「siva」の意味や使い方わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

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シバ【(梵)Śiva】

読み方：しば

ヒンズー教で、ブラフマー・ビシュヌ神とともに三神の一。破壊と創造をつかさどる神で、生殖器崇拝とも関係が深い。

[補説] 「湿婆」とも書く。→大自在天

インド、エレファンタ島のシバ神像

ウィキペディア

索引トップ用語の索引ランキングカテゴリー

SIVA

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/09/04 14:30 UTC 版)

株式会社SIVA（英：SIVA Inc.）は、東京都中央区に本社を置く日本の企業。デジタルマーケティングプラットフォーム「Squad（スクワッド）」シリーズを開発・運営している。

[続きの解説]

「SIVA」の続きの解説一覧

シヴァ

(siva から転送)

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/02/03 14:27 UTC 版)

【スムリティ（聖伝）】

脚注

注釈

^ ブラクリティ：　物質世界；　グナ：　プラクリティを構成する要素、すなわちサットヴァ、ラジャス、タマス；
^ 例えばヴィシュワナタン（宇宙の王）、マハーデーヴァ、マヘーシャ、マヘーシュヴァラ、シャンカラ、シャムブー、ルドラ、ハラ、トリローチャナ、デヴェンドラ（神々の長）、ニーラカンタ、スバンカラ、トリロキナータ（三界の王）^[33]^[34]^[35]、グルネシュワル（慈悲の王）^[36]などが挙げられる。
^ シヴァは踊りの神でもある。
^ 牛の王と獣の王^[53]の両義にとれる。またパシュパティはシヴァの異名のひとつである。
^ ジョン・ケイ曰く「禁欲と瞑想はルドラの特徴ではないし、牛以外の動物と関連づけられることもない」。
^ スタンバのこと。リンガ信仰の項を参照。
^ ヴェーダ神話の時代からヒンドゥー教神話の時代に移行しつつある時期に、ルドラがアスラの築いた3つの砦を1本の矢で破壊する物語が成立している。時代が下ると物語はやや変容し、アスラの築いた「三都」を矢で破壊するのはシヴァだとされた。詳細は「トリプラースラ」を参照。
^ 「うなる」はルドラの語源と考えられている^[79]。
^ ルドラに捧げられた賛歌。名前を集めた賛歌としては初期のものになる^[84]。
^ 2.20.3,^[101]6.45.17,^[102]^[103] and 8.93.3.^[104]
^ 『シヴァ・プラーナ』、『リンガ・プラーナ』、『スカンダ・プラーナ』、『アグニ・プラーナ』
^ あるいはビーラ・シバ派（英語版）とも呼ばれる。
^ 女神、例えばパールヴァティなど。
^ 例えばガネーシャ、スカンダなど自分の帰依する神。
^ Gauri, Kali, Uma
^ ルドラは妹のアンビカー (神)（英語版）と所有物を共有していると言われている。
^ 『アタルヴァ・ヴェーダ』の時代には、ソーマと月ははっきりと同一視されている。『リグ・ヴェーダ』においても、少なくとも、月が欠けるのは神々がアムリタを飲むためだとする一節がある。^[187]
^ カーラは「時間」、「黒」と両義にとれる
^ ヴィシュヌの女性としてのアヴァターラ
^ このエピソードにはバリエーションが存在する。
^ 参照：　en:Sannyasa

出典

^ ^a ^b Flood 1996, pp. 17, 153
^ Tattwananda, p. 45.
^ Zimmer (1972) p. 124.
^ Jan Gonda (1969), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pages 212-226
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arvind Sharma 2000, p. 65.
^ ^a ^b Issitt & Main 2014, pp. 147, 168.
^ Flood 1996, p. 151.
^ ^a ^b David Kinsley 1988, p. 50, 103-104.
^ ^a ^b Tracy Pintchman 2015, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171.
^ Kramrisch 1981, pp. 184–188
^ Davis, pp. 113-114.
^ William K. Mahony 1998, p. 14.
^ Flood 1996, p. 150.
^ Shiva Samhita, e.g. translation by Mallinson.
^ Varenne, p. 82.
^ Marchand for Jnana Yoga.
^ Fuller, p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Flood 1996, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b ^c Keay, p.xxvii.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, pages 1074-1076
^ Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000). The Embodiment of Bhakti. Oxford University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3
^ For use of the term śiva as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: Chakravarti, p. 28.
^ Chakravarti 1986, pp. 21–22.
^ Chakravarti 1986, pp. 1, 7, 21–23.
^ For root śarv- see: Apte, p. 910.
^ ^a ^b Sharma 1996, p. 306.
^ Apte, p. 927
^ For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of Śiva (śivaśāna) and which focus on the deity Śiva... " see: Flood (1996), p. 149.
^ van Lysebeth, Andre (2002). Tantra: Cult of the Feminine. Weiser Books. p. 213. ISBN 9780877288459
^ Tyagi, Ishvar Chandra (1982). Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 81
^ Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Ramakrishna Math edition, pg.47 and pg. 122.
^ Swami Chinmayananda's translation of Vishnu sahasranama, p. 24, Central Chinmaya Mission Trust.
^ For translation see: Dutt, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.
^ For translation see: Ganguli, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.
^ Chidbhavananda, "Siva Sahasranama Stotram".
^ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 247. ISBN 0-8239-3179-X
^ ^a ^b Kramrisch, p. 477.
^ ^a ^b For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see:Sharma 1996, p. 299
^ For Parameśhvara as "Supreme Lord" see: Kramrisch, p. 479.
^ Sir Monier Monier-Williams, sahasranAman, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-8120831056
^ Sharma 1996, p. viii-ix
^ This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See Chidbhavananda, p. 5.
^ James A. Boon (1977). The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597-1972. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143, 205. ISBN 978-0-521-21398-1
^ Javid, Ali (January 2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-87586-484-6
^ Mathpal, Yashodhar (1984). Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India. Abhinav Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7017-193-5
^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4, "... prehistoric cave paintings at Bhimbetka (from ca. 100,000 to ca. 10,000 BCE) which were discovered only in 1967..."
^ Howard Morphy (2014). Animals Into Art. Routledge. pp. 364–366. ISBN 978-1-317-59808-4
^ National Museum, New Delhi (India). “Pre-History & Archaeology”. National Museum, New Delhi (India). 2016年12月2日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Flood (1996), pp. 28–29.
^ ^a ^b For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in: Flood (1996), p. 29.
^ Singh, S.P., Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro(Approx 2500-3000 BC), Puratattva 19: 19-26. 1989
^ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
^ For translation of paśupati as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312.
^ Ranbir Vohra (2000). The Making of India: A Historical Survey. M.E. Sharpe. p. 15
^ Grigoriĭ Maksimovich Bongard-Levin (1985). Ancient Indian Civilization. Arnold-Heinemann. p. 45
^ Steven Rosen; Graham M. Schweig (2006). Essential Hinduism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN 978-9004107588
^ Flood 1996, pp. 28–29.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Flood 2003, pp. 204–205.
^ Flood (2003), pp. 204–205.
^ John Keay. India: A History. Grove Press. p. 14
^ ^a ^b Possehl, Gregory L. (2002-11-11). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. pp. 140–144. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
^ ^a ^b Roger D. Woodard (2010). Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult. University of Illinois Press. pp. 60–67, 79–80. ISBN 978-0-252-09295-4
^ Alain Daniélou (1992). Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-89281-374-2 , Quote: "The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva, Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness".
^ Namita Gokhale (2009). The Book of Shiva. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-14-306761-0
^ Pierfrancesco Callieri (2005), A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India, East and West, Vol. 55, No. 1/4 (December 2005), pages 71-80
^ Long, J. Bruce (1971). “Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss”. Numen 18 (3): 180. doi:10.2307/3269768.
^ ^a ^b Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1980), Dionysus and Siva: Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (Aug. - Nov., 1980), pages 81-111
^ Patrick Laude (2005). Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–60. ISBN 978-1-4039-8058-8
^ Walter Friedrich Otto; Robert B. Palmer (1965). Dionysus: Myth and Cult. Indiana University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-253-20891-2
^ Dineschandra Sircar (1998). The Śākta Pīṭhas. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. ISBN 978-81-208-0879-9
^ Chakravarti 1986, p. 28.
^ Cappeller 1891, p. 548.
^ Michaels, p. 316.
^ ^a ^b 『インド神話伝説辞典』 159-160頁。（シヴァ）
^ For dating based on "cumulative evidence" see: Oberlies, p. 158.
^ ^a ^b Chakravarti 1986, p. 3-4.
^ Flood (2003), p. 73.
^ Kramrisch, p. 5.
^ 『神の文化史事典』 253頁。（シヴァ）
^ Stella Kramrisch (1993). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-691-01930-4
^ 『インド神話伝説辞典』 352-354頁。（ルドラ）
^ Chakravarti 1986, pp. 2–3.
^ For the Śatarudrīya as an early example of enumeration of divine names, see: Flood (1996), p. 152.
^ For an overview of the Śatarudriya see: Kramrisch, pp. 71-74.
^ For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see: Sivaramamurti (1976).
^ ^a ^b Chakravarti 1986, p. 7.
^ Stella Kramrisch (1993). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-691-01930-4
^ Chakravarti 1986, pp. 1–9.
^ For general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.
^ For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: Kramrisch, pp. 15-19.
^ For quotation "An important factor in the process of Rudra's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as Rudra-Śiva." see: Chakravarti, p. 17.
^ For translation from Nirukta 10.7, see: Sarup (1927), p. 155.
^ Kramrisch, p. 18.
^ For "Note Agni-Rudra concept fused" in epithets Sasipañjara and Tivaṣīmati see: Sivaramamurti, p. 45.
^ “Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 6: HYMN XLVIII. Agni and Others”. Sacred-texts.com. 2010年6月6日閲覧。
^ For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull, and Rudra, see: Chakravarti, p. 89.
^ RV 8.49; 10.155.
^ For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.
^ Doniger, Wendy (1973). “The Vedic Antecedents”. Śiva, the erotic ascetic. Oxford University Press US. pp. 84–9
^ For text of RV 2.20.3a as स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता । and translation as "May that young adorable Indra, ever be the friend, the benefactor, and protector of us, his worshipper" see: Arya & Joshi (2001), p. 48, volume 2.
^ For text of RV 6.45.17 as यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ and translation as "Indra, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: Arya & Joshi (2001), p. 91, volume 3.
^ For translation of RV 6.45.17 as "Thou who hast been the singers' Friend, a Friend auspicious with thine aid, As such, O Indra, favour us" see: Griffith 1973, p. 310.
^ For text of RV 8.93.3 as स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ and translation as "May Indra, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: Arya & Joshi (2001), p. 48, volume 2.
^ For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see: Chakravarti, p. 89.
^ RV 7.19.
^ For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra, see: Chakravarti, p. 8.
^ ^a ^b Lisa Owen (2012). Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. BRILL Academic. pp. 25–29. ISBN 90-04-20629-9
^ ^a ^b C. Sivaramamurti (2004). Satarudriya: Vibhuti Or Shiva's Iconography. Abhinav Publications. pp. 41, 59. ISBN 978-81-7017-038-9 "Vishnu and Siva are thus both Sahasraksha, both are Vrishakapi, both Harihara. Indra is also sahasraksha. This is an early association of Rudra and Indra in this as in many other aspects", "The Kushanas had great veneration for Siva..."
^ Hans Loeschner (2012), Victor Mair (Editor), The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 227, pages 11, 19
^ ^a ^b T. Richard Blurton (1993). Hindu Art. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-674-39189-5
^ Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. pp. 75–80. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7 "Very likely the Kushans placed such emphasis on Siva because most major tribes with whom hey came into contact, such as the Audumbaras, Kunindas,... venerated Siva and either included on their coins Siva himself, his mount..."
^ Flood 1996, p. 86.
^ Flood 2003, p. 205, for date of Mahabhasya see: Peter M. Scharf (1996), The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-863-6, page 1 with footnote 2.
^ Robert Hume, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 399, 403
^ M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120813304, pages 32-36
^ [a] A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531;
[b] Doris Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, ISBN 978-9004107588, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9
^ ^a ^b Deussen 1997, pp. 792–793.
^ Sastri 1898, pp. 80–82.
^ Deussen 1997, p. 556, 769 footnote 1.
^ ^a ^b Deussen 1997, p. 769.
^ Klostermaier 1984, pp. 134, 371.
^ Radhakrishnan 1953, p. 929.
^ Flood 2003, pp. 205–206.
^ Rocher 1986, pp. 187–188, 222–228.
^ Flood 1996, pp. 162–169.
^ Phyllis Granoff (2003), Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God, Rivista degli studi orientali, Vol. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (2003), pages 95-114
^ For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see: Keay, p. 147.
^ Nath 2001, p. 31.
^ ^a ^b ^c Courtright, p. 205.
^ For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: Mate, p. 162.
^ Biroba, Mhaskoba und Khandoba: Ursprung, Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra, Wiesbaden 1976 (German with English Synopsis) pp. 180-98, "Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva."
^ For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: Mate, p. 176.
^ For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, see: Gupta, Preface, and p. 40.
^ Michaels 2004, p. 216.
^ Michaels 2004, pp. 216–218.
^ Surendranath Dasgupta (1973). A History of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 48–49, 65–67, 155–161. ISBN 978-81-208-0416-6
^ David N. Lorenzen (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects. University of California Press. pp. 2–5, 15–17, 38, 80. ISBN 978-0-520-01842-6
^ ^a ^b Narendranath B. Patil (2003). The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-81-208-1953-5
^ Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism. State University of New York Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-88706-431-9
^ Michaels 2004, pp. 215–216.
^ David Lawrence, Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy, University of Manitoba, Canada, IEP, Section 1(d)
^ Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin, ISBN 978-0141913377, pages 10-12, Quote: "(...) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too"
^ Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447025225, page 23 with footnotes
^ EO James (1997), The Tree of Life, BRILL Academic, ISBN 978-9004016125, pages 150-153
^ Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, ISBN 978-1577316695, page 17; for Sanskrit, see: Skanda Purana Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20-21 (Sanskrit)
^ Saroj Panthey (1987). Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings. Mittal Publications. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7099-016-1
^ Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman. ed. Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism. State University of New York Press. pp. 120–125 with footnotes. ISBN 978-1-4384-0437-0
^ Charles Johnston (1913). The Atlantic Monthly. CXII. Riverside Press, Cambridge. pp. 835–836
^ Coburn 2002, pp. 1, 53–56, 280.
^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 426.
^ David Kinsley 1988, pp. 101–105.
^ Tracy Pintchman 2014, pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171.
^ Coburn 1991, pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232.
^ ^a ^b McDaniel 2004, p. 90.
^ ^a ^b Brown 1998, p. 26.
^ The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125 Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator); for Sanskrit original see: ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५
^ Brown 1998, p. 77.
^ Warrier 1967, pp. 77–84.
^ Rocher 1986, p. 193.
^ David R. Kinsley (1975). The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press. pp. 102 with footnote 42. ISBN 978-0-520-02675-9 , Quote: "In the Devi Mahatmya, it is quite clear that Durga is an independent deity, great in her own right, and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities. And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate, it is Visnu rather than Siva".
^ Gupteshwar Prasad (1994). I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa. Sarup & Sons. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-81-85431-37-6
^ Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment. State University of New York Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-7914-1073-8
^ ^a ^b Gudrun Bühnemann (2003). Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions. BRILL Academic. p. 60. ISBN 978-9004129023
^ James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 140–142, 191, 201–203. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5
^ Gavin D. Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
^ ^a ^b [a] Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979). Śiva Sūtras. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx. ISBN 978-81-208-0407-4 ;
[b] James Mallinson (2007). The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition. Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-9716466-5-0. OCLC 76143968
^ ^a ^b [a] Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh. State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi. ISBN 978-0-7914-1073-8 ;
[b] Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980). The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya. State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4. ISBN 978-0-7914-1179-7
^ Andrew J. Nicholson (2014). Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita. State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4384-5102-2
^ David Smith (2003). The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8
^ For quotation defining the trimurti see Matchett, Freda. "The Purāṇas", in: Flood (2003), p. 139.
^ For the Trimurti system having Brahma as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva as the transformer or destroyer see: Zimmer (1972) p. 124.
^ The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states Jan Gonda, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of Agni, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: Jan Gonda (1969), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pages 218-219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: [a] David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226894843, pages 4, 29
[b] Jan Gonda (1969), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pages 212-226
^ For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see: Flood (1996), p. 151.
^ For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of tryambaka, see: Chakravarti, pp. 37-39.
^ For usage of the word ambaka in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction, see: Chakravarti, pp. 38-39.
^ For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see: Kramrisch, p. 483.
^ For discussion of the problems in translation of this name, and the hypothesis regarding the Ambikās see: Hopkins (1968), p. 220.
^ For the Ambikā variant, see: Chakravarti, pp. 17, 37.
^ For the moon on the forehead see: Chakravarti, p. 109.
^ For śekhara as crest or crown, see: Apte, p. 926.
^ For Candraśekhara as an iconographic form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), p. 56.
^ For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see: Kramrisch, p. 472.
^ For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra-Shiva, see: Chakravarti, p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Chakravarti 1986, p. 56.
^ Chakravarti 1986, p. 57.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chakravarti 1986, p. 58.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Flood (1996), p. 151.
^ This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of Brahmanic origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See: Flood (1996), pp. 92, 161.
^ Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004178960, pages 182-183
^ Paul Deussen (1980). Sechzig Upaniṣad's des Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 775–776, 789–790, 551. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7
^ Chidbhavananda, p. 22.
^ For translation of Kapardin as "Endowed with matted hair" see: Sharma 1996, p. 279.
^ Kramrisch, p. 475.
^ For Kapardin as a name of Shiva, and description of the kaparda hair style, see, Macdonell, p. 62.
^ Sharma 1996, p. 290
^ See: name #93 in Chidbhavananda, p. 31.
^ For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see: Flood (1996), p. 78.
^ ^a ^b Kramrisch, p. 473.
^ For alternate stories about this feature, and use of the name Gaṅgādhara see: Chakravarti, pp. 59 and 109.
^ For description of the Gaṅgādhara form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), p. 8.
^ For Shiva supporting Gaṅgā upon his head, see: Kramrisch, p. 473.
^ Flood (1996), p. 151
^ Wayman & Singh 1991, p. 266.
^ Suresh Chandra 1998, p. 309.
^ Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991, p. 51.
^ Michaels, p. 218.
^ For definition and shape, see: Apte, p. 461.
^ Jansen, p. 44.
^ Jansen, p. 25.
^ For use by Kāpālikas, see: Apte, p. 461.
^ C. Sivaramamurti (1963). South Indian Bronzes. Lalit Kalā Akademi. pp. 41
^ John A. Grimes (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-7914-3067-5
^ Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014). Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India. Routledge. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-1-317-80631-8
^ For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull (Nandin) as Shiva's mount, see: Chakravarti, pp. 99-105.
^ For spelling of alternate proper names Nandī and Nandin see: Stutley, p. 98.
^ Sharma 1996, p. 291
^ Kramrisch, p. 479.
^ For the name Kailāsagirivāsī (Sanskrit कैलासिगिरवासी), "With his abode on Mount Kailāsa", as a name appearing in the Shiva Sahasranama, see: Sharma 1996, p. 281.
^ For identification of Mount Kailāsa as the central linga, see: Stutley (1985), p. 62.
^ Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend（英語版） (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna L. Dallapiccola
^ Keay, p. 33.
^ For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see: Flood (1996), p. 150.
^ George Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
^ For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes, and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms, see: Chakravarti, p. 7.
^ For summary of Shiva's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata, see: Sharma 1988, pp. 20–21.
^ For rud- meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see: Kramrisch, p. 5.
^ Citation to M. Mayrhofer, Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary, s.v. "rudra", is provided in: Kramrisch, p. 5.
^ Sharma 1996, p. 301.
^ Sharma 1996, p. 314.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kramrisch, p. 476.
^ Kramrisch, p. 474.
^ Sharma 1996, p. 280.
^ Apte, p. 727, left column.
^ Kramrisch, p. 481.
^ Flood (1996), p. 92.
^ Chakravarti 1986, pp. 28 (note 7), and p. 177.
^ For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see: Flood (1996), pp. 150-151.
^ For Shiva's representation as a yogi, see: Chakravarti, p. 32.
^ For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga, see, Chakravarti, pp. 23, 32, 150.
^ For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences, see: Chakravarti, p. 32.
^ For Umāpati, Umākānta and Umādhava as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature, see: Sharma 1996, p. 278.
^ For Umā as the oldest name, and variants including Pārvatī, see: Chakravarti, p. 40.
^ For Pārvatī identified as the wife of Shiva, see: Kramrisch, p. 479.
^ For regional name variants of Karttikeya see: Gupta, Preface.
^ Doniger, Wendy (1999). Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India. London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–5. ISBN 978-0-226-15641-5
^ Vanita, Ruth; Kidwai, Saleem (2001). Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-312-29324-6
^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-56023-181-3
^ See Mohini#Relationship with Shiva（英語版） for details
^ McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Benegal. Oxford University Press, US. p. 156. ISBN 0-19-516790-2
^ Vettam Mani (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 62, 515–6. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0
^ For description of the nataraja form see: Jansen, pp. 110-111.
^ For interpretation of the naṭarāja form see: Zimmer, pp. 151-157.
^ For names Nartaka (Sanskrit नर्तक) and Nityanarta (Sanskrit नित्यनर्त) as names of Shiva, see: Sharma 1996, p. 289.
^ For prominence of these associations in puranic times, see: Chakravarti, p. 62.
^ For popularity of the nṛtyamūrti and prevalence in South India, see: Chakravarti, p. 63.
^ Kramrisch, Stella (1994). “Siva's Dance”. The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. p. 439
^ Klostermaier, Klaus K.. “Shiva the Dancer”. Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 151
^ Massey, Reginald. “India's Kathak Dance”. India's Kathak Dance, Past Present, Future. Abhinav Publications. p. 8
^ ^a ^b Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). Romance of the Raga. Abhinav Publications. p. 96
^ Leeming, David Adams (2001). A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 45
^ Radha, Sivananda (1992). “Mantra of Muladhara Chakra”. Kuṇḍalinī Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass（英語版）. p. 304
^ when it requires to be destroyed, Lord Śiva does it by the tāṇḍavanṛtya
^ For iconographic description of the Dakṣiṇāmūrti form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), p. 47.
^ For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see: Kramrisch, p. 472.
^ For characterization of Dakṣiṇāmūrti as a mostly south Indian form, see: Chakravarti, p. 62.
^ For the deer-throne and the audience of sages as Dakṣiṇāmūrti, see: Chakravarti, p. 155.
^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin (1989) as "half-man, half-woman", and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as "the lord who is half woman" as given in Marglin (1989, 216). Goldberg, p. 1.
^ For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period, when it was used to enhance Shiva's increasing influence, see: Chakravarti, p.46.
^ For the Tripurāntaka form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), pp. 34, 49.
^ Michaels, p. 216.
^ Flood (1996), p. 29.
^ Tattwananda, pp. 49-52.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lingam: Hindu symbol Encyclopedia Britannica
^ Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary, लिङ्ग, page 901
^ Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. pp. 572–573. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1
^ O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981). Śiva, the erotic ascetic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-520250-3
^ Sen, Amiya P. (2006). “Editor's Introduction”. The Indispensable Vivekananda. Orient Blackswan. pp. 25–26
^ Sivananda, Swami (1996). “Worship of Siva Linga”. Lord Siva and His Worship. The Divine Life Trust Society
^ Balagangadhara, S.N., Sarah Claerhout (Spring 2008). “Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies”. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 7 (19): 118–143.
^ Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 543 footnote 4. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3
^ Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). “God, the Father”. Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-81-208-1450-9
^ ^a ^b Vivekananda, Swami. “The Paris congress of the history of religions”. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. 4
^ Swati Mitra (2011). Omkareshwar and Maheshwar. Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government. p. 25. ISBN 978-93-80262-24-6
^ For five as a sacred number, see: Kramrisch, p. 182.
^ It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see: Kramrisch, p. 182.
^ For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see: Kramrisch, pp. 182-189.
^ For distinct iconography, see Kramrisch, p. 185.
^ For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see: Kramrisch, p. 182.
^ For the epithets pañcamukha and pañcavaktra, both of which mean "five faces", as epithets of Śiva, see: Apte, p. 578, middle column.
^ For variation in attributions among texts, see: Kramrisch, p. 187.
^ Kramrisch, p. 184.
^ Quotation from Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31 is from: Kramrisch, p. 182.
^ Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). Avatar and incarnation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-19-520361-5
^ Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3
^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 635
^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. pp. 474. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). Avatar and incarnation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-19-520361-5
^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-530921-8
^ Catherine Ludvík (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5
^ Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985) "Hanuman Chalisa" p. 5
^ “Footnote 70:1 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I - Chapter IX”. 2016年12月2日閲覧。
^ “Footnote 83:4 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I - Chapter X”. 2016年12月2日閲覧。
^ “Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 - English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada”. 2015年8月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。unknown閲覧。
^ Sengaku Mayeda (Translator) (1979). A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara. State University of New York Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7914-0943-5
^ ^a ^b Karen Pechilis (2012). Selva J. Raj. ed. Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia. State University of New York Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-7914-8200-1
^ ^a ^b ^c Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. pp. 137, 186. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ Bruce Long (1982). Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum. ed. Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka (Chapter: "Mahāśivaratri: the Saiva festival of repentance"). Manohar. pp. 189–217
^ Cath Senker (2007). My Hindu Year. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-4042-3731-5
^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 39, 140. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ Manju Bhatnagar (1988). “The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan”. Asian Folklore Studies 47 (1): 63–72. JSTOR 1178252.
^ Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). “The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal”. Asian Folklore Studies 53 (2): 259–305.
^ David N. Lorenzen (1978), Warrior Ascetics in Indian History, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61-75
^ William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107406377
^ ^a ^b Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5
^ David Kalupahana（英語版） (2001). Buddhist Thought and Ritual. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 95. ISBN 8120817737 2013年10月13日閲覧。
^ Barnaby B. Dhs. What Is Tantric Practice?. p. 43 2013年10月13日閲覧。
^ Winfried Corduan. Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions. InterVarsiry Press. p. 377
^ Kapoor 2003, p. 17.
^ Ronald Morse (2015). Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4422-4823-6
^ Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3
^ P. 377 Classical Hinduism By Mariasusai Dhavamony
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia
^ ^a ^b Religions and Religious Movements – II, p. 427
^ Moerdowo (R. M.) (1982). Wayang, its significance in Indonesian society. p. 37
^ Roberts, Jeremy (2009). Japanese Mythology A to Z. Infobase Publishing. p. 28
^ Pal, Pratapaditya. Indian Sculpture: 700-1800. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 180

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「シヴァ」の続きの解説一覧

ウィキペディア小見出し辞書

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SIVA

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「GAUSS (企業)」の記事における「SIVA」の解説

SIVAは競馬場の芝とインドの神様であるシヴァに由来する。競馬の勝馬投票券の予測をするウェブアプリケーション、モバイルアプリケーションで、言葉で問いかけるインターフェースに特徴がある。以前から馬券をやっていた人よりも、新しく競馬をやってみようという人を増やすことを意図している。JRA（日本中央競馬会）のデータ、およびウェブ上の情報から学習する。また、「SIVA PRESS」というサイトも設けている。開発のきっかけは創業者である宇都宮の父親が競馬好きだったこと、AIの応用としてデータが充実してわかりやすかったことがあげられる。宇都宮が富士通に在籍していたときから開発を始め、同社で事業提案して採択されていたが、1か月の待ち時間に宇都宮が耐え切れず、富士通を退職して 2017年2月からサービス開始、GAUSSの創業に至っている。2017年のジャパンカップでは3連複（三連勝複式）を的中させたという。インド競馬を対象とした海外展開も検討しており、2019年2月にはユーザー数が8万人を突破した。2019年4月から運営元を毎日新聞とスポーツニッポンが出資する株式会社CYMESに移行。サービス名を「スポニチ AI 競馬予想 SIVA」に変更し、スポニチアネックスの競馬記事も配信するようになった（4月5日から5月9日まではβ版として無料リリース）。

※この「SIVA」の解説は、「GAUSS (企業)」の解説の一部です。
「SIVA」を含む「GAUSS (企業)」の記事については、「GAUSS (企業)」の概要を参照ください。

SIVA

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「幻影都市」の記事における「SIVA」の解説

本作の舞台となる新香港を統括する『国際情報企業集団』。社名の由来はヒンドゥー教の3最高神の一柱より。基本的にインナーを社員とし、アウターを労働者として雇っているが、その体制にアウターの不満は爆発寸前である。 SIVAの前身である『IVA』時代は図体ばかり大きいスーパーコンピューターを経営の中核としていたが、後に世界の情報企業体を結びつけた社会共同体として発展。202X年の全世界のネットワークの『動脈』を担っており、そのネットワークセンターがSIVAタワーである。ネットワークセキュリティは堅固であり、本社ビルの見取図は強力なプロテクトが施されており、アイレンが雇っているAランクのハック・スタッフが何人も廃人にされ手に入れる事は不可能である。また技術開発は202X年現在においてトップクラスではある。しかし一部公表していない非人道的な実験を行っている。

※この「SIVA」の解説は、「幻影都市」の解説の一部です。
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sivaとは？ わかりやすく解説

シバ【(梵)Śiva】

SIVA

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sivaとは？わかりやすく解説