ゾーニング (都市計画)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/04/12 16:11 UTC 版)
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土地利用ゾーニング
Basically, urban zones fall into one of five major categories: residential, mixed residential-commercial, commercial, industrial and spatial (e. g. power plants, sports complexes, airports, shopping malls etc.). Each category can have a number of sub-categories, for example, within the commercial category there may be separate zones for small-retail, large retail, office use, lodging and others, while industrial may be subdivided into heavy manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses. In Germany, each category has a designated limit for noise emissions (not part of the building code, but federal emissions code).
たとえば、米国またはカナダでは、住宅地域に次のサブカテゴリを含めることができる。
- Residential occupancies containing sleeping units where the occupants are primarily transient in nature, including: boarding houses, hotels, motels
- Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including: apartment houses, boarding houses, convents, dormitories.
- Residential occupancies where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature and not classified as Group R-1, R-2, R-4 or I, including: buildings that do not contain more than two dwelling units, adult care facilities for five or fewer persons for less than 24 hours.
- Residential occupancies where the buildings are arranged for occupancy as residential care/assisted living facilities including more than five but not more than 16 occupants.
Conditional zoning allows for increased flexibility and permits municipalities to respond to the unique features of a particular land use application. Uses which might be disallowed under current zoning, such as a school or a community center can be permitted via conditional use zoning.
人口密度規制の経済的説明
Rothwell and Massey suggests homeowners and business interests are the two key players in density regulations that emerge from a political economy.[15] They propose that in older states where rural jurisdictions are primarily composed of homeowners, it is the narrow interests of homeowners to block development because tax rates are lower in rural areas, and taxation is more likely to fall on the median homeowner. Business interests are unable to counteract the homeowners' interests in rural areas because business interests are weaker and business ownership is rarely controlled by people living outside the community. This translates into rural communities that have a tendency to resist development by using density regulations to make business opportunities less attractive.
使い捨てゾーニング
Single-use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that controls land uses in a city. The earliest forms of single-use zoning were practiced in New York city in the early 1900s, to guide its rapid population growth from immigration.[16] Land uses were divided into residential, commercial and industrial areas, now referred to as zones or zoning districts in cities. Single-use zoning became known as Euclidean zoning because of a court case in Euclid, Ohio, which established its constitutionality, Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
Euclidean zoning has been the dominant system of zoning in much of North America since its first implementation.[17] The predictable model for dividing land use patterns generated by the Euclidean system have been charged by many commentators as playing a direct role in a number of problems in land use planning evident in the United States and elsewhere. Single-use zoning is a basic model that has not evolved to create appropriate solutions for the increasing complexity of social, political and environmental challenges in cities.[18]
Problems affiliated with Euclidean-style zoning policy include urban sprawl, urban decay, environmental pollution, racial and socioeconomic segregation, negative economic impacts and an overall reduced quality of life.[19][20] Land use regulations associated with a high separation of land uses have also been criticized as being fraught with legal obstacles to rehabilitating neighbourhoods affected by the aforementioned problems [19] (such efforts are often referred to as urban rehabilitation or urban renewal).
Euclidean zoning represents a functionalist way of thinking that uses mechanistic principles to conceive of the city as a fixed machine. This conception is in opposition to the view of the city as a continually evolving organism or living system, as first espoused by the German urbanist Hans Reichow.
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- ^ Lamar, Anika (December 1, 2015). “Zoning as Taxidermy: Neighborhood Conservation Districts and the Regulation of Aesthetics”. Indiana Law Journal.
- ^ Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academy of Sciences. (2009)
- ^ Hodge, Gerald (2014). Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Thomson. pp. 388–390. ISBN 978-0-17-650982-8
- ^ Thomas, Eileen Mitchell (2006年2月7日). “Zoning”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2015年10月30日閲覧。
- ^ E.g., Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at SSRN or [10.2139/ssrn.10.2139/ssrn.712801 DOI]
- ^ Town and Country Planning Act 1990
- ^ （ドイツ語） BMVBS - Startseite. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ Sharifi, Ayyoob; Chiba, Yoshihiro; Okamoto, Kohei; Yokoyama, Satoshi; Murayama, Akito. “Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos?”. Landscape and Urban Planning 131: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014.
- ^ E.g., Maryland Code Article 66B, § 2.01(b) grants zoning powers to the City of Baltimore, while § 2.01(c) limits the grant of powers. By contrast, the New Jersey Municipal Land Use Law grants uniform zoning powers (with uniform limitations) to all municipalities in that state.
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Arendt, Hannah (1958). The Human Condition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02598-8
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
- ^ Talen, Emily (2012). City Rules: How Urban Regulations Affect Urban Form. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-59726-692-5
- ^ Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2009) "The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas" Urban Affairs Review. Volume 4, Number 6, pp. 779-806
- ^ Elliot, Donald (2012). A Better Way to Zone : Ten Principles to Create More Livable Cities. Island Press
- ^ Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer; Thomas E. Roberts (1998). LAND USE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION LAW § 4.2, at 80. ISBN 978-1634593069. "in 1916 New York became the first city to implement this type of zoning law, later upheld in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926). “Operating from the premise that everything has its place, [Euclidean] zoning is the comprehensive division of a city into different use zones.”"
- ^ Elliot, Donald (2012). A Better Way to Zone : Ten Principles to Create More Livable Cities. Island Press
- ^ a b Eliza Hall (2006). Divide and sprawl, decline and fall: A comparative critique of Euclidean zoning. U. Pitt. L. Rev. p. 68.
- ^ Jay Wickersham (2001). Jane Jacob’s Critique of Zoning: From Euclid to Portland and Beyond. 28 B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV. 547, 557.
- ^ “History of Planning”. Urban Planning: Los Angeles. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Ordinance #9774 Residential Districts”. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Houston Chronicle, 12-10, 2007”. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Zoning Without Zoning”. Planetizen - Urban Planning News, Jobs, and Education. 20190914閲覧。
- ^ Rothwell, Jonathan T. and Massey, Douglas S. (2010) "Density Zoning and Class Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas" Social Science Quarterly. Volume 91, Issue 5, pp.1123-1141
- ^ Natoli, Salvatore J. (1971) "Zoning and the Development of Urban Land Use Patterns" Economic Geography. Volume 47, Number 2, pp. 171-184
- ^ a b c d Whitnall, Gordon (1931) "History of Zoning" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume 155, Part 2, pp.1-14
- ^ 272 U.S. 365, 71 L.Ed. 303, 47 S.Ct. 114 (1926).
- ^ American Institute of Architects (2017). The architecture student's handbook of professional practice. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 509. ISBN 9781118738955. "Euclidean zoning is the most prevalent form of zoning in the United States, and thus is most familiar to planners and design professionals."
- ^ Residential Investment Property Term - Zoning | Commercial Real Estate Loan. Webvest.info. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
- ^ http://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2001/04/265.pdf
- ^ Thomas (2006年2月7日). “Zoning”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2015年10月30日閲覧。
- ^ Hirt, Sonia A. (2014). Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 63 – 71
- ^ Gleeson B. and Low N., Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 2000.
- ^ URA Master Plan 2008 website
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “Introduction to Land use Planning System in Japan”. Ministry of Land Use, Transport and Infrastructure, Japan (2003年1月). 20190914閲覧。
- ^ “4.15. Zoning Ordinance”. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (2007年11月26日). 2018年1月15日閲覧。
- ^ a b c Hirt, Sonia A.. Zoned in the USA: the origins and implications of American land-use regulation
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