科学的コンセンサス
(科学的合意 から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/04/17 01:36 UTC 版)
科学的コンセンサス（かがくてきコンセンサス、または科学的合意形成）とは、ある特定の研究分野において、ある特定の時期に科学者の多数派または大多数が一般的に抱く判断、立場、見解のことである[1][2]。これはその時期に受け入れられた共通認識を意味するが、必ずしも全会一致を要件としない[2]。
- ^ “Covering scientific consensus: What to avoid and how to get it right” (英語). The Journalist's Resource (2021年11月23日). 2022年9月11日閲覧。
- ^ a b “Glossary: Scientific Consensus”. 2009年3月10日閲覧。
- ^ Laudan, Larry (1984). Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate. London, England, UK: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05267-6
- ^ Ford, Michael (2008). “Disciplinary authority and accountability in scientific practice and learning”. Science Education 92 (3): 409. doi:10.1002/sce.20263.
- ^ Webster, Gregory D. (2009). “The person-situation interaction is increasingly outpacing the person-situation debate in the scientific literature: A 30-year analysis of publication trends, 1978-2007”. Journal of Research in Personality 43 (2): 278–279. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.030.
- ^ Horstmann, K. T., & Ziegler, M. (2016). Situational Perception: Its Theoretical Foundation, Assessment, and Links to Personality. In U. Kumar (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Personality Assessment (1st ed., pp. 31–43). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. ("In Personality Assessment, Walter Mischel focused on the instability of personality and claimed that it is nearly impossible to predict behavior with personality (Mischel, 1968, 2009). This led to the person-situation debate, a controversy in psychology that sought to answer the question whether behavior depended more on the subject’s personality or the situation (or both) and has received considerable research attention (Webster, 2009).")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shwed Uri and Peter Bearman (December 2010). “The Temporal Structure of Scientific Consensus Formation”. American Sociological Review 75 (6): 817–840.. doi:10.1177/0003122410388488 2010年12月18日閲覧。.
- ^ 森田邦久「科学と疑似科学を分ける2つの基準」『科学哲学』第42巻第1号、日本科学哲学会、2009年、1_1-1_14、doi:10.4216/jpssj.42.1_1、2023年4月17日閲覧。
- ^ Przepiorka, D.; Weisdorf, D.; Martin, P.; Klingemann, H. G.; Beatty, P.; Hows, J.; Thomas, E. D. (June 1995). “1994 Consensus Conference on Acute GVHD Grading”. Bone Marrow Transplantation 15 (6): 825–828. ISSN 0268-3369. PMID 7581076.
- ^ Jennette, J. C.; Falk, R. J.; Bacon, P. A.; Basu, N.; Cid, M. C.; Ferrario, F.; Flores-Suarez, L. F.; Gross, W. L. et al. (2013). “2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides.” (英語). Arthritis and Rheumatism 65 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/art.37715. ISSN 0004-3591. PMID 23045170.
- ^ Antzelevitch, Charles; Brugada, Pedro; Borggrefe, Martin; Brugada, Josep; Brugada, Ramon; Corrado, Domenico; Gussak, Ihor; LeMarec, Herve et al. (8 February 2005). “Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association”. Circulation 111 (5): 659–670. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000152479.54298.51. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 15655131.
- ^ Anderegg, William R. L.; Prall, James W.; Harold, Jacob; Schneider, Stephen H. (2010-06-07). “Expert credibility in climate change” (英語). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (27): 12107–12109. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..10712107A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003187107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2901439. PMID 20566872.
- ^ Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; Verheggen, Bart; Maibach, Ed W.; Carlton, J. Stuart; Lewandowsky, Stephan et al. (April 2016). “Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming” (英語). Environmental Research Letters 11 (4): 048002. Bibcode: 2016ERL....11d8002C. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ^ “Knowledge overconfidence is associated with anti-consensus views on controversial scientific issues”. science (2022年7月20日). 2022年9月15日閲覧。
- ^ “Statement on the Teaching of Evolution”. American Association for the Advancement of Science (2006年2月16日). 2008年5月2日閲覧。
- ^ “NSTA Position Statement: The Teaching of Evolution”. National Science Teacher Association. 2008年5月2日閲覧。
- ^ "Joint Science Academies' Statement" nationalacademies.org
- ^ Nicolia, Allesandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013). “An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research”. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244.
- ^ a b Pickering, Andrew (1995). The Mangle of Practice. IL: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-66802-9
- ^ (英語) "Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process: Volume I". (1992). doi:10.17226/1864. ISBN 978-0-309-04731-9. PMID 25121265
- ^ Kerr, John R.; Wilson, Marc Stewart (2018-07-06). “Changes in perceived scientific consensus shift beliefs about climate change and GM food safety” (英語). PLOS ONE 13 (7): e0200295. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1300295K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200295. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6034897. PMID 29979762.
- ^ a b c Popper, Karl Raimund (1934). The Logic of Scientific Discovery (2002 ed.). New York: Routledge Classics. ISBN 978-0-415-27844-7 Originally published in German as Logik der Forschung: zur Erkenntnistheorie der modenen Naturwissenschaft. Schriften zur Wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. Vienna: Springer. (1935). OCLC 220936200
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1996 ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-45808-3
- ^ “Public perceptions on climate change”. PERITIA Trust EU - The Policy Institute of Kings College London. p. 4 (2022年6月). 2022年7月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2023年1月3日閲覧。
- ^ Powell, James (20 November 2019). “Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming”. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 37 (4): 183–184. doi:10.1177/0270467619886266.
- ^ Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). “Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature”. Environmental Research Letters 16 (11): 114005. Bibcode: 2021ERL....16k4005L. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966.
- ^ “Scientists are from Mars, Laypeople are from Venus: An Evidence-Based Rationale for Communicating the Consensus on Climate”. Reports of the National Center for Science Education 34 (6). (November–December 2014). オリジナルの2017-02-07時点におけるアーカイブ。 2018年4月12日閲覧。.
- ^ “The scientific consensus on climate change as a gateway belief: experimental evidence”. PLoS One 10 (2): e0118489. (2015). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118489. PMC 4340922. PMID 25714347.
- ^ Major Gaps Between the Public, Scientists on Key Issues (Report). Pew Research Center. (1 July 2015).
- ^ Cook, John; Jacobs, Peter (2014). “Scientists are from Mars, Laypeople are from Venus: An Evidence-Based Rationale for Communicating the Consensus on Climate”. Reports of the National Center for Science Education 34 (6): 3.1. オリジナルの7 February 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。 2016年7月10日閲覧。.
- ^ Hotchkiss, Michael (2015). “Emphasizing consensus about safety boosts support for vaccines”. Princeton University News.
- ^ van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Maibach, Edward (2016). “Climate Change's Unseen Consensus”. U.S. News & World Report.
- ^ Maibach, Ed; van der Linden, Sander (2016). “The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus”. Environmental Research Letters 11 (9): 0913003. Bibcode: 2016ERL....11i1003M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/091003.
- ^ van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Feinberg, Geoffrey; Maibach, Edward (2015). “The Scientific Consensus on Human-Caused Climate Change as a Gateway Belief: Experimental Evidence”. PLOS ONE 10 (2): e0118489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118489. PMC 4340922. PMID 25714347.
- ^ Lewandowsky, Stephan; Gilles, Gignac; Vaughan, Samuel (2013). “The Pivotal Role of Perceived Scientific Consensus in Acceptance of Science”. Nature Climate Change 3 (4): 399–404. Bibcode: 2013NatCC...3..399L. doi:10.1038/nclimate1720.
- ^ van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Feinberg, Geoffrey; Maibach, Edward (2015). “How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?”. Climatic Change 126 (1–2): 255–262. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1190-4.
- ^ a b c van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Rosenthal, Seth; Maibach, Ed (2017). “Inoculating the Public Against Misinformation About Climate Change”. Global Challenges 1 (2): 1600008. doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008. PMC 6607159. PMID 31565263.
- ^ Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich; Seifert, Colleen; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). “Misinformation and its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. PMID 26173286.
- ^ Rosenberg, Paul. “Why climate deniers are winning: The twisted psychology that overwhelms scientific consensus”. Salon.
- ^ Clarke, Chris; Dixon, Graham (2013). “Heightening uncertainty around certain science media coverage, false balance, and the autism-vaccine controversy.”. Science Communication 35 (3): 358–382. doi:10.1177/1075547012458290.
- ^ Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik (2010). Merchants of Doubt. Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4
- ^ Koehler, D (2016). “Can journalistic "false balance" distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion?”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 22 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1037/xap0000073. PMID 26752513.
- ^ Cook, J; Lewandowsky, S; Ecker, U (2017). “Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence”. PLOS ONE 12 (5): e0175799. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1275799C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175799. PMC 5419564. PMID 28475576.
[続きの解説]
「科学的コンセンサス」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 科学的コンセンサスとは
- 2 科学的コンセンサスの概要
- 3 科学の政治化
- 4 出典
- 科学的合意のページへのリンク
