部分準備銀行制度とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

部分準備銀行制度

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/03/23 08:44 UTC 版)

部分準備銀行制度（ぶぶんじゅんびぎんこうせいど、英語: fractional-reserve banking）とは、世界中の市中銀行が実践している銀行の最も一般的な形態であり^[1]^[2] 、銀行は預金者から預金を受け入れ、借り手に融資を行いながらも、銀行が負う預金負債のごく一部に相当する金額を準備に回す^[3]。銀行支払準備金（英語版）は、銀行が持つ現金または中央銀行口座の残高という形で保有される。中央銀行は、「準備預金制度」または「支払準備率」と呼ばれる、銀行が流動資産で保有しなければならない最低額を決定する。準備預金の総額は中央銀行預け金の総額よりも少なくなるため、この最低額を超えて保有し、超過準備を持つ銀行が生じる。

脚注

注釈

^ 例えば、ノーザンロックの国有化における取り付け騒ぎ（英語版）を参照。

出典

^ Frederic S. Mishkin, Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 10th Edition. Prentice Hall 2012
^ Christophers, Brett (2013). Banking Across Boundaries: Placing Finance in Capitalism. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3829-4
^ Abel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). “14”. Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Pearson. pp. 522–532
^ Compare: Bhole, L. M. (1982). “Commercial Banks”. Financial Institutions and Markets: Structure, Growth and Innovations (4 ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education (2004発行). pp. 8–35. ISBN 9780070587991 2020年8月22日閲覧. "[...] while in the earlier years, long-term deposits financed short-term loans, now relatively short-term deposits finance long-term loans."
^ ^a ^b Abel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). “14”. Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Pearson. pp. 522–532
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). “18”. Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Worth. pp. 482–489
^ ^a ^b Hubbard and O'Brien. Economics. Chapter 25: Monetary Policy, p. 943
^ Carl Menger (1950) Principles of Economics, Free Press, Glencoe, IL OCLC 168839
^ ^a ^b United States. Congress. House. Banking and Currency Committee. (1964). Money facts; 169 questions and answers on money – a supplement to A Primer on Money, with index, Subcommittee on Domestic Finance ... 1964.. Washington D.C.
^ Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe. Routledge 2007
^ ^a ^b The Federal Reserve in Plain English – An easy-to-read guide to the structure and functions of the Federal Reserve System (See page 5 of the document for the purposes and functions)
^ Abel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). “7”. Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Pearson. pp. 266–269
^ Maturity Transformation Brad DeLong
^ Page 57 of 'The FED today', a publication on an educational site affiliated with the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, designed to educate people on the history and purpose of the United States Federal Reserve system. The FED today Lesson 6
^ “Mervyn King, Finance: A Return from Risk”. Bank of England. 2021年3月7日閲覧。 “Banks are dangerous institutions. They borrow short and lend long. They create liabilities which promise to be liquid and hold few liquid assets themselves. That though is hugely valuable for the rest of the economy. Household savings can be channelled to finance illiquid investment projects while providing access to liquidity for those savers who may need it.... If a large number of depositors want liquidity at the same time, banks are forced into early liquidation of assets – lowering their value ...'”
^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). “9”. Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Worth. pp. 238–255
^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Modern Money Mechanics, pp. 3–13 (May 1961), reprinted in Money and Banking: Theory, Analysis, and Policy, p. 59, ed. by S. Mittra (Random House, New York 1970).
^ Eric N. Compton, Principles of Banking, p. 150, American Bankers Ass'n (1979).
^ Paul M. Horvitz, Monetary Policy and the Financial System, pp. 56–57, Prentice-Hall, 3rd ed. (1974).
^ See, generally, Industry Audit Guide: Audits of Banks, p. 56, Banking Committee, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (1983).
^ “業態別の日銀当座預金残高”. 日本銀行. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ Federal Reserve Board, "Aggregate Reserves of Depository Institutions and the Monetary Base" (週次更新)。
^ ^a ^b Bank for International Settlements – The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems. See page 9, titled, "The coexistence of central and commercial bank monies: multiple issuers, one currency": A quick quotation in reference to the 2 different types of money is listed on page 3. It is the first sentence of the document:
^ ^a ^b European Central Bank – Domestic payments in Euroland: commercial and central bank money: One quotation from the article referencing the two types of money:
^ Macmillan report 1931 account of how fractional banking works
^ “Managing the central bank's balance sheet: where monetary policy meets financial stability”. Bank of England. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ McGraw Hill Higher Education Archived 5 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
^ William MacEachern (2014) Macroeconomics: A Contemporary Introduction, p. 295, University of Connecticut, ISBN 978-1-13318-923-7
^ The Federal Reserve – Purposes and Functions^{[リンク切れ]} (See pages 13 and 14 of the pdf version for information on government regulations and supervision over banks)
^ Reserve Bank of India – Report on Currency and Finance 2004–05 (See page 71 of the full report or just download the section Functional Evolution of Central Banking): The monopoly power to issue currency is delegated to a central bank in full or sometimes in part. The practice regarding the currency issue is governed more by convention than by any particular theory. It is well known that the basic concept of currency evolved in order to facilitate exchange. The primitive currency note was in reality a promissory note to pay back to its bearer the original precious metals. With greater acceptability of these promissory notes, these began to move across the country and the banks that issued the promissory notes soon learnt that they could issue more receipts than the gold reserves held by them. This led to the evolution of the fractional-reserve system. It also led to repeated bank failures and brought forth the need to have an independent authority to act as lender-of-the-last-resort. Even after the emergence of central banks, the concerned governments continued to decide asset backing for issue of coins and notes. The asset backing took various forms including gold coins, bullion, foreign exchange reserves and foreign securities. With the emergence of a fractional-reserve system, this reserve backing (gold, currency assets, etc.) came down to a fraction of total currency put in circulation.
^ “欧州金融機関における流動性リスク管理高度化への取組み”. 野村総合研究所. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ Stevens. “The Australian Economy: Then and Now”. Reserve Bank of Australia. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ Turner. “Credit Money and Leverage, what Wicksell, Hayek and Fisher knew and modern macroeconomics forgot”. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ White. “Changing views on how best to conduct monetary policy: the last fifty years”. Bank for International Settlements. 2021年3月7日閲覧。
^ Fisher, Irving (1997). 100% Money. Pickering & Chatto Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85196-236-5
^ Jackson, Andrew; Dyson, Ben (2012). Modernizing Money. Why our Monetary System is Broken and how it can be Fixed. Positive Money. ISBN 978-0-9574448-0-5
^ Rothbard, Murray (1983). The Mystery of Banking. ISBN 9780943940045
^ Jesús Huerta de Soto (2012). Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles (3d ed.). Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 881. ISBN 9781610161893. OCLC 807678778 (with Melinda A. Stroup, translator) Also available as a PDF here
^ Paul, Ron (2009). “2 The Origin and Nature of the Fed”. End the Fed. New York: Grand Central Pub.. ISBN 978-0-446-54919-6. https://mises.org/daily/3687