マルクス‐アウレリウス‐アントニヌスとは？ わかりやすく解説

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マルクス‐アウレリウス‐アントニヌス【Marcus Aurelius Antoninus】

読み方：まるくすあうれりうすあんとにぬす

［121〜180］古代ローマの皇帝。在位161〜180。五賢帝の最後の皇帝。辺境諸種族との戦いに奔走する一方、ストア学派の哲学者としても知られ、哲人皇帝と称された。著「自省録」。


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マルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/12/17 03:46 UTC 版)

マルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス（古典ラテン語：Marcus Aurelius Antoninus [notes 1]121年4月26日 - 180年3月17日[3]）は、第16代ローマ皇帝である。五賢帝最後の皇帝。第15代皇帝アントニヌス・ピウスの后妃ファウスティナ・マイヨル（大ファウスティナ）の甥で先帝の外戚にあたり、また大ファウスティナはハドリアヌスとトラヤヌスの傍系血族でもある。


脚注

注釈

  1. ^ 即位前の本名はマルクス・アンニウス・カティリウス・セウェルス（Marcus Annius Catilius Severus）で[1]、先帝アントニヌスの后妃の兄である父マルクス・アンニウス・ウェルスによって名付けられた[2]。その後、叔父にあたるアントニヌス帝の娘（従姉妹となる）小ファウスティナと結婚して帝位を継ぐ際、入り婿としてマルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス（Marcus Aurelius Antoninus）に改名した。
  2. ^ Cassius Dio asserts that the Annii were near-kin of Hadrian, and that it was to these familial ties that they owed their rise to power.[13] The precise nature of these kinship ties is nowhere stated. One conjectural bond runs through Annius Verus (II). Verus' wife Rupilia Faustina was the daughter of the consular senator Libo Rupilius Frugi and an unnamed mother. It has been hypothesized Rupilia Faustina's mother was Matidia, who was also the mother (presumably through another marriage) of Vibia Sabina, Hadrian's wife.[14]
  3. ^ Farquharson dates his death to 130, when Marcus was nine.[20]
  4. ^ Birley amends the text of the HA Marcus from "Eutychius" to "Tuticius".[35]
  5. ^ Others put a harsher light on Hadrian's nickname. McLynn calls it an example of Hadrian's waspish (McLynn says "vespine") wit and adduces it in support of his contention that Marcus was a "prig".[42]
  6. ^ Birley, following the textual and epigraphic citations, concludes that he might only have seen Rome in 127, briefly in 128, and in 131.[44]
  7. ^ Commodus was a known consumptive at the time of his adoption, so Hadrian may have intended Marcus' eventual succession anyways.[51]
  8. ^ The manuscript is corrupt here.[71]
  9. ^ Moderns have not offered as positive an assessment. His second modern editor, Niebhur, thought him stupid and frivolous; his third editor, Naber, found him contemptible.[87] Historians have seen him as a "pedant and a bore", his letters offering neither the running political analysis of a Cicero or the conscientious reportage of a Pliny.[88] Recent prosopographic research has rehabilitated his reputation, though not by much.[89]
  10. ^ Champlin notes that Marcus' praise of him in the Meditations is out of order (he is praised immediately after Diognetus, who had introduced Marcus to philosophy), giving him special emphasis.[109]
  11. ^ Although part of the biographer's account of Lucius is fictionalized (probably to mimic Nero, whose birthday Lucius shared[118]), and another part poorly compiled from a better biographical source,[119]。scholars have accepted these biographical details as accurate.[120]
  12. ^ These name-swaps have proven so confusing that even the Historia Augusta, our main source for the period, cannot keep them straight.[133] The fourth-century ecclesiastical historian Eusebius of Caesarea shows even more confusion.[134] The mistaken belief that Lucius had the name "Verus" before becoming emperor has proven especially popular.[135]
  13. ^ There was, however, much precedent. The consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under Pius, the lieutenant had been Marcus). Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past?Augustus planned to leave Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have Gaius Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus do so as well; Claudius left the empire to Nero and Britannicus, imagining that they would accept equal rank?but all of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius Caesar) or judicial murder (Gemellus by Caligula and Britannicus by Nero).[135]
  14. ^ The biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgment of Anthony Birley, untrue) rumor that Commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between Faustina and a gladiator.[146]
  15. ^ Because both Verus and Marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (HA Marcus 8.4?5), the flood must have happened before Verus' departure for the east in 162; because it appears in the biographer's narrative after Pius' funeral has finished and the emperors have settled into their offices, it must not have occurred in the spring of 161. A date in autumn 161 or spring 162 is probable, and, given the normal seasonal distribution of Tiber flooding, the most probable date is in spring 162.[162] (Birley dates the flood to autumn 161.[157])
  16. ^ Since 15 CE, the river had been administered by a Tiber Conservancy Board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. In 161, the curator alevi Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis ("Curator of the Tiber Bed and Banks and the City Sewers") was A. Platorius Nepos, son or grandson of the builder of Hadrian's Wall, whose name he shares. He probably had not been particularly incompetent. A more likely candidate for that incompetence is Nepos' likely predecessor, M. Statius Priscus. A military man and consul for 159, Priscus probably looked on the office as little more than "paid leave".[164]
  17. ^ Alan Cameron adduces the fifth-century writer Sidonius Apollinaris's comment that Marcus commanded "countless legions" vivente Pio (while Pius was alive) while contesting Birley's contention that Marcus had no military experience. (Neither Apollinaris nor the Historia Augusta (Birley's source) are particularly reliable on second-century history.[178])
  18. ^ Birley believes there is some truth in these considerations.[199]
  19. ^ The whole section of the vita dealing with Lucius' debaucheries (HA Verus 4.4?6.6), however, is an insertion into a narrative otherwise entirely cribbed from an earlier source. Most of the details are fabricated by the biographer himself, relying on nothing better than his own imagination.[205]

出典

  1. ^ Dio 69.21.1; HA Marcus 1.9; McLynn, 24.
  2. ^ Dio 69.21.1; HA Marcus 1.10; McLynn, 24.
  3. ^ Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Western Civilization: Sources, Images and Interpretations, Dennis Sherman, Vol. 1, 5th Ed., p. 104.
  5. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 229 30. The thesis of single authorship was first proposed in H. Dessau's "Uber Zeit und Personlichkeit der Scriptoes Historiae Augustae" (in German), Hermes 24 (1889), 337ff.
  6. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 230. On the HA Verus, see Barnes, 65?74.
  7. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 227.
  8. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 228?29, 253.
  9. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 227?28.
  10. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 228.
  11. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 49.
  12. ^ HA Marcus 1.2, 1.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 28; McLynn, 14.
  13. ^ Dio 69.21.2, 71.35.2?3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31.
  14. ^ Codex Inscriptionum Latinarum 14.3579; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 29; McLynn, 14, 575 n. 53, citing Ronald Syme, Roman Papers 1.244.
  15. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 29; McLynn, 14.
  16. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31, 44.
  17. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 29, citing Pliny, Epistulae 8.18.
  18. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 30.
  19. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31.
  20. ^ Farquharson, 1.95?96.
  21. ^ Meditations 1.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31.
  22. ^ HA Marcus 2.1 and Meditations 5.4, qtd. in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 32.
  23. ^ Meditations 1.3, qtd. in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 35.
  24. ^ Meditations 1.17.7, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 35.
  25. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 33.
  26. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 2.8.2 (= Haines 1.142), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31.
  27. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 31?32.
  28. ^ Meditations 1.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 35.
  29. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 35.
  30. ^ Meditations 1.17.2; Farquharson, 1.102; McLynn, 23; cf. Meditations 1.17.11; Farquharson, 1.103.
  31. ^ McLynn, 20?21.
  32. ^ Meditations 1.4; McLynn, 20.
  33. ^ HA Marcus 2.2, 4.9; Meditations 1.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 37; McLynn, 21?22.
  34. ^ HA Marcus 2.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 38; McLynn, 21.
  35. ^ Birley, Later Caesars, 109, 109 n.8; Marcus Aurelius, 40, 270 n.27, citing Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquia 1966/7, 39ff.
  36. ^ HA Marcus 2.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, 270 n.27.
  37. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, citing Aelius Aristides, Oratio 32 K; McLynn, 21.
  38. ^ Meditations 1.10; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40; McLynn, 22.
  39. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, 270 n.28, citing A.S.L. Farquharson, The Meditations of Marcus Antoninus (Oxford, 1944) 2.453.
  40. ^ HA Marcus 4.1, 4.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 36.
  41. ^ HA Marcus 1.10, 2.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 38; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 147. The appellation also survives on inscriptions: Birley cites (at Marcus Aurelius, p. 270 n.24) Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 A 697, and L'Annee epigraphique 1940.62. On the Salii, see: Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 36?37; McLynn, 18?19.
  42. ^ McLynn, 18, citing Michael Grant, The Antonines (1994), 26 for the characterization of verissimus as an example of Hadrian's waspish wit.
  43. ^ HA Marcus 4.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 37; McLynn, 19.
  44. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 38, 270 n.24.
  45. ^ HA Marcus 4.5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 39?40; McLynn, 24?25; R. Syme, "The Ummidii", Historia 17:1 (1968): 93?94.
  46. ^ HA Marcus 4.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 41.
  47. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 41.
  48. ^ HA Marcus 4.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 41.
  49. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 41?42.
  50. ^ HA Hadrian 23.15?16; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 45; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 148.
  51. ^ Dio 69.17.1; HA Aelius 3.7, 4.6, 6.1?7; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 147.
  52. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 46. Date: Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 148.
  53. ^ Dio 69.21.1; HA Hadrian 24.1; HA Aelius 6.9; HA Pius 4.6?7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 48?49.
  54. ^ HA Marcus 5.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 49.
  55. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 49?50.
  56. ^ HA Marcus 5.6?8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 50.
  57. ^ Dio 69.22.4; HA Hadrian 25.5?6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 50?51. Hadrian's suicide attempts: Dio 69.22.1?4; HA Hadrian 24.8?13.
  58. ^ HA Hadrian 25.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 53.
  59. ^ HA Pius 5.3, 6.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 55?56; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 151.
  60. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 55; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 151.
  61. ^ HA Marcus 6.2; Verus 2.3?4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 53?54.
  62. ^ Dio 71.35.5; HA Marcus 6.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 56.
  63. ^ Meditations 6.30, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57; cf. Marcus Aurelius, 270 n.9, with notes on the translation.
  64. ^ a b HA Marcus 6.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57.
  65. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57, 272 n.10, citing Codex Inscriptionum Latinarum 6.32, 6.379, cf. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 360.
  66. ^ Meditations 5.16, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57.
  67. ^ Meditations 8.9, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57.
  68. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57?58.
  69. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.7, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 90.
  70. ^ HA Marcus 6.5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 58.
  71. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 89.
  72. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 5.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 89.
  73. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 89.
  74. ^ Dio 71.36.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 89.
  75. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 90?91.
  76. ^ HA Pius 10.2, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 91.
  77. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 91.
  78. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 61.
  79. ^ HA Marcus 2.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 62.
  80. ^ Alan Cameron, review of Anthony Birley's Marcus Aurelius, Classical Review 17:3 (1967): 347.
  81. ^ Vita Sophistae 2.1.14; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 63?64.
  82. ^ Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 9.2.1?7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 64?65.
  83. ^ Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 19.12, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 65.
  84. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 65.
  85. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 67?68, citing E. Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome (1980), esp. chs. 3 and 4.
  86. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 65?67.
  87. ^ Champlin, Fronto, 1?2.
  88. ^ Ronald Mellor, review of Edward Champlin's Fronto and Antonine Rome, The American Journal of Philology 103:4 (1982): 460.
  89. ^ Cf., eg.: Ronald Mellor, review of Edward Champlin's Fronto and Antonine Rome, The American Journal of Philology 103:4 (1982): 461 and passim.
  90. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 69.
  91. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.6 (= Haines 1.80ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 76.
  92. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.6 (= Haines 1.80ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 76?77.
  93. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 3.10?11 (= Haines 1.50ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 73.
  94. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 73.
  95. ^ Champlin, "Chronology of Fronto", 138.
  96. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 5.74 ( =Haines 2.52ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 73.
  97. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 77. On the date, see Champlin, "Chronology of Fronto", 142, who (with Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (1964), 93ff) argues for a date in the 150s; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 78?79, 273 n.17 (with Ameling, Herodes Atticus (1983), 1.61ff, 2.30ff) argues for 140.
  98. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 3.2 (= Haines 1.58ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 77?78.
  99. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 3.3 (= Haines 1.62ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 78.
  100. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 3.3 (= Haines 1.62ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 79.
  101. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 80.
  102. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.13 (= Haines 1.214ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 93.
  103. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.3.1 (= Haines 1.2ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 94.
  104. ^ Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.3, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 69.
  105. ^ De Eloquentia 4.5 (= Haines 2.74), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 95. Alan Cameron, in his review of Birley's biography (The Classical Review 17:3 (1967): 347), suggests a reference to chapter 11 of Arthur Darby Nock's Conversion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933, rept. 1961): "Conversion to Philosophy".
  106. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 94, 105.
  107. ^ HA Marcus 3.5?8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 94.
  108. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 95; Champlin, Fronto, 120.
  109. ^ Champlin, Fronto, 174 n. 12.
  110. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 94?95, 101.
  111. ^ Champlin, Fronto, 120.
  112. ^ Meditations 1.7, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 94?95.
  113. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 103.
  114. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 206?7.
  115. ^ Meditations 9.40, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 207.
  116. ^ Meditations 10.34, tr. Farquharson, 78, 224.
  117. ^ HA Verus 2.9?11; 3.4?7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 108.
  118. ^ Suetonius, Nero 6.1; HA Verus 1.8; Barnes, 67; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 158. See also: Barnes, 69?70; Pierre Lambrechts, "L'empereur Lucius Verus. Essai de rehabilitation" (in French), Antiquite Classique 3 (1934), 173ff.
  119. ^ Barnes, 66. Poorly compiled: eg. Barnes, 68.
  120. ^ Barnes, 68?69.
  121. ^ HA Verus 2.9?11; 3.4?7; Barnes, 68; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 108.
  122. ^ Barnes, 68, citing J. Vogt, Die Alexandrinischen Miinzen (1924), I, III; 2, 62ff.
  123. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 112.
  124. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 114.
  125. ^ HA Pius 12.4?8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 114.
  126. ^ Dio 71.33.4?5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 114.
  127. ^ HA Marcus 7.5, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 116.
  128. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 116. Birley takes the phrase horror imperii from HA Pert. 13.1 and 15.8.
  129. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 156.
  130. ^ HA Verus 3.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 116; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 156.
  131. ^ HA Verus 4.1; Marcus 7.5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 116.
  132. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 116?17.
  133. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 157 n.53.
  134. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 157 n.53.
  135. ^ a b c d Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117.
  136. ^ HA Verus 4.2, tr. David Magie, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117, 278 n.4.
  137. ^ HA Marcus 7.9; Verus 4.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117?18.
  138. ^ HA Marcus 7.9; Verus 4.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117?18. "twice the size": Richard Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 109.
  139. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118.
  140. ^ HA Marcus 7.10, tr. David Magie, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118, 278 n.6.
  141. ^ HA Marcus 7.10?11; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118.
  142. ^ HA Pius 12.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118?19.
  143. ^ HA Marcus 7.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
  144. ^ HA Comm. 1.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
  145. ^ HA Comm. 1.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
  146. ^ HA Marcus 19.1?2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 278 n.9.
  147. ^ HA Comm. 1.4, 10.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
  148. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 155ff.; 949ff.
  149. ^ HA Marcus 7.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118.
  150. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118, citing Werner Eck, Die Organisation Italiens (1979), 146ff.
  151. ^ HA Marcus 8.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 157.
  152. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 122?23, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrieres procuratoriennes equestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I?III (Paris, 1960?61); Supplement (Paris, 1982), nos. 142; 156; Eric Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army (1953), 142ff., 151ff.
  153. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrieres procuratoriennes equestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I?III (Paris, 1960?61); Supplement (Paris, 1982), no. 141.
  154. ^ HA Marcus 8.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123, citing W. Eck, Die Satthalter der germ. Provinzen (1985), 65ff.
  155. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120, citing Ad Verum Imperator 1.3.2 (= Haines 1.298ff).
  156. ^ Ad Antoninum Imperator 4.2.3 (= Haines 1.302ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
  157. ^ a b Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120.
  158. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120, citing Ad Verum Imperator 1.1 (= Haines 1.305).
  159. ^ Ad Antoninum Imperator 4.1 (= Haines 1.300ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120.
  160. ^ HA Marcus 8.3?4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120.
  161. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 841; 845.
  162. ^ Gregory S. Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber in ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 30?31.
  163. ^ HA Marcus 8.4?5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120.
  164. ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 5932[リンク切れ] (Nepos), 1092[リンク切れ] (Priscus); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121.
  165. ^ Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 BC ? AD 337 (London: Duckworth, 1977), 6 and passim. See also: idem. "Emperors at Work", Journal of Roman Studies 57:1/2 (1967): 9?19.
  166. ^ Codex Justinianus 7.2.6, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133.
  167. ^ Digest 31.67.10, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133.
  168. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133.
  169. ^ HA Pius 12.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 114, 121.
  170. ^ Event: HA Marcus 8.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121. Date: Jaap-Jan Flinterman, "The Date of Lucian's Visit to Abonuteichos," Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997): 281.
  171. ^ HA Marcus 8.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121.
  172. ^ Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121.
  173. ^ Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121?22. On Alexander, see: Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), 241?50.
  174. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 278 n.19.
  175. ^ Dio 71.2.1; Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 21, 24, 25; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121?22.
  176. ^ HA Marcus 8.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 122.
  177. ^ HA Pius 7.11; Marcus 7.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 103?4, 122.
  178. ^ Pan. Ath. 203?4, qtd. and tr. Alan Cameron, review of Anthony Birley's Marcus Aurelius, The Classical Review 17:3 (1967): 349.
  179. ^ HA Marcus 8.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  180. ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 8.7050?51; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  181. ^ Incriptiones Latinae Selectae 1097[リンク切れ]?98[リンク切れ]; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  182. ^ Incriptiones Latinae Selectae 1091[リンク切れ]; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  183. ^ Incriptiones Latinae Selectae 2311[リンク切れ]; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  184. ^ HA Marcus 12.13; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  185. ^ L'Annee Epigraphique 1972.657; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 125.
  186. ^ HA Verus 9.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 125.
  187. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 1 (= Haines 2.3); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 126.
  188. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.1 (= Haines 2.5), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 126.
  189. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.4 (= Haines 2.9); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 126?27.
  190. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.6?12 (= Haines 2.11?19); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 126?27.
  191. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 4, tr. Haines 2.19; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 127.
  192. ^ De Feriis Alsiensibus 4 (= Haines 2.19), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 127.
  193. ^ De bello Parthico 10 (= Haines 2.31), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 127.
  194. ^ De bello Parthico 1?2 (= Haines 2.21?23).
  195. ^ De bello Parthico 1 (= Haines 2.21), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 127.
  196. ^ Ad Verum Imperator 2.1.19 (= Haines 2.149); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129.
  197. ^ Dio 71.1.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123.
  198. ^ HA Verus 5.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123, 125.
  199. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 125.
  200. ^ HA Marcus 8.9, tr. Magie; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123?26. On Lucius' voyage, see: HA Verus 6.7?9; HA Marcus 8.10?11; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 125?26.
  201. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129.
  202. ^ HA Verus 4.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129.
  203. ^ HA Verus 4.6, tr. Magie; cf. 5.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129.
  204. ^ HA Verus 8.7, 8.10?11; Fronto, Principae Historia 17 (= Haines 2.217); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129.
  205. ^ Barnes, 69.
  206. ^ HA Verus 9.2; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.199; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130?31.
  207. ^ HA Verus 7.7; Marcus 9.4; Barnes, 72; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163; cf. also Barnes, "Legislation Against the Christians", Journal of Roman Studies 58:1?2 (1968), 39; "Some Persons in the Historia Augusta", Phoenix 26:2 (1972), 142, citing the Vita Abercii 44ff.
  208. ^ HA Verus 7.10; Lucian, Imagines 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131. Cf. Lucian, Imagines, Pro Imaginibus, passim.
  209. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163.
  210. ^ HA Verus 7.7; Marcus 9.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131.
  211. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131, citing Anne Epigraphique 1958.15.
  212. ^ HA Verus 7.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131.
  213. ^ HA Marcus 9.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131.
  214. ^ HA Marcus 9.5?6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131.
  215. ^ HA Marcus 9.1; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
  216. ^ HA Marcus 9.1; HA Verus 7.1?2; Ad Verrum Imperator 2.3 (= Haines 2.133); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
  217. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 233ff.
  218. ^ Dio 71.3.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162; Millar, Near East, 113.
  219. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 280 n. 42; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
  220. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 261ff.; 300 ff.
  221. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130, 279 n. 38; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169; Millar, Near East, 112.
  222. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
  223. ^ Fronto, Ad Verum Imperator 2.1.3 (= Haines 2.133); Astarita, 41; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
  224. ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 1098[リンク切れ]; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130.
  225. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169.
  226. ^ Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 15, 19; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163.
  227. ^ Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 20, 28; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Syme, Roman Papers, 5.689ff.
  228. ^ HA Verus 8.3?4; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163. Birley cites R.H. McDowell, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935), 124ff., on the date.
  229. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164.
  230. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 384 ff., 1248 ff., 1271 ff.
  231. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing P. Kneissl, Die Siegestitulatur der romischen Kaiser. Untersuchungen zu den Siegerbeinamen des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts (Gottingen, 1969), 99 ff.
  232. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 401ff.
  233. ^ 2 A 1402f.; 1405; Astarita, passim; Syme, Bonner Historia-Augustia Colloquia 1984 (= Roman Papers IV (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), ?).
  234. ^ Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing Alfoldy, Konsulat, 24, 221.
  235. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. (1999). “The Roman Empire as Known to Han China”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 (1): 71?79. doi:10.2307/605541. http://jstor.org/stable/605541. 
  236. ^ Dio 72.11.3?4; Ad amicos 1.12 (= Haines 2.173); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 132.
  237. ^ Dio 72.11.3?4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 132, citing De nepote amisso 2 (= Haines 2.222); Ad Verum Imperator 2.9?10 (= Haines 2.232ff.).
  238. ^ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133, citing Geza Alfoldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand (1977), Moesia Inferior: 232 f.; Moesia Superior: 234f.; Pannonia Superior: 236f.; Dacia: 245f.; Pannonia Inferior: 251.
  239. ^ Gregory Hays. Introduction to Marcus Aurelius Meditations Weidenfeld and Nicholson London2003 pxlix
  240. ^ Stertz, 434, citing Themistius, Oratio 6.81; HA Cassius 3.5; Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus 16.9.
  241. ^ Gregory Hays. Introduction to Marcus Aurelius Meditations Weidenfeld and Nicholson London 2003 pp xlviii?xlix.

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