, 9223372036854775000, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToSByte( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            SByte Implements IConvertible.ToSByte

            ' SByte.MinValue and SByte.MaxValue are not defined in
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                -128, 127, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToSingle( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            Single Implements IConvertible.ToSingle
            Return Convert.ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue,
 provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt16( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt16 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt16

            ' UInt16.MinValue and UInt16.MaxValue are not defined in
 
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, &HFFFF, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt32( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt32 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt32

            ' UInt32.MinValue and UInt32.MaxValue are not defined in
 
            ' Visual Basic.
            Return Convert.ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, 4294967295, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToUInt64( ByVal provider As
 IFormatProvider ) As _
            UInt64 Implements IConvertible.ToUInt64

            ' UInt64.MinValue and UInt64.MaxValue are not defined in
 
            ' Visual Basic. The Double conversion would have rounded
 
            ' UInt64.MaxValue, so the following limit must be used.
            Return Convert.ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( _
                0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider ) )
        End Function

        Function ToType( ByVal conversionType
 As Type, _
            ByVal provider As IFormatProvider)
 As Object _
            Implements IConvertible.ToType
            Return Convert.ChangeType( Average( GetAverageInfo(
 _
                provider ).TypeOfAverage ), conversionType )
        End Function

        Overloads Function ToString( ByVal
 provider As IFormatProvider _
            ) As String Implements
 IConvertible.ToString
            Dim avgType as AverageType = _
                GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage
            Return String.Format( "(
 {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType, _
                Average( avgType ) )
        End Function
    End Class
   
    ' Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
    Sub DisplayDataSet( ds As DataSet )

        Dim fmt    As String
      = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}"
        Dim median As AverageInfo = New
 AverageInfo( AverageType.Median )
        Dim geMean As AverageInfo = _
            New AverageInfo( AverageType.GeometricMean )
        Dim iX     As Integer

        ' Display the dataset elements.
        If ds.Count > 0 Then
            Console.Write( vbCrLf & "DataSet: [{0}",
 ds( 0 ) )
            For iX = 1 To ds.Count - 1
                Console.Write( ", {0}", ds( iX ) )
            Next iX
            Console.WriteLine( "]" & vbCrLf )
        End If

        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "Convert.", "Default",
 _
            "Geometric Mean", "Median"
 )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "--------", "-------",
 _
            "--------------", "------"
 )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean", _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte", _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToByte( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar", _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToChar( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}"
 & _
            "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}",
 _
            "ToDateTime", Convert.ToDateTime( ds,
 Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal", _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble", _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16", _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32", _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64", _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte", _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle", _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16", _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32", _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, median ) )
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64", _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, Nothing ), _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, geMean ), _
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, median ) )
    End Sub
   
    Sub Main( )
        Console.WriteLine( _
            "This example of the Convert.ToXXX( Object, "
 & _
            "IFormatProvider ) methods " & vbCrLf
 & "generates " & _
            "the following output. The example displays the "
 & _
            "values " & vbCrLf & "returned
 by the methods, " & _
            "using several IFormatProvider objects."
 & vbCrLf )
          
        Dim ds1 As New DataSet(
 10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6 )
        DisplayDataSet( ds1 )
          
        Dim ds2 As New DataSet(
 _
            359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000 )
        DisplayDataSet( ds2 )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of the Convert.ToXXX( Object, IFormatProvider ) methods
' generates the following output. The example displays the values
' returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.
' 
' DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]
' 
' Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean             
 Median
' --------                 -------      --------------             
 ------
' ToBoolean                   True                True             
   True
' ToByte                       103                  59             
     67
' ToChar                         g                   ;             
      C
' ToDateTime   2003-05-13 14:52:53 2003-05-13 14:52:09 2003-05-13 14:52:17
' ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164             
   67.3
' ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164             
   67.3
' ToInt16                      103                  59             
     67
' ToInt32                      103                  59             
     67
' ToInt64                      103                  59             
     67
' ToSByte                      103                  59             
     67
' ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321             
   67.3
' ToUInt16                     103                  59             
     67
' ToUInt32                     103                  59             
     67
' ToUInt64                     103                  59             
     67
' 
' DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]
' 
' Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean             
 Median
' --------                 -------      --------------             
 ------
' ToBoolean                   True                True             
   True
' ToByte                       255                 255             
    255
' ToChar                         ?                   ?             
      ?
' ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:27:49 2003-05-20 22:17:27 2003-05-19 09:44:29
' ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
' ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
' ToInt16                    32767               32767             
  32767
' ToInt32                   751000              631577             
 500000
' ToInt64                   751000              631577             
 500000
' ToSByte                      127                 127             
    127
' ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
' ToUInt16                   65535               65535             
  65535
' ToUInt32                  751000              631577             
 500000
' ToUInt64                  751000              631577             
 500000
// Example of the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods.
using System;
using System.Collections;

// Define the types of averaging available in the class 
// implementing IConvertible.
public enum AverageType : short
{
    None = 0,
    GeometricMean = 1,
    ArithmeticMean = 2,
    Median = 3
};

// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
// average to calculate.
public class AverageInfo : IFormatProvider
{
    protected AverageType AvgType;

    // Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
    public AverageInfo( AverageType avgType )
    {
        this.AvgType = avgType;
    }

    // This method returns a reference to the containing object 
    // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
    public object GetFormat( Type argType )
    {
        if ( argType == typeof( AverageInfo ) )
            return this;
        else
            return null;
    }

    // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
    public AverageType TypeOfAverage        
    {
        get { return this.AvgType;
 }
        set { this.AvgType = value; }
    }
}

// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements
 
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
// return an average of the array elements in one of three types: 
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
public class DataSet : IConvertible
{
    protected ArrayList     data;
    protected AverageInfo   defaultProvider;
        
    // Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
    // Create a default format provider.
    public DataSet( params double[ ] values )
    {
        data = new ArrayList( values );
        defaultProvider = 
            new AverageInfo( AverageType.ArithmeticMean );
    }
        
    // Add additional values with this method.
    public int Add( double value )
    {
        data.Add( value );
        return data.Count;
    }
        
    // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
    public double this[ int
 index ]        
    {
        get
        {
            if( index >= 0 && index < data.Count
 )
                return (double)data[ index ];
            else
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "[DataSet.get] Index out of range."
 );
        }
        set
        {
            if( index >= 0 && index < data.Count
 )
                data[ index ] = value;

            else if( index == data.Count )
                data.Add( value );
            else
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "[DataSet.set] Index out of range."
 );
        }
    }
        
    // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
    public int Count        
    {
        get { return data.Count; }
    }

    // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
    protected double Average( AverageType avgType )
    {
        double  SumProd;

        if( data.Count == 0 ) 
            return 0.0;

        switch( avgType )
        {
            case AverageType.GeometricMean:

                SumProd = 1.0;
                for( int Index = 0; Index <
 data.Count; Index++ )
                    SumProd *= (double)data[ Index ];
                
                // This calculation will not fail with negative 
                // elements.
                return Math.Sign( SumProd ) * Math.Pow( 
                    Math.Abs( SumProd ), 1.0 / data.Count );

            case AverageType.ArithmeticMean:

                SumProd = 0.0;
                for( int Index = 0; Index <
 data.Count; Index++ )
                    SumProd += (double)data[ Index ];

                return SumProd / data.Count;

            case AverageType.Median:

                if( data.Count % 2 == 0 )
                    return ( (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] +
 
                        (double)data[ data.Count / 2 - 1 ] ) / 2.0;
                else
                    return (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ];

            default:
                return 0.0;
        }
    }

    // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider
,
    // or use the local default.
    protected AverageInfo GetAverageInfo( IFormatProvider provider
 )
    {
        AverageInfo avgInfo = null;

        if( provider != null )
            avgInfo = (AverageInfo)provider.GetFormat( 
                typeof( AverageInfo ) );

        if ( avgInfo == null )
            return defaultProvider;
        else
            return avgInfo;
    }

    // Calculate the average and limit the range.
    protected double CalcNLimitAverage( double min, double max,
 
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
        AverageInfo avgInfo = GetAverageInfo( provider );
        double avg = Average( avgInfo.TypeOfAverage );

        // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values
 
        // for the type.
        return avg > max ? max : avg < min ? min : avg;

    }

    // The following elements are required by IConvertible.

    // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
    // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
    // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
    public TypeCode GetTypeCode( )
    {
        return TypeCode.Object;
    }

    public bool ToBoolean( IFormatProvider
 provider )
    {
        // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
        if( data.Count <= 0 )
            return false;

        // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
        // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
        else if( AverageType.Median == 
            GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage )
        {
            if (data.Count % 2 == 0 )
                return ( (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] != 0.0
 || 
                    (double)data[ data.Count / 2 - 1 ] != 0.0 );
            else
                return (double)data[ data.Count / 2 ] != 0.0;
        }

        // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is
 
        // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
        else
        {
            for( int Index = 0; Index <
 data.Count; Index++ )
                if( (double)data[ Index ] != 0.0 ) 
                    return true;
            return false;
        }
    }

    public byte ToByte( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public char ToChar( IFormatProvider provider
 )
    {
        return Convert.ToChar( Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage(
 
            Char.MinValue, Char.MaxValue, provider ) ) );
    }

    // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
    // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is 
    // always returned.
    public DateTime ToDateTime( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        double seconds = 
            Average( GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage );
        try
        {
            return DateTime.Now.AddSeconds( seconds );
        }
        catch( ArgumentOutOfRangeException )
        {
            return seconds < 0.0 ? DateTime.MinValue : DateTime.MaxValue;
        }
    }

    public decimal ToDecimal( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and 
        // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
        // following limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            -79228162514264330000000000000.0, 
            79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) );
    }

    public double ToDouble( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Average( GetAverageInfo(provider).TypeOfAverage
 );
    }

    public short ToInt16( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public int ToInt32( IFormatProvider provider
 )
    {
        return Convert.ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public long ToInt64( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
        // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following
 
        // limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            -9223372036854775000, 9223372036854775000, provider ) );
    }

    public SByte ToSByte( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public float ToSingle( IFormatProvider
 provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt16 ToUInt16( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            UInt16.MinValue, UInt16.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt32 ToUInt32( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue, provider ) );
    }

    public UInt64 ToUInt64( IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
        // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
        return Convert.ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( 
            0, 18446744073709550000.0, provider ) );
    }

    public object ToType( Type conversionType, 
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        return Convert.ChangeType( Average( 
            GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage ), 
            conversionType );
    }

    public string ToString( IFormatProvider
 provider )
    {
        AverageType avgType = GetAverageInfo( provider ).TypeOfAverage;
        return String.Format( "( {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType,
 
            Average( avgType ) );
    }
}
   
class IConvertibleProviderDemo
{
    // Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
    public static void DisplayDataSet(
 DataSet ds )
    {
        string      fmt    = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}";
        AverageInfo median = new AverageInfo( AverageType.Median
 );
        AverageInfo geMean = 
            new AverageInfo( AverageType.GeometricMean );

         // Display the dataset elements.
        if( ds.Count > 0 )
        {
            Console.Write( "\nDataSet: [{0}", ds[ 0 ] );
            for( int iX = 1; iX < ds.Count;
 iX++ )
                Console.Write( ", {0}", ds[ iX ] );
            Console.WriteLine( "]\n" );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "Convert.", "Default", 
            "Geometric Mean", "Median");
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "--------", "-------", 
            "--------------", "------");
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean", 
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToBoolean( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte", 
            Convert.ToByte( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToByte( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToByte( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar", 
            Convert.ToChar( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToChar( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToChar( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}" +
            "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}", 
            "ToDateTime", Convert.ToDateTime( ds, null
 ), 
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToDateTime( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal", 
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToDecimal( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble", 
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToDouble( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16", 
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToInt16( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32", 
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToInt32( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64", 
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToInt64( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte", 
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToSByte( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle", 
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToSingle( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16", 
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToUInt16( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32", 
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToUInt32( ds, median ) );
        Console.WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64", 
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, null ), 
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, geMean ), 
            Convert.ToUInt64( ds, median ) );
    }
   
    public static void Main(
 )
    {
        Console.WriteLine( "This example of " +
            "the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. The example " +
            "displays the values \nreturned by the methods, " +
            "using several IFormatProvider objects.\n"
 );
          
        DataSet ds1 = new DataSet( 
            10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6 );
        DisplayDataSet( ds1 );
          
        DataSet ds2 = new DataSet( 
            359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000 );
        DisplayDataSet( ds2 );
    }
}

/*
This example of the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods
generates the following output. The example displays the values
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.

DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       103                  59                  67
ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:04:12 2003-05-13 15:03:28 2003-05-13 15:03:35
ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67

DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       255                 255                 255
ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:39:08 2003-05-20 22:28:45 2003-05-19 09:55:48
ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
*/
// Example of the Convert::ToXXX( Object*, IFormatProvider* ) methods.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Collections;

// Define the types of averaging available in the class 
// implementing IConvertible.
enum class AverageType : short
{
   None = 0,
   GeometricMean = 1,
   ArithmeticMean = 2,
   Median = 3
};


// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
// average to calculate.
ref class AverageInfo: public IFormatProvider
{
protected:
   AverageType AvgType;

public:

   // Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
   AverageInfo( AverageType avgType )
   {
      this->AvgType = avgType;
   }


   // This method returns a reference to the containing object 
   // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
   virtual Object^ GetFormat( Type^ argType )
   {
      if ( argType == AverageInfo::typeid)
            return this;
      else
            return (Object^)0;
   }


   property AverageType TypeOfAverage 
   {

      // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
      AverageType get()
      {
         return this->AvgType;
      }

      void set( AverageType value )
      {
         this->AvgType = value;
      }

   }

};


// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements
 
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
// return an average of the array elements in one of three types: 
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
ref class DataSet: public IConvertible
{
private:
   static Object^ null = nullptr;

protected:
   ArrayList^ data;
   AverageInfo^ defaultProvider;

   // This method unboxes a boxed double.
   double UnBoxDouble( Object^ obj )
   {
      return  *static_cast<double^>(obj);
   }


public:

   // Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
   // Create a default format provider.
   DataSet( ... array<Double>^values )
   {
      data = gcnew ArrayList( (Array^)values );
      defaultProvider = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::ArithmeticMean );
   }


   // Add additional values with this method.
   int Add( double value )
   {
      data->Add( value );
      return data->Count;
   }


   property double Item[ int ]
   {

      // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
      double get( int index )
      {
         if ( index >= 0 && index < data->Count
 )
                  return UnBoxDouble( data[ index ] );
         else
                  throw gcnew InvalidOperationException( "[DataSet.get]
 Index out of range." );
      }

      void set( int index,
 double value )
      {
         if ( index >= 0 && index < data->Count
 )
                  data[ index ] = value;
         else
         if ( index == data->Count )
                  data->Add( value );
         else
                  throw gcnew InvalidOperationException( "[DataSet.set]
 Index out of range." );
      }

   }

   property int Count 
   {

      // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
      int get()
      {
         return data->Count;
      }

   }

protected:

   // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
   double Average( AverageType avgType )
   {
      double SumProd;
      if ( data->Count == 0 )
            return 0.0;

      switch ( avgType )
      {
         case AverageType::GeometricMean:
            SumProd = 1.0;
            for ( int Index = 0; Index <
 data->Count; Index++ )
               SumProd *= UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] );
            
            // This calculation will not fail with negative 
            // elements.
            return Math::Sign( SumProd ) * Math::Pow( Math::Abs(
 SumProd ), 1.0 / data->Count );

         case AverageType::ArithmeticMean:
            SumProd = 0.0;
            for ( int Index = 0; Index <
 data->Count; Index++ )
               SumProd += UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] );
            return SumProd / data->Count;

         case AverageType::Median:
            if ( data->Count % 2 == 0 )
                        return (UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count
 / 2 ] ) + UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 - 1 ] )) / 2.0;
            else
                        return UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count
 / 2 ] );

         default:
            return 0.0;
      }
   }


   // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider,
   // or use the local default.
   AverageInfo^ GetAverageInfo( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      AverageInfo^ avgInfo = nullptr;
      if ( provider != nullptr )
            avgInfo = static_cast<AverageInfo^>(provider->GetFormat( AverageInfo::typeid
 ));

      if ( avgInfo == nullptr )
            return defaultProvider;
      else
            return avgInfo;
   }


   // Calculate the average and limit the range.
   double CalcNLimitAverage( double min, double max, IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
      AverageInfo^ avgInfo = GetAverageInfo( provider );
      double avg = Average( avgInfo->TypeOfAverage );
      
      // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values 
      // for the type.
      return avg > max ? max : avg < min ? min : avg;
   }


public:

   // The following elements are required by IConvertible.
   // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
   // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
   // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
   virtual TypeCode GetTypeCode()
   {
      return TypeCode::Object;
   }

   virtual bool ToBoolean( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
      if ( data->Count <= 0 )
            return false;
      // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
      // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
      else
      
      // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
      // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
      if ( AverageType::Median == GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage
 )
      {
         if ( data->Count % 2 == 0 )
                  return (UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count /
 2 ] ) != 0.0 || UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2 - 1 ] ) != 0.0);
         else
                  return UnBoxDouble( data[ data->Count / 2
 ] ) != 0.0;
      }
      // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is 
      // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
      else
      {
         for ( int Index = 0; Index < data->Count;
 Index++ )
            if ( UnBoxDouble( data[ Index ] ) != 0.0 )
                        return true;
         return false;
      }
   }

   virtual Byte ToByte( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToByte( CalcNLimitAverage( Byte::MinValue,
 Byte::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual Char ToChar( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToChar( Convert::ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage(
 Char::MinValue, Char::MaxValue, provider ) ) );
   }


   // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
   // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is 
   // always returned.
   virtual DateTime ToDateTime( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      double seconds = Average( GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage );
      try
      {
         return DateTime::Now.AddSeconds( seconds );
      }
      catch ( ArgumentOutOfRangeException^ ) 
      {
         return seconds < 0.0 ? DateTime::MinValue : DateTime::MaxValue;
      }

   }

   virtual Decimal ToDecimal( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and 
      // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
      // following limits must be used.
      return Convert::ToDecimal( CalcNLimitAverage(  -79228162514264330000000000000.0,
 79228162514264330000000000000.0, provider ) );
   }

   virtual double ToDouble( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Average( GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage
 );
   }

   virtual short ToInt16( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( Int16::MinValue,
 Int16::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual int ToInt32( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( Int32::MinValue,
 Int32::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual __int64 ToInt64( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
      // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following 
      // limits must be used.
      return Convert::ToInt64( CalcNLimitAverage(  -9223372036854775000,
 9223372036854775000, provider ) );
   }

   virtual signed char ToSByte( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToSByte( CalcNLimitAverage( SByte::MinValue,
 SByte::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual float ToSingle( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToSingle( CalcNLimitAverage( Single::MinValue,
 Single::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt16 ToUInt16( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToUInt16( CalcNLimitAverage( UInt16::MinValue,
 UInt16::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt32 ToUInt32( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ToUInt32( CalcNLimitAverage( UInt32::MinValue,
 UInt32::MaxValue, provider ) );
   }

   virtual UInt64 ToUInt64( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      
      // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
      // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
      return Convert::ToUInt64( CalcNLimitAverage( 0, 18446744073709550000.0,
 provider ) );
   }

   virtual Object^ ToType( Type^ conversionType, IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      return Convert::ChangeType( Average( GetAverageInfo( provider
 )->TypeOfAverage ), conversionType );
   }

   virtual String^ ToString( IFormatProvider^ provider )
   {
      AverageType avgType = GetAverageInfo( provider )->TypeOfAverage;
      return String::Format( "( {0}: {1:G10} )", avgType,
 Average( avgType ) );
   }

};


// Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
void DisplayDataSet( DataSet^ ds )
{
   IFormatProvider^ null = nullptr;
   String^ fmt = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}";
   AverageInfo^ median = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::Median );
   AverageInfo^ geMean = gcnew AverageInfo( AverageType::GeometricMean );
   
   // Display the dataset elements.
   if ( ds->Count > 0 )
   {
      Console::Write( "\nDataSet: [{0}", ds->Item[ 0 ] );
      for ( int iX = 1; iX < ds->Count;
 iX++ )
         Console::Write( ", {0}", ds->Item[ iX ] );
      Console::WriteLine( "]\n" );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "Convert::", "Default", "Geometric
 Mean", "Median" );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "---------", "-------", "--------------",
 "------" );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToBoolean", Convert::ToBoolean( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToBoolean( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToBoolean( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToByte", Convert::ToByte( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToByte( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToByte( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToChar", Convert::ToChar( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToChar( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToChar( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( "{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}"
   "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}", "ToDateTime",
 Convert::ToDateTime( ds, null ), Convert::ToDateTime( ds, geMean
 ), Convert::ToDateTime( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToDecimal", Convert::ToDecimal( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToDecimal( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToDecimal( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToDouble", Convert::ToDouble( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToDouble( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToDouble( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt16", Convert::ToInt16( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToInt16( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt16( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt32", Convert::ToInt32( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToInt32( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt32( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToInt64", Convert::ToInt64( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToInt64( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToInt64( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToSByte", Convert::ToSByte( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToSByte( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToSByte( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToSingle", Convert::ToSingle( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToSingle( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToSingle( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt16", Convert::ToUInt16( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToUInt16( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt16( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt32", Convert::ToUInt32( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToUInt32( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt32( ds, median ) );
   Console::WriteLine( fmt, "ToUInt64", Convert::ToUInt64( ds, null
 ), Convert::ToUInt64( ds, geMean ), Convert::ToUInt64( ds, median ) );
}

int main()
{
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of the "
   "Convert::ToXXX( Object*, IFormatProvider* ) methods "
   "\ngenerates the following output. The example "
   "displays the values \nreturned by the methods, "
   "using several IFormatProvider objects.\n" );
   
   // To call a [ParamArray] method in C++, you cannot just
   // list the parameters, you need to build an array.
   array<Double>^dataElem = gcnew array<Double>(6);
   dataElem[ 0 ] = 10.5;
   dataElem[ 1 ] = 22.2;
   dataElem[ 2 ] = 45.9;
   dataElem[ 3 ] = 88.7;
   dataElem[ 4 ] = 156.05;
   dataElem[ 5 ] = 297.6;
   DataSet^ ds1 = gcnew DataSet( dataElem );
   DisplayDataSet( ds1 );
   dataElem = gcnew array<Double>(5);
   dataElem[ 0 ] = 359999.95;
   dataElem[ 1 ] = 425000;
   dataElem[ 2 ] = 499999.5;
   dataElem[ 3 ] = 775000;
   dataElem[ 4 ] = 1695000;
   DataSet^ ds2 = gcnew DataSet( dataElem );
   DisplayDataSet( ds2 );
}

/*
This example of the Convert::ToXXX( Object*, IFormatProvider* ) methods
generates the following output. The example displays the values
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.

DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]

Convert::                Default      Geometric Mean              Median
---------                -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       103                  59                  67
ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:30:23 2003-05-13 15:29:39 2003-05-13 15:29:47
ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67

DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]

Convert::                Default      Geometric Mean              Median
---------                -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       255                 255                 255
ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
ToDateTime   2003-05-22 08:05:19 2003-05-20 22:54:57 2003-05-19 10:21:59
ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods.
import System.* ;
import System.Collections.* ;

// Define the types of averaging available in the class 
// implementing IConvertible.
public class AverageType
{
    public static final short None = 0;
    public static final short GeometricMean
 = 1;
    public static final short ArithmeticMean
 = 2;
    public static final short Median = 3;
} //AverageType
// Pass an instance of this class to methods that require an 
// IFormatProvider. The class instance determines the type of 
// average to calculate.
public class AverageInfo implements IFormatProvider
{
    protected int avgType;   

    // Specify the type of averaging in the constructor.
    public AverageInfo(int  avgType) 
    {
        this.avgType = avgType;
    } //AverageInfo

    // This method returns a reference to the containing object 
    // if an object of AverageInfo type is requested. 
    public Object GetFormat(Type argType) 
    {
        if ( argType == AverageInfo.class.ToType())
 {
            return this ;
        }
        else {
            return null ;
        }
    } //GetFormat 

    // Use this property to set or get the type of averaging.
    /** @property 
     */
    public int get_TypeOfAverage()
    {
        return this.avgType ;
    } //get_TypeOfAverage

    /** @property 
     */
    public void set_TypeOfAverage(int
 value )
    {
        this.avgType = value;
    } //set_TypeOfAverage
} //AverageInfo


// This class encapsulates an array of double values and implements
 
// the IConvertible interface. Most of the IConvertible methods 
// return an average of the array elements in one of three types: 
// arithmetic mean, geometric mean, or median. 
public class DataSet implements IConvertible
{
    protected ArrayList data;
    protected AverageInfo defaultProvider;

    // Construct the object and add an initial list of values.
    // Create a default format provider.
    public DataSet(double values[])
    {
        data = new ArrayList(values);
        defaultProvider = new AverageInfo(AverageType.ArithmeticMean);
    } //DataSet

    // Add additional values with this method.
    public int Add(double value) 
    {
        data.Add(new Double(value));
        return data.get_Count() ;
    } //Add

    // Get, set, and add values with this indexer property.
    /** @property 
     */
    public double get_Item(int index) throws
 InvalidOperationException
    {
        if ((index >= 0) && (index < data.get_Count()))
 {
            return Convert.ToDouble((data.get_Item(index))) ;
        }
        else {
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                "[DataSet.get] Index out of range.")
 ;
        }
    } //get_Item

    /** @property 
     */
    public void set_Item(int
 index, double value) 
        throws InvalidOperationException
    {
        if ((index >= 0) && (index < data.get_Count()))
 {
            data.set_Item( index ,(Int64) value );
        }
        else {
            if ( index == data.get_Count()  ) {
                data.Add((Int64)value);
            }
            else {            
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "[DataSet.set] Index out of range.")
 ;
            }
        }
    } //set_Item

    // This property returns the number of elements in the object.
    /** @property 
     */
    public int get_Count()
    {
        return data.get_Count() ;
    } //get_Count

    // This method calculates the average of the object's elements.
    protected double Average(int avgType)
    {
        double SumProd;

        if ( data.get_Count() == 0  ) {
            return 0.0 ;
        }

        if (avgType == AverageType.GeometricMean) { 
            SumProd = 1.0;
            for(int index =0 ; index < data.get_Count();
 index++) {        
                SumProd = SumProd * Convert.ToDouble((data.get_Item(index)));
            }  
            // This calculation will not fail with negative 
            // elements.
            return System.Math.Sign(SumProd) 
                * System.Math.Pow(System.Math.Abs(SumProd), 
                1.0 / data.get_Count());
        }
        else if (avgType == AverageType.ArithmeticMean
 ) { 
            SumProd = 0.0;
            for(int Index=0; Index < data.get_Count();
 Index++) {
                SumProd += Convert.ToDouble((data.get_Item(Index)));
            }  
            return SumProd / data.get_Count() ;
        }
        else if (avgType == AverageType.Median
 ) {
            if ( (data.get_Count() % 2) == 0 ) {
                return ((Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item(data.get_Count()
 / 2))
                    + Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item(data.get_Count() 
                    / 2 - 1))) / 2.0);
            }
            else {        
                return Convert.ToDouble(((data.get_Item((data.get_Count()
 
                    / 2))))) ;
            }
        }
        else {
            return 0.0 ;
        }
    } //Average


    // Get the AverageInfo object from the caller's format provider
,
    // or use the local default.
    protected AverageInfo GetAverageInfo(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        AverageInfo avgInfo = null;

        if ( provider  != null  ) {
            avgInfo =((AverageInfo)(provider.GetFormat(
                    AverageInfo.class.ToType())));
        }

        if ( avgInfo == null  ) {
            return defaultProvider ;
        }
        else {        
            return avgInfo ;
        }
    } //GetAverageInfo

    // Calculate the average and limit the range.
    protected double CalcNLimitAverage(
        double min, double max, IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        // Get the format provider and calculate the average.
        AverageInfo avgInfo = GetAverageInfo(provider);
        double avg = Average(avgInfo.get_TypeOfAverage());

        // Limit the range, based on the minimum and maximum values
 
        // for the type.
        return(avg > max) ? max :(avg < min) ? min : avg
 ;
    } //CalcNLimitAverage

    // The following elements are required by IConvertible.
    // None of these conversion functions throw exceptions. When
    // the data is out of range for the type, the appropriate
    // MinValue or MaxValue is used.
    public TypeCode GetTypeCode()
    {
        return TypeCode.Object ;
    } //GetTypeCode

    public boolean ToBoolean(IFormatProvider provider) 
    {
        // ToBoolean is false if the dataset is empty.
        if ( data.get_Count() <= 0  ) {
            return false ;
        }

        // For median averaging, ToBoolean is true if any 
        // non-discarded elements are nonzero.
        else {
            if ( AverageType.Median == GetAverageInfo(
                provider).get_TypeOfAverage()  ) {
                if ( (data.get_Count() % 2) == 0  ) {
                    return Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item((data.get_Count()
 
                        / 2))) != 0.0 || Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item(
                        (data.get_Count() / 2 - 1))) != 0.0;
                }
                else {
                    return Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item((data.get_Count()
 
                        / 2))) != 0.0;
                }
            }

            // For arithmetic or geometric mean averaging, ToBoolean is
 
            // true if any element of the dataset is nonzero.  
            else {
                for(int index=0; index <
 data.get_Count(); index++) {
                    if (Convert.ToDouble(data.get_Item(index))
 != 0.0) {
                        return true ;
                    }
                } 
                return false ;
            }
        }
    } //ToBoolean

    public ubyte ToByte(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToByte(CalcNLimitAverage(0, 255, provider));
    } //ToByte

    public char ToChar(IFormatProvider provider)
 
    {
        return Convert.ToChar(Convert.ToUInt16(CalcNLimitAverage(Char.MinValue
,
            Char.MaxValue, provider))) ;
    } //ToChar

    // Convert to DateTime by adding the calculated average as 
    // seconds to the current date and time. A valid DateTime is 
    // always returned.
    public DateTime ToDateTime(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        double seconds = Average(GetAverageInfo(provider).get_TypeOfAverage());
        try {
            return DateTime.get_Now().AddSeconds(seconds) ;
        }
        catch(ArgumentOutOfRangeException exp) {
            return(seconds < 0.0) ? DateTime.MinValue : DateTime.MaxValue
 ;
        }
    } //ToDateTime

    public System.Decimal ToDecimal(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Decimal.MinValue and 
        // Decimal.MaxValue to invalid Decimal values, so the 
        // following limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToDecimal(CalcNLimitAverage(-7.92281625142643E+28,
 
            7.92281625142643E+28, provider)) ;
    } //ToDecimal

    public double ToDouble(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Average(GetAverageInfo(provider).get_TypeOfAverage())
 ;
    } //ToDouble

    public short ToInt16(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToInt16(CalcNLimitAverage(Int16.MinValue,
 
            Int16.MaxValue, provider)) ;
    } //ToInt16

    public int ToInt32(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToInt32(CalcNLimitAverage(Int32.MinValue,
 Int32.MaxValue,
            provider)) ;
    } //ToInt32

    public long ToInt64(IFormatProvider provider) 
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds Int64.MinValue and 
        // Int64.MaxValue to invalid Int64 values, so the following
 
        // limits must be used.
        return Convert.ToInt64(CalcNLimitAverage(-9223372036854775000L,
 
            9223372036854775000L, provider)) ;
    } //ToInt64

    public byte ToSByte(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToSByte(CalcNLimitAverage(SByte.MinValue,
 SByte.MaxValue,
            provider)) ;
    } //ToSByte

    public float ToSingle(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToSingle(CalcNLimitAverage(Single.MinValue,
 
            Single.MaxValue, provider)) ;
    } //ToSingle

    public UInt16 ToUInt16(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt16(CalcNLimitAverage(
            Convert.ToDouble(UInt16.MinValue), 
            Convert.ToDouble(UInt16.MaxValue), provider));
    } //ToUInt16

    public UInt32 ToUInt32(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Convert.ToUInt32(CalcNLimitAverage(
            Convert.ToDouble(UInt32.MinValue), 
            Convert.ToDouble(UInt32.MaxValue), provider)) ;
    } //ToUInt32

    public UInt64 ToUInt64(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        // The Double conversion rounds UInt64.MaxValue to an invalid
        // UInt64 value, so the following limit must be used.
        return Convert.ToUInt64(CalcNLimitAverage(0, 1.84467440737095E+19,
 
            provider)) ;
    } //ToUInt64

    public Object ToType(Type conversionType, IFormatProvider
 provider)
    {
        return Convert.ChangeType((System.Double)Average(
            GetAverageInfo(provider).get_TypeOfAverage()), conversionType) ;
    } //ToType


    public String ToString(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        int avgType = GetAverageInfo(provider).get_TypeOfAverage();
        return String.Format("( {0}: {1} )", (Int32)avgType,
 
            ((System.Double)Average(avgType)).ToString("G10"));
    } //ToString
} //DataSet

class IConvertibleProviderDemo
{
    // Display a DataSet with three different format providers.
    public static void DisplayDataSet(DataSet
 ds) 
        throws InvalidOperationException
    {
        String fmt = "{0,-12}{1,20}{2,20}{3,20}";
        AverageInfo median =  new AverageInfo(AverageType.Median);
        AverageInfo geMean = new AverageInfo(AverageType.GeometricMean);

        // Display the dataset elements.
        if ( ds.get_Count() > 0  ) {
            Console.Write("\nDataSet: [{0}", (System.Double)ds.get_Item(
 0));
            for(int iX=1; iX < ds.get_Count();
 iX++) {            
                Console.Write(", {0}",(System.Double) ds.get_Item( iX));
            } 
            Console.WriteLine("]\n");
        }

        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "Convert.",
 "Default", 
            "Geometric Mean", "Median" });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "--------",
 "-------", 
            "--------------", "------" });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToBoolean",
 
            (System.Boolean)Convert.ToBoolean(ds, null),
            (System.Boolean)Convert.ToBoolean(ds, geMean),
            (System.Boolean)Convert.ToBoolean(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToByte",
 
            (Convert.ToString(Convert.ToByte(ds, null))), 
            (Convert.ToString(Convert.ToByte(ds, geMean))), 
            (Convert.ToString(Convert.ToByte(ds, median))) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToChar",
 
            (Char)Convert.ToChar(ds, null), 
            (Char)Convert.ToChar(ds, geMean), 
            (Char)Convert.ToChar(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine("{0,-12}{1,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}"
            + "{2,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}{3,20:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}",
            new Object[] { "ToDateTime", Convert.ToDateTime(ds,
 null), 
            Convert.ToDateTime(ds, geMean),    Convert.ToDateTime(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToDecimal",
 
            Convert.ToDecimal(ds, null), Convert.ToDecimal(ds,
 geMean), 
            Convert.ToDecimal(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToDouble",
 
            (System.Double)Convert.ToDouble(ds, null), 
            (System.Double)Convert.ToDouble(ds, geMean), 
            (System.Double)Convert.ToDouble(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToInt16",
 
            (System.Int16)Convert.ToInt16(ds, null), 
            (System.Int16)Convert.ToInt16(ds, geMean), 
            (System.Int16)Convert.ToInt16(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToInt32",
 
            (System.Int32)Convert.ToInt32(ds, null), 
            (System.Int32)Convert.ToInt32(ds, geMean), 
            (System.Int32)Convert.ToInt32(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToInt64",
 
            (System.Int64)Convert.ToInt64(ds, null), 
            (System.Int64)Convert.ToInt64(ds, geMean), 
            (System.Int64)Convert.ToInt64(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToSByte",
 
            (System.SByte)Convert.ToSByte(ds, null), 
            (System.SByte)Convert.ToSByte(ds, geMean), 
            (System.SByte)Convert.ToSByte(ds, median) });
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToSingle",
 
            new Decimal(Convert.ToSingle(ds, null)),
 
            new Decimal(Convert.ToSingle(ds, geMean)), 
            new Decimal(Convert.ToSingle(ds, median) )});
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToUInt16",
 
            Convert.ToUInt16(ds, null), 
            Convert.ToUInt16(ds, geMean), 
            Convert.ToUInt16(ds, median)});
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToUInt32",
 
            Convert.ToUInt32(ds, null), 
            Convert.ToUInt32(ds, geMean), 
            Convert.ToUInt32(ds, median)});
        Console.WriteLine(fmt, new Object[] { "ToUInt64",
 
            Convert.ToUInt64(ds, null), 
            Convert.ToUInt64(ds, geMean), 
            Convert.ToUInt64(ds, median)});
    } //DisplayDataSet

    public static void main(String[]
 args) throws InvalidOperationException
    {
        Console.WriteLine(("This example of " 
            + "the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods "
            + "\ngenerates the following output. The example " 
            + "displays the values \nreturned by the methods, " 
            + "using several IFormatProvider objects.\n"));

        DataSet ds1 = new DataSet(new double[]
 { 10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7,
                    156.05, 297.6 });
        DisplayDataSet(ds1);
        DataSet ds2 = new DataSet(new double[]
 { 359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 
                    775000, 1695000 });
        DisplayDataSet(ds2);
    } //main
} //IConvertibleProviderDemo

/*
This example of the Convert.ToXXX( object, IFormatProvider ) methods
generates the following output. The example displays the values
returned by the methods, using several IFormatProvider objects.

DataSet: [10.5, 22.2, 45.9, 88.7, 156.05, 297.6]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       103                  59                  67
ToChar                         g                   ;                   C
ToDateTime   2003-05-13 15:04:12 2003-05-13 15:03:28 2003-05-13 15:03:35
ToDecimal       103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToDouble        103.491666666667    59.4332135445164                67.3
ToInt16                      103                  59                  67
ToInt32                      103                  59                  67
ToInt64                      103                  59                  67
ToSByte                      103                  59                  67
ToSingle                103.4917            59.43321                67.3
ToUInt16                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt32                     103                  59                  67
ToUInt64                     103                  59                  67

DataSet: [359999.95, 425000, 499999.5, 775000, 1695000]

Convert.                 Default      Geometric Mean              Median
--------                 -------      --------------              ------
ToBoolean                   True                True                True
ToByte                       255                 255                 255
ToChar                         ?                   ?                   ?
ToDateTime   2003-05-22 07:39:08 2003-05-20 22:28:45 2003-05-19 09:55:48
ToDecimal              750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToDouble               750999.89    631577.237188435            499999.5
ToInt16                    32767               32767               32767
ToInt32                   751000              631577              500000
ToInt64                   751000              631577              500000
ToSByte                      127                 127                 127
ToSingle                750999.9            631577.3            499999.5
ToUInt16                   65535               65535               65535
ToUInt32                  751000              631577              500000
ToUInt64                  751000              631577              500000
*/
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド

指定した値を 8 ビット符号付き整数変換します
オーバーロードの一覧オーバーロードの一覧

名前 説明
Convert.ToSByte (Boolean) 指定したブール値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Byte) 指定した 8 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Char) 指定した Unicode 文字の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (DateTime) このメソッド呼び出すと、必ず InvalidCastException がスローさます。
Convert.ToSByte (Decimal) 指定した Decimal 数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Double) 指定した倍精度浮動小数点数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Int16) 指定した 16 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Int32) 指定した 32 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Int64) 指定した 64 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Object) 指定した Object の値を 8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (SByte) 指定した 8 ビット符号付き整数返されます。実際変換行われません。

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Single) 指定した単精度浮動小数点数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (String) 指定した String 形式数値を、それと等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (UInt16) 指定した 8 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価16 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (UInt32) 指定した 32 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (UInt64) 指定した 64 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (Object, IFormatProvider) 指定したカルチャに固有の書式情報使用して指定した Object の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (String, IFormatProvider) カルチャに固有の指定した書式情報使用して数値特定の String 形式等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

Convert.ToSByte (String, Int32) 指定した基数での数値String 形式等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

.NET Compact Framework によってサポートされています。

参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (DateTime)

このメソッド呼び出すと、必ず InvalidCastException がスローさます。

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As DateTime _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    DateTime value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    DateTime value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    DateTime value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : DateTime
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

DateTime

戻り値
この変換サポートされていません。値は返されません。

例外例外
例外種類条件

InvalidCastException

この変換サポートされていません。

解説解説
プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Decimal)

指定した Decimal 数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Decimal _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    decimal value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    Decimal value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    Decimal value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : decimal
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

Decimal数値

戻り値
近似値8 ビット符号付き整数丸められvaluevalue2 つ整数中間にある場合は、偶数返されます。たとえば、4.5 は 4 に変換され、5.5 は 6 に変換されます。

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Boolean)

指定したブール値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Boolean _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    bool value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    bool value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    boolean value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : boolean
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

ブール値。

戻り値
valuetrue場合数値の 1。それ以外場合は 0。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Single)

指定した単精度浮動小数点数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Single _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    float value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    float value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    float value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : float
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

単精度浮動小数点数

戻り値
近似値8 ビット符号付き整数丸められvaluevalue2 つ整数中間にある場合は、偶数返されます。たとえば、4.5 は 4 に変換され、5.5 は 6 に変換されます。

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
バージョン情報バージョン情報
参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (UInt16)

指定した 8 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価16 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As UShort _
) As SByte
Dim value As UShort
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    ushort value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    unsigned short value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    UInt16 value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : ushort
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

16 ビット符号なし整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Double)

指定した倍精度浮動小数点数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Double _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    double value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    double value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    double value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : double
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

倍精度浮動小数点数

戻り値
近似値8 ビット符号付き整数丸められvaluevalue2 つ整数中間にある場合は、偶数返されます。たとえば、4.5 は 4 に変換され、5.5 は 6 に変換されます。

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
バージョン情報バージョン情報
参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Char)

指定した Unicode 文字の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Char _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    char value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    wchar_t value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    char value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : char
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

Unicode 文字

戻り値
value等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Int64)

指定した 64 ビット符号付き整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Long _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    long value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    long long value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    long value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : long
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

64 ビット符号付き整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (String, IFormatProvider)

カルチャに固有の指定した書式情報使用して数値特定の String 形式等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As String, _
    provider As IFormatProvider _
) As SByte
Dim value As String
Dim provider As IFormatProvider
Dim returnValue As SByte

returnValue = Convert.ToSByte(value, provider)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    string value,
    IFormatProvider provider
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    String^ value, 
    IFormatProvider^ provider
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    String value, 
    IFormatProvider provider
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : String, 
    provider : IFormatProvider
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

変換する数値格納している String

provider

カルチャに固有の書式情報提供する IFormatProvider インターフェイス実装

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

ArgumentNullException

valuenull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) です。

FormatException

value構成が、省略可能な符号と、それに続く 0 から 9 までの一連の数字ではありません。

OverflowException

value が MinValue 未満数値か、MaxValue より大きい数値表してます。

解説解説

provider は、NumberFormatInfo オブジェクト取得する IFormatProvider インスタンスです。NumberFormatInfo オブジェクトは、value書式に関するカルチャ固有の情報提供しますprovidernull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) の場合は、現在のカルチャの NumberFormatInfo使用されます。

使用例使用例

IFormatProvider オブジェクト使用しString 形式の SByte (符号付きバイト) 値を ToSByte メソッド変換するコード例次に示します

' Example of the Convert.ToSByte( String ) and 
' Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider ) methods.
Imports System
Imports System.Globalization
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic

Module ToSByteProviderDemo

    Dim format As String
 = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}"

    ' Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    Function GetExceptionType( ex As Exception
 ) As String

        Dim exceptionType   As String
 = ex.GetType( ).ToString( )
        Return exceptionType.Substring( _
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( "."c ) + 1
 )
    End Function

    Sub ConvertToSByte( numericStr As String,
 _
        provider As IFormatProvider )

        Dim defaultValue    As Object
        Dim providerValue   As Object

        ' Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        Try
            defaultValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr )
        Catch ex As Exception
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        ' Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        Try
            providerValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr, provider )
        Catch ex As Exception
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex )
        End Try

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, _
            defaultValue, providerValue )
    End Sub

    Sub Main( )

        ' Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        ' properties that apply to numbers.
        Dim provider  As NumberFormatInfo =
 new NumberFormatInfo( )

        ' These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg "
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos "

        ' These properties do not affect the conversion.
        ' The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = "."
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0

        Console.WriteLine( "This example of" &
 vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToSByte( String ) and " &
 vbCrLf & _
            "  Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider ) "
 & _
            vbCrLf & "generates the following output. It "
 & _
            "converts several strings to " & vbCrLf
 & "SByte " & _
            "values, using default formatting " &
 _
            "or a NumberFormatInfo object." &
 vbCrLf )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert",
 _
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception"
 )
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------",
 _
            "-----------------", "------------------"
 )

        ' Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte( "123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "128", provider )
        ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider )
    End Sub 
End Module 

' This example of
'   Convert.ToSByte( String ) and
'   Convert.ToSByte( String, IFormatProvider )
' generates the following output. It converts several strings to
' SByte values, using default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.
' 
' String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
' -----------------   -----------------   ------------------
' 123                 123                 123
' +123                123                 FormatException
' pos 123             FormatException     123
' -123                -123                FormatException
' neg 123             FormatException     -123
' 123.                FormatException     FormatException
' (123)               FormatException     FormatException
' 128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
' -129                OverflowException   FormatException
// Example of the Convert.ToSByte( string ) and 
// Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
using System;
using System.Globalization;

class ToSByteProviderDemo
{
    static string format = "{0,-20}{1
,-20}{2}";

     // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static string GetExceptionType( Exception
 ex )
    {
        string exceptionType = ex.GetType( ).ToString( );
        return exceptionType.Substring( 
            exceptionType.LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1 );
    }

    static void ConvertToSByte( string
 numericStr, 
        IFormatProvider provider )
    {
        object defaultValue;
        object providerValue;

        // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        try
        {
            defaultValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        try
        {
            providerValue = Convert.ToSByte( numericStr, provider );
        }
        catch( Exception ex )
        {
            providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
        }

        Console.WriteLine( format, numericStr, 
            defaultValue, providerValue );
    }

    public static void Main(
 )
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider = new NumberFormatInfo();

        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.NegativeSign = "neg ";
        provider.PositiveSign = "pos ";

        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
        provider.NumberNegativePattern = 0;

        Console.WriteLine("This example of\n" +
            "  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and \n" +
            "  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
 " +
            "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " +
            "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
 +
            "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"
 );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "String to convert", 
            "Default/exception", "Provider/exception" );
        Console.WriteLine( format, "-----------------", 
            "-----------------", "------------------" );

        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte( "123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "128", provider );
        ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider );
    }
}

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and
  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                 FormatException
pos 123             FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException     -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
*/ 
// Example of the Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and 
// Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* ) methods.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Globalization;
const __wchar_t * protoFmt = L"{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";

// Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
String^ GetExceptionType( Exception^ ex )
{
   String^ exceptionType = ex->GetType()->ToString();
   return exceptionType->Substring( exceptionType->LastIndexOf(
 '.' ) + 1 );
}

void ConvertToSByte( String^ numericStr, IFormatProvider^ provider
 )
{
   Object^ defaultValue;
   Object^ providerValue;
   
   // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
   try
   {
      defaultValue = Convert::ToSByte( numericStr );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      defaultValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   
   // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
   try
   {
      providerValue = Convert::ToSByte( numericStr, provider );
   }
   catch ( Exception^ ex ) 
   {
      providerValue = GetExceptionType( ex );
   }

   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue
 );
}

int main()
{
   
   // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
   // properties that apply to numbers.
   NumberFormatInfo^ provider = gcnew NumberFormatInfo;
   
   // These properties affect the conversion.
   provider->NegativeSign = "neg ";
   provider->PositiveSign = "pos ";
   
   // These properties do not affect the conversion.
   // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
   provider->NumberDecimalSeparator = ".";
   provider->NumberNegativePattern = 0;
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of\n"
   "  Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and \n"
   "  Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* ) "
   "\ngenerates the following output. It converts "
   "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
   "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"
 );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "String to convert", "Default/exception",
 "Provider/exception" );
   Console::WriteLine( gcnew String( protoFmt ), "-----------------", "-----------------",
 "------------------" );
   
   // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
   ConvertToSByte( "123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "+123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "pos 123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "-123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "neg 123", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "123.", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "(123)", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "128", provider );
   ConvertToSByte( "-129", provider );
}

/*
This example of
  Convert::ToSByte( String* ) and
  Convert::ToSByte( String*, IFormatProvider* )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                 FormatException
pos 123             FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException     -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
*/
// Example of the Convert.ToSByte( string ) and 
// Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider ) methods.
import System.* ;
import System.Globalization.* ;

class ToSByteProviderDemo
{
    private static String format = "{0,-20}{1,-20}{2}";
   
   
    // Get the exception type name; remove the namespace prefix.
    static String GetExceptionType(System.Exception ex) 
    {
        String exceptionType = ex.GetType().ToString();
        return exceptionType.Substring((exceptionType.LastIndexOf('.')
 + 1)) ;
    } //GetExceptionType   
   
    static void ConvertToSByte(String numericStr,
 IFormatProvider provider) 
    {
        Object defaultValue;
        Object providerValue;
      
        // Convert numericStr to SByte without a format provider.
        try {
            defaultValue = System.Convert.ToString(Convert.ToSByte(numericStr));
        }
        catch(System.Exception  ex) {      
            defaultValue = GetExceptionType(ex);
        }
      
        // Convert numericStr to SByte with a format provider.
        try {
            providerValue = System.Convert.ToString(
                            Convert.ToSByte(numericStr, provider));
        }
        catch(System.Exception  ex) {      
            providerValue = GetExceptionType(ex);
        }
      
        Console.WriteLine(format, numericStr, defaultValue, providerValue);
    } //ConvertToSByte   
   
    public static void main(String[]
 args)
    {
        // Create a NumberFormatInfo object and set several of its
        // properties that apply to numbers.
        NumberFormatInfo provider =  new NumberFormatInfo();
      
        // These properties affect the conversion.
        provider.set_NegativeSign("neg ");
        provider.set_PositiveSign("pos ");
      
        // These properties do not affect the conversion.
        // The input string cannot have decimal and group separators.
        provider.set_NumberDecimalSeparator(".");
        provider.set_NumberNegativePattern(0);
      
        Console.WriteLine(("This example of\n" 
            + "  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and \n" 
            + "  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider
 ) " 
            + "\ngenerates the following output. It converts " 
            + "several strings to \nSByte values, using "
 
            + "default formatting or a NumberFormatInfo object.\n"));
        Console.WriteLine(format, "String to convert", "Default/exception",
 
            "Provider/exception");
        Console.WriteLine(format, "-----------------", "-----------------",
 
            "------------------");
      
        // Convert strings, with and without an IFormatProvider.
        ConvertToSByte("123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("+123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("pos 123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("-123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("neg 123", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("123.", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("(123)", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("128", provider);
        ConvertToSByte("-129", provider);
    } //main
} //ToSByteProviderDemo

/*
This example of
  Convert.ToSByte( string ) and
  Convert.ToSByte( string, IFormatProvider )
generates the following output. It converts several strings to
SByte values, using default formatting or a
 NumberFormatInfo object.

String to convert   Default/exception   Provider/exception
-----------------   -----------------   ------------------
123                 123                 123
+123                123                FormatException
pos 123            FormatException     123
-123                -123                FormatException
neg 123             FormatException    -123
123.                FormatException     FormatException
(123)               FormatException     FormatException
128                 OverflowException   OverflowException
-129                OverflowException   FormatException
Press any key to continue
*/
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Object)

指定した Object の値を 8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Object _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    Object value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    Object^ value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    Object value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : Object
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

IConvertible インターフェイス実装する Object か、または null 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing)。

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数valuenull 参照 (Visual Basic では Nothing) の場合は 0。

例外例外
例外種類条件

InvalidCastException

valueIConvertible実装していません。

解説解説

戻り値は、value の基になる型の IConvertible.ToSByte メソッド呼び出した結果得られる値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
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参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (Byte)

指定した 8 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As Byte _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    byte value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    unsigned char value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    byte value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : byte
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

8 ビット符号なし整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
バージョン情報バージョン情報
参照参照

Convert.ToSByte メソッド (UInt64)

指定した 64 ビット符号なし整数の値を等価8 ビット符号付き整数変換します

このメソッドは、CLS準拠していません。  

名前空間: System
アセンブリ: mscorlib (mscorlib.dll 内)
構文構文

<CLSCompliantAttribute(False)> _
Public Shared Function ToSByte
 ( _
    value As ULong _
) As SByte
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public static sbyte ToSByte (
    ulong value
)
[CLSCompliantAttribute(false)] 
public:
static signed char ToSByte (
    usigned long long value
)
/** @attribute CLSCompliantAttribute(false) */ 
public static SByte ToSByte (
    UInt64 value
)
CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 
public static function ToSByte
 (
    value : ulong
) : sbyte

パラメータ

value

64 ビット符号なし整数

戻り値
value の値と等価8 ビット符号付き整数

例外例外
例外種類条件

OverflowException

value が SByte.MaxValue より大きい値か、SByte.MinValue より小さい値です。

プラットフォームプラットフォーム
バージョン情報バージョン情報
参照参照



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