じょうほう‐の‐ひたいしょうせい〔ジヤウホウ‐〕【情報の非対称性】
情報の非対称性 asymmetry of information
情報の非対称性
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/03/19 05:20 UTC 版)
契約理論と経済学において、情報の非対称性(じょうほうのひたいしょうせい、英: Information asymmetry)とは、取引における意思決定の研究で一方の当事者がもう一方よりも多くの、または優れた情報を持っている状態のことをいう。
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- ^ 情報の非対称性を生み出すために使用されるツールは、以下の記事で説明されている。http://ssrn.com/abstract=2383166
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情報の非対称性
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2016/10/22 16:03 UTC 版)
情報の非対称性は、経済取引における主体者間(例えば企業と消費者)に存在する情報格差を指す言葉である。主体者間に情報格差が存在する場合、効率的な経済取引が阻害され、社会的損失を生み出す可能性が存在する。例えば、消費者は一般的に生産者である企業よりも商品について多くの情報を持たない。このため粗悪な商品を適正価格以上で販売される可能性がある(逆選抜)。また逆に、自動車保険に加入したために、それまでは多大な注意を払っていた運転が、以前に比べていい加減になる可能性も否定できない(モラル・ハザード)。これは保険会社が契約者の行動を常に把握できないことから生じる情報格差である。この他にも多数の例が存在するので、詳しくは以下の項目を参照。 情報の非対称性 モラル・ハザード 逆選抜(逆選択) レモン市場 シグナリング(Signalling) スクリーニング(Screening) なお、2001年には、ジョージ・アカロフ、マイケル・スペンス、ジョセフ・E・スティグリッツの3名が、情報の非対称性に関する研究によりノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。
※この「情報の非対称性」の解説は、「情報経済学」の解説の一部です。
「情報の非対称性」を含む「情報経済学」の記事については、「情報経済学」の概要を参照ください。
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