ゾーニング (都市計画)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/04/12 16:11 UTC 版)
起源
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区域のゾーニングの起源は、古代にまで遡ることが出来る。古代の、城壁に囲まれた町は、用途に基いて土地を分類、規制する初期のものである。市壁の外は、つまり極めて貧しい人々が住んでいて、通常、騒音と臭いのために望ましくない作用があった。複数あった城壁と城壁の間のスペースは、精肉、廃棄物処理、レンガ焼きなどの、不衛生で危険な活動が行われた場所であった。 城壁の内側には大多数の人々が住んでいて、市民活動及び宗教の空間であった。[10]
Beyond the simple distinction between urban and non-urban land, most ancient cities further classified land type and use inside their walls. That was practiced in many regions of the world. For example, in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046 – 256 BC), in India during the Vedic Era (1500 – 500 BC), and in the military camps that spread throughout the Roman Empire (31 BC – 476 AD). As the residential districts made up the majority of the city, that early form of districting was usually along ethnic and occupational divides; generally, class or status diminished outwards from the city center. One legal form for enforcing it was the caste system.[11]
While space was carved out for important public institutions, places of worship, markets and squares, there is a major distinction between cities of antiquity and cities of today. Throughout antiquity and up until the onset of the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840), most work took place within the home. Therefore, residential areas also functioned as places of labor, production, and commerce. The definition of home was tied to the definition of economy, which caused a much greater mixing of uses within the residential quarters of cities.[12]
Throughout the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, cultural and socio-economic shifts led to the rapid increase in the enforcement in and the invention of urban regulations.[13] The shifts were informed by a new scientific rationality, the advent of mass production and complex manufacturing, and the subsequent onset of urbanization. Industry leaving the home was one major factor in reshaping industrial cities.
Overcrowding, pollution, and the urban squalor associated with factories were major concerns that led city officials and planners to consider the need for functional separation of uses. It was in France, Germany, and Britain that the first pseudo-zoning was invented to prevent polluting industries to be built in residential areas. It was Germany that invented modern zoning, in the late-19th century.[14]
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- ^ Lamar, Anika (December 1, 2015). “Zoning as Taxidermy: Neighborhood Conservation Districts and the Regulation of Aesthetics”. Indiana Law Journal.
- ^ Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academy of Sciences. (2009)
- ^ Hodge, Gerald (2014). Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Thomson. pp. 388–390. ISBN 978-0-17-650982-8
- ^ Thomas, Eileen Mitchell (2006年2月7日). “Zoning”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2015年10月30日閲覧。
- ^ E.g., Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at SSRN or [10.2139/ssrn.10.2139/ssrn.712801 DOI]
- ^ Town and Country Planning Act 1990
- ^ （ドイツ語） BMVBS - Startseite. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ Sharifi, Ayyoob; Chiba, Yoshihiro; Okamoto, Kohei; Yokoyama, Satoshi; Murayama, Akito. “Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos?”. Landscape and Urban Planning 131: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014.
- ^ E.g., Maryland Code Article 66B, § 2.01(b) grants zoning powers to the City of Baltimore, while § 2.01(c) limits the grant of powers. By contrast, the New Jersey Municipal Land Use Law grants uniform zoning powers (with uniform limitations) to all municipalities in that state.
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Arendt, Hannah (1958). The Human Condition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02598-8
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Talen, Emily (2012). City Rules: How Urban Regulations Affect Urban Form. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-59726-692-5
- ^ Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2009) "The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas" Urban Affairs Review. Volume 4, Number 6, pp. 779-806
- ^ Elliot, Donald (2012). A Better Way to Zone : Ten Principles to Create More Livable Cities. Island Press
- ^ Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer; Thomas E. Roberts (1998). LAND USE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION LAW § 4.2, at 80. ISBN 978-1634593069. "in 1916 New York became the first city to implement this type of zoning law, later upheld in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926). “Operating from the premise that everything has its place, [Euclidean] zoning is the comprehensive division of a city into different use zones.”"
- ^ Elliot, Donald (2012). A Better Way to Zone : Ten Principles to Create More Livable Cities. Island Press
- ^ a b Eliza Hall (2006). Divide and sprawl, decline and fall: A comparative critique of Euclidean zoning. U. Pitt. L. Rev. p. 68.
- ^ Jay Wickersham (2001). Jane Jacob’s Critique of Zoning: From Euclid to Portland and Beyond. 28 B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV. 547, 557.
- ^ “History of Planning”. Urban Planning: Los Angeles. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Ordinance #9774 Residential Districts”. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Houston Chronicle, 12-10, 2007”. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Zoning Without Zoning”. Planetizen - Urban Planning News, Jobs, and Education. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2010) "Density Zoning and Class Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas" Social Science Quarterly. Volume 91, Issue 5, pp.1123-1141
- ^ Natoli, Salvatore J. (1971) "Zoning and the Development of Urban Land Use Patterns" Economic Geography. Volume 47, Number 2, pp. 171-184
- ^ a b c d Whitnall, Gordon (1931) "History of Zoning" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume 155, Part 2, pp.1-14
- ^ 272 U.S. 365, 71 L.Ed. 303, 47 S.Ct. 114 (1926).
- ^ American Institute of Architects (2017). The architecture student's handbook of professional practice. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 509. ISBN 9781118738955. "Euclidean zoning is the most prevalent form of zoning in the United States, and thus is most familiar to planners and design professionals."
- ^ Residential Investment Property Term - Zoning | Commercial Real Estate Loan. Webvest.info. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ http://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2001/04/265.pdf
- ^ Thomas (2006年2月7日). “Zoning”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2015年10月30日閲覧。
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A. (2014). Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 63 – 71
- ^ Gleeson B. and Low N., Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 2000.
- ^ URA Master Plan 2008 website
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “4.15. Zoning Ordinance”. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (2007年11月26日). 2018年1月15日閲覧。
- ^ a b c Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
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