抗酸化物質とは？

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生物学用語辞典
JabionJabion

抗酸化剤

同義/類義語：抗酸化物質
英訳・(英)同義/類義語：antioxidant

ある物質の酸顔を抑制する目的で加える物質。自分自身が参加されやすい化合物であることが多い。
「生物学用語辞典」の他の用語
化合物名や化合物に関係する事項：  抗ヒスタミン薬  抗利尿薬  抗甲状腺物質  抗酸化剤  放出ホルモン  放射能  有機化合物

辞書の索引用語の索引ランキングカテゴリー

健康関連用語辞典
Supplement Kuchikomi RankingSupplement Kuchikomi Ranking

抗酸化物質（コウサンカブッシツ）

「活性酸素」によって「私たちの細胞が酸化するのを防ぐ」物質のことを言います。1.酵素(抗酸化酵素)、2.ビタミン、3.植物化学栄養素(ファイトケミカル)、4.Q10補酵素、メラトニン、グルタチオンなどがあります。

辞書の索引用語の索引ランキング

健康用語辞典
厚生労働省厚生労働省

抗酸化物質

読み方：こうさんかぶっしつ
【英】：antioxidant

活性酸素の発生やその働きを抑制したり、活性酸素そのものを取り除く物質のこと。ポリフェノール、カロテノイドなどの種類がある。

　活性酸素を取り除き、酸化の働きを抑える物質のことです。活性酸素は微量であれば人体に有用な働きをしますが、大量に生成されると過酸化脂質を作り出し、動脈硬化、がん、老化、免疫機能の低下などを引き起こします。
　抗酸化物質には、体内で合成される体内合成抗酸化物質のほかに、ポリフェノールとカロテノイドがあります。近年注目されているポリフェノールには、ブルーベリーなどに含まれるアントシアニン、大豆に含まれるイソフラボンやサポニン、ゴマの成分が変化してできるセサミノール、そばに含まれるルチン、緑茶のカテキンと発酵茶（紅茶・ウーロン茶など）のテアフラビンの総称であるタンニンなどがあります。カロテノイドは、緑黄色野菜や果物など多くの食品に含まれるβ-カロテンやリコピン、えびやかになど甲殻類や、さけ、ますなど魚類がもつアスタキサンチンなどが知られています。


辞書の索引用語の索引ランキング

PDQ®がん用語辞書
がん情報サイトがん情報サイト

抗酸化物質

【仮名】こうさんかぶっしつ
【原文】antioxidant

フリーラジカル（正常な代謝における酸化の過程で生成される不安定な分子）による損傷から細胞を保護する作用をもった物質。フリーラジカルは、がんや心疾患、脳卒中、その他の加齢疾患の発生に一定の役割を果たしている可能性がある。抗酸化物質としてはβカロチン、リコピン、ビタミンa、c、eなどがあり、この他にも天然および人工の物質が存在する。

辞書の索引用語の索引ランキング

ウィキペディア
ウィキペディアウィキペディア

抗酸化物質

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2010/09/05 04:46 UTC 版)

抗酸化剤の一つ、グルタチオンの空間充填モデル。黄色球は酸化還元活性、すなわち抗酸化作用を有する硫黄原子。その他、赤色、青色、白色、黒色球はそれぞれ酸素、窒素、水素、炭素原子。

抗酸化物質（antioxidant）とは、他の物質の酸化を抑制する能力を持つ分子のことである。酸化とは基質から酸化剤へ電子を転移させる化学反応のことである。酸化反応ではフリーラジカルを生成させることができる。このフリーラジカルはラジカル連鎖反応を引き起こし、細胞に損傷を与える。抗酸化物質はフリーラジカル中間体を除去することによりラジカル連鎖反応を終了させ、他の酸化反応を抑制する。このとき抗酸化物質自体は酸化するため、抗酸化物質はチオール、アスコルビン酸またはポリフェノール類のようにしばしば還元剤である[1]。

酸化反応は生命にとって極めて重要であるが有害でもある。そのため植物や動物はグルタチオン、ビタミンC、ビタミンE、酵素ではカタラーゼ、スーパーペルオキシドジスムターゼ、ペルオキシダーゼ類などさまざまな種類の抗酸化物質の維持複合系を持つ。抗酸化物質の濃度が低いとき、もしくは抗酸化酵素が阻害されたときはそれが酸化ストレスとなり、細胞損傷や細胞死の原因となる。

酸化ストレスはヒトの多くの病気の原因の一つであり、薬理学分野では抗酸化物質の研究が盛んに行われている。特に脳卒中、神経変性病の治療に対する研究が顕著であるが、それが酸化ストレスが原因なのかどうかは不明である。

抗酸化物質は栄養補助食品の成分として、健康維持や悪性腫瘍、冠状動脈性心臓病、高山病の予防の目的で広く用いられている。しかしながら、初期の研究では抗酸化物質のサプリメントは健康を増進させる可能性があると提案されたが、後の臨床試験ではその効果が見つからず、むしろ過剰摂取による有害性が報告されている[2][3]。抗酸化物質は医学的な用途の他、食品や化粧品の防腐剤、ゴムやガソリンの分解防止など工業分野でも広く使われている。

目次

歴史

海洋生物からの順応の一環として、陸生植物はアスコルビン酸（ビタミンC）、ポリフェノール類、フラボノイド類およびトコフェロール類のような非海洋性抗酸化物質の合成を始めた。さらに、2億年前から5千万前の間、特にジュラ紀の間に発達した被子植物は多くの抗酸化色素を合成し、ジュラ紀後期に発達させ、光合成時に発生する活性酸素種からの化学防御とした[4]。

始め、抗酸化物質は酸素の消費を抑える化学種として用いられた。19世紀後期から20世紀初頭には、大規模に研究され、金属の腐食防止やゴムの加硫、内燃機関の付着物中の燃料の重合など重要な工業工程において抗酸化物質が使われるようになった[5]。

初期の研究では生化学的な抗酸化物質の役割は不飽和脂肪酸の酸化防止に重点がおかれた[6]。抗酸化活性は単に密閉容器に脂肪と酸素とを入れ、酸素の消費量を計測することにより測定されたが、これによりビタミンA、ビタミンCおよびビタミンEといった抗酸化物質が同定され、この分野に革命をもたらし、生化学での抗酸化物質の重要性の理解に繋がった[7][8]。

抗酸化物質の可能な作用機序は、基質に対する抗酸化活性が認められたときに初めてその研究が行われた[9]。ビタミンEは研究により、細胞が損傷を受ける前に還元剤として活性酸素種を捕捉し、脂質過酸化反応の過程を抑制する抗酸化物質として同定された[10]。

生化学における酸化

地球上の大部分の生物が生存のために酸素を必要するが、酸素は活性酸素種を作ることにより有機体に損傷を与える反応性の大きい分子である[11]。その結果として、有機体は抗酸化物質代謝物と酵素による複合系を持ち、DNAやタンパク質、脂質などの細胞成分の酸化的ダメージを抑制している[1][12]。一般に、抗酸化物質系は反応性物質の除去および形成の抑制により細胞の損傷を防止している[1][11]。しかしながら、活性酸素種は例えば酸化還元シグナリングなど細胞に有用な機能も有するため、抗酸化系は酸化剤を完全に除去することはせず、むしろ最適な水準を維持するようにしている[13]。

活性酸素種は細胞において過酸化水素(H2O2)、次亜塩素酸(HOCl)およびヒドロキシラジカル(·OH)とスーパーオキシドアニオン(O2−)のようなフリーラジカルを形成する[14]。ヒドロキシラジカルは特に不安定であり、即座に非特異的に多くの生体分子との反応を起こす。この化学種はフェントン反応のような金属触媒酸化還元反応によって過酸化水素から形成する[15]。これらの酸化剤は化学的連鎖反応を開始させることにより脂肪やDNA、タンパク質を酸化させ細胞を損傷させる[1]。DNAへの損傷は、もしDNA修復機構によって修復されなければ突然変異や癌の原因となり[16][17]、タンパク質への損傷は酵素阻害、変性、タンパク質分解の原因となる[18]。

代謝エネルギーの合成機構において酸素が使われると活性酸素種が発生する[19]。この機構では、スーパーオキシドアニオンが電子伝達系において副生成物として生成する[20]。特に重要なのは複合体IIIによる補酵素Qの還元で、中間体として高反応性フリーラジカル(Q·−)が形成する。この不安定中間体は電子の"漏出"を誘導し、通常の電子伝達系の反応ではなく電子が直接酸素に転移し、スーパーオキシドアニオンを形成させる[21]。また、ペルオキシドは複合体Iでの還元型フラボタンパク質の酸化からも発生する[22]。これらの酵素群は酸化剤を合成することができるが、ペルオキシドを形成するその他の過程への電子伝達系の相対的重要性は不明である[23][24]。また、植物、藻類、藍藻類では、活性酸素種は光合成の間に生じるが[25] 、特に高光度条件のときに生成する[26]。この効果は光阻害ではカロテノイドにより相殺されるが、それには抗酸化物質と過還元状態の光合成反応中心との反応が伴い、活性酸素種の形成を防いでいる[27][28]。



表・話・編・歴
抗酸化物質
アセチル-L-カルニチン (ALCAR) • α-リポ酸 (ALA) • アスコルビン酸 (ビタミンC) • カロテノイド (ビタミンA) • クルクミン • エダラボン • フラボノイド (クェルセチン、ケンフェロール、カテキン、EGCG、etc) • 没食子酸 • グルタチオン • ヒドロキシチロソール • ラドスチジル • メラトニン • N-アセチルシステイン (NAC) • N-アセチルセロトニン (NAS) • オレオカンタール • オレウロペイン • ラサギリン • レスベラトロール • セレギリン • セレン • トコフェロール (ビタミンE) • トコトリエノール (ビタミンE) • チロソール • ユビキノン (補酵素Q) • 尿酸

脚注
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