黒軍 (ハンガリー)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/12/29 18:39 UTC 版)
注釈
- ^ Žebrák (in Hungarian:Zsebrák) is a distinctive historical and military term deriving from the same Czech word meaning beggar. It refers to Czech booty-hunters ravaging the northern regions of Hungary in the 15th century (but would submit themselves to any service for proper pay)[20]
- ^ a b Matthias I was proclaimed king by the Estates, but he had to wage war against Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor who claimed the throne for himself.[40] Several magnates, such as the Újlaki family, the Garai family and the Szentgyörgy family, supported the emperor's claim and proclaimed him king against King Matthias; the emperor rewarded the brothers Sigismund and John of Szentgyörgy and Bazin with the hereditary noble title "count of the Holy Roman Empire" in 1459 and they thus were entitled to use red sealing wax.[40][41] Although the Counts Szentgyörgyi commenced using their title in their deeds, in the Kingdom of Hungary, public law did not distinguish them from other nobles. The tide turned when they were pleased by Matthias' promises, changed their affiliation and joined forces with him. The second battle thus was successful in defending the Hungarian crown and the integrity of the nobility. The precise location of the battle is unknown since the historical records only guess where it could have situated.
- ^ Matthias' attack followed a papal call for crusade against the heretic Czech king. He was promised that Frederick III would join, but it remained oral aid. The defeat at Vilémov happened to be a surrender by Matthias without actual battle due to him wrongly choosing the battleground. He was easily encircled by George of Poděbrady and was left with no option but to set an agreement. They met in a cottage in Ouhrov where they settled the conflict under the terms by which Matthias would help George's coronation be acknowledged by Pope Paul II. Furthermore, the succession of the Czech crown was set between the two kings with George ruling until his death and Matthias inheriting the throne afterwards. Matthias was set free in the counterpart though he abrogated the deal by coronating himself King of Bohemia shortly after.[43][46]
- ^ Several sources differ whether a siege, sparse fightings, or retreat caused by famine occurred during the Polish-Hungarian conflict. Caused and followed by an internal revolt of Hungarian nobles and religious leaders led by Janus Pannonius, János Vitéz, and Emeric Zápolya. Casimir IV of Poland was invited and supported by the rebelling nobles so he stepped in and sent his son Casimir as a pretender to the Hungarian throne. He was promised Hungarian reinforcement as the nobles were to join him when he crossed the border. He led his army of 12.000 men towards Kassa where he was about to take the city without resistance. Meanwhile, Matthias was able to settle his dispute with the rebelling factions and convinced them to take his side. The parties agreed and so did Zápolya along with Nicolaus Chiupor de Monoszló who stopped the approaching Polish invasion from attempting to besiege Kassa by taking the city before him and fortifying themselves in. The prince turned to Nitra instead and occupied it. Matthias arrived there to liberate the city with his army of 16.000 mercenaries and banderias (banners). From this point on, the events are unclear; what is sure is that Casimir retreated with an escort cavalry and the rest of the Polish main forces were released shortly after.[51] Contemporary historians' presentations differ on the causes of the outcome. Italian historian Antonio Bonfini commissioned by Matthias refers to it as being a siege, which resulted in heavy loss for the besieged due to famine for the first wave. He states that the second wave of Poles was slaughtered by peasants and citizents while marching home, while the prince fled days before, after meeting Matthias and had been spared by him.[52] Hungarian Johannes de Thurocz agrees while adding that a counterattack followed the events where Hungarians attacked the counties of Zemplén and Sáros still under Polish possession and drove them out and intruded into Poland as well for prowling (it is worth noting that these events show remarkable similarities to those that took place two years later).[53] While Polish historian Jan Długosz argues that the incursion happened upon invitation and that no state of war came into existance. He recalls the nobility's actions as betrayal and Casimir's steps as aid or some sort of help for the counts of Hungary. He also questions the circumstances of the retreat claiming it was a peaceful return after Casimir IV met with the Pope Sixtus IV's emissary in Kraków who intervened and urged the maintenance of peace.[54] Based upon the aformentioned, the causes of retreat might be (any or multiple):
- Famine caused by siege
- Casimir's disappointment with his former Hungarian allies and frustration that the project became more difficult to carry out
- Agreement of military matters with Matthias on diplomatic grounds (status quo)
- Mediation of the pope and his calling for peace
- Casimir's fear of being captured and Matthias' fear of triggering a possible "official" war with Casimir IV (reason for letting them retreat)
- Intrigue of the nobility to both sides
- ^ On february 7, 1474, Mihaloğlu Ali Bey's unexpected attack took the town by storm. Ahead of his 7 000 horsemen, he broke through its wooden fences and pillaged the town, burned the houses and took the population as prisoners. Their goal was to rob the treasury of the episcopate, but were resisted by the refugees and clergy in the bishop's castle (at the time the bishop's rank was absent, and no records mention the identity of a possible captain). The town fell but the castle stood, forcing the Turks to give up the fight after one day of siege. While retreating, they devastated the surrounding areas.[59]
名前の対応表
| 歴史上の人物の名の多国間での使用法 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ハンガリー語 (苗字, 名前) | 英語 (名前, 苗字) | 各国語 (名前, 苗字) | |
| Mátyás Király | Mat(t)hias Rex, Mat(t)hias Corvin, Mat(t)hias Corvinus, Mat(t)hias Hunyadi, Mat(t)hias Korwin | チェコ語: Matyáš Korvín, クロアチア語: Matijaš Korvin, ドイツ語: Matthias Corvinus, 中世ラテン語: Mattias Corvinus, ポーランド語: Maciej Korwin,ルーマニア語: Matia/Matei/Mateiaş Corvin, セルビア語: Матија Корвин/Matija Korvin, スロヴァキア語: Matej Korvín, スロベニア語: Matija Korvin, ロシア語: Матьяш Корвин/Matyash Corvin | |
| Magyar Balázs | Balázs/Balazs Magyar, Blaž the Magyar | クロアチア語:Blaž Magyar, スペイン語:Blas Magyar, ドイツ語:Blasius Magyar, イタリア語:Biagio Magiaro | |
| Kinizsi Pál | Paul/Pál Kinizsi | ルーマニア語:Pavel Chinezul, スペイン語:Pablo Kinizsi | |
| (S)Zápolya(i) Imre, S)Zapolya(i) Imre, Szipolyai Imre | Emeric Zapolya, Emeric Zapolyai, Emeric Szapolya, Emeric Szapolyai, Emrich of Zapolya | ポーランド語: Emeryk Zápolya, スロベニア語: Imrich Zápoľský, スペイン語: Emérico Szapolyai (de Szepes), | |
| Gis(z)kra János | John Giskra, John Jiskra | チェコ語: Jan Jiskra z Brandýsa, ドイツ語: Johann Giskra von Brandeis, イタリア語:Giovanni Gressa | |
| Löbl Menyhért | Melchior Löbel, Melchior Loebel, Melchior Löbl, Melchior Loebl | ドイツ語: Melchior Löbel | |
| Haugwitz János | John Haugwitz | チェコ/ドイツ語: Jan Haugwitz | |
| Báthory István, Báthori István | Stephen V Báthory, Stephen Báthory of Ecsed | ルーマニア語: Ștefan Báthory, ドイツ語: Stephan Báthory von Ecsed, イタリア語: Stefano Batore | |
| Csupor Miklós | Nicolaus Chiupor, Nicolaus Csupor | ルーマニア語: Nicolae Ciupor | |
| Jaksics Demeter | Demetrius Jaksic | セルビア語: Dmitar Jakšić | |
| Újlaki Miklós | Nicholaus of Ujlak, Nicholaus Iločki | クロアチア語: Nikola Iločki | |
| Hag Ferenc | František Hag | ドイツ語: Franz von Hag, チェコ語: František z Hája | |
| Table 2 Guide for searching in sources (information is taken from the corresponding Wikipedia sister language projects and from all references listed below) | |||
- ^ 漆黒の甲冑装備にちなんで名付けられた可能性が高い。黒軍 (ハンガリー)#黒軍の観点とその指揮官を参照。
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