アンジュー帝国とは? わかりやすく解説

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アンジュー帝国

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2023/06/26 14:44 UTC 版)

アンジュー帝国(アンジューていこく、英語: Angevin Empire(アンジェヴィン・エンパイア)、フランス語: Empire Plantagenêt)は、プランタジネット家(アンジュー家)によって統治された領域の通称である。アンジュ帝国とも表記する[2]。正式な国号ではないが、12世紀から13世紀にかけてプランタジネット家が統治した、ピレネー山脈から現在のアイルランド共和国に至る広大な領土は後世に帝国と形容された[3]


  1. ^ The term imperium is used at least once in the 12th century, in the Dialogus de Scaccari (c. 1179), Per longa terrarum spatia triumphali victoria suum dilataverit imperium (Canchy, England, p. 118; Holt, 'The End of the Anglo-Norman Realm', p. 229). Some 20th-century historians have avoided the term empire, Robert-Henri Bautier (1984) used espace Plantagenêt, Jean Favier used complexe féodal. Empire Plantagenêt nevertheless remains current in French historiography. Aurell, Martin (2003). L'Empire des Plantagenêt, 1154–1224. Perrin. pp. 1. ISBN 9782262019853 
  2. ^ 山本正『図説 アイルランドの歴史』河出書房新社、2017年、21頁。ISBN 978-4-309-76253-1 
  3. ^ Zorac歴史サイト - アンジュー帝国の誕生(1) - ヘンリー2世”. reasonable.sakura.ne.jp. 2023年4月15日閲覧。
  4. ^ John Gillingham: "The Angevin Empire" page 2, second edition, Arnold Editions.
  5. ^ Norgate, Kate, England Under the Angevin Kings.
  6. ^ Martin Aurell - L'empire des Plantagenêt page 11: En 1984, résumant les communications d'un colloque franco-anglais tenu à Fontevraud (Anjou), lieu de mémoire par excellence des Plantagenêt, Robert Henri-Bautier, coté français, n'est pas en reste, proposant, pour cette "juxtaposition d'entités" sans "aucune structure commune" de substituer l'imprécis "espace" aux trop contraignants "Empire Plantagenêt" ou "État anglo-angevin".
  7. ^ Definition of "Angevin" from "Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française".
  8. ^ "Capetian France 937 - 1328" Editions Longman page 221: "Closer investigation suggests that several of these assumptions are unfounded. One is that the Angevin dominions ever formed an empire in any sense of the word."
  9. ^ David Carpenter "The Struggle for Mastery" page 191: "England and Normandy were now part of a much larger political entity which historians often call (without any precise constitutional meaning) the 'Angevin Empire'."
  10. ^ The Angevin Empire page 3: "Unquestionably if used in conjunction with atlases in which Henry II's lands are coloured red, it is a dangerous term, for the overtones of the British Empire are unavoidable and politically crass. But in ordinary English usage 'empire' can mean nothing more specific than an extensive territory, especially an aggregate of many states, ruled over by a single ruler. When coupled with 'Angevin', it should, if anything, imply a French rather than a 'British' Empire."
  11. ^ Martin Aurell "L'empire des Plantagenet" page 10: Il n'empêche que des réticences ont naguère été exprimées par quelques historiens. Elles contiennent leur part de vérité, et ont le mérite de nuancer un problème complexe. D'abord elles proviennent de ceux qui considèrent que le terme "empire" devrait être réservé à l'Empire Romano-Germanique, seule réalité institutionelle de l'Occident mediéval nommée explicitement par les sources d'époque
  12. ^ Martin Aurell - L'empire des Plantagenet page 10: Plus solides, d'autres critiques émanent, ensuite, de spécialistes du droit et de la science politique pour qui l'étendue des domaines d'Henri II, si impressionnante soit-elle pour le XIIème siècle, fait bien pâle figure en comparaison des vastes Empires helléniques, romains, byzantins, abbasside, ottoman ou Habsbourg, sans mentionner les empires coloniaux du XIXème siècle.
  13. ^ Capetian France page 222: "As for the idea that the Plantagenet lands were seen as an empire, in the sense of a political unit, there is no substance for this usage in contemporary thought. Why do we need to use this term at all? Henry II and Richard I did not do so."
  14. ^ Martin Aurell - L'empire des Plantagenet page 10: Dans "le dialogue sur l'échiquier" (vers 1179), un ouvrage technique sur le principal organe financier de l'Angleterre, rédigé par l'évêque de Londres et trésorier d'Henri II, Richard Fitz Nigel (vers 1130 - 1198), on peut lire: "par ses victoires le roi élargit (dilataverit) son empire au loin."
  15. ^ The Angevin Empire page 5: "In these circumstances there is a danger of attributing England an importance which it may not have possessed. In one way England undeniably 'was' the most important part - it gave the ruler a royal crown. Since the first element in his title was then 'Rex Anglorum' this meant that the most convenient shorthand of referring to him was "king of England" or even - Frenchman though he was - as the English king, "il reis Engles".
  16. ^ Martin Aurell- L'empire des Plantagenets page 11: De même en 1973, William L. Warren rejette explicitement l'expression "Empire", au nom du lien trop lâche unissant les différentes principautés territoriales gouvernées par Henri II; tout au plus admet-il l'existence d'un "Commonwealth", souple fédération regroupant sept "Dominions" autonomes, dont le seul point commun serait leur dépendance, à peine fondée sur la vassalité et le serment de fidélité, au roi.
  17. ^ a b Capetian France 937 - 1328" Editions Longman page 74: "There was a hiatus between the Carolingian duchy and its successor that was assembled by Count of Poitou in the early tenth century..."
  18. ^ Capetian France 937 - 1328 page 64: "Then in 1151 Henry Plantagenet paid hommage for the duchy to Louis VII in Paris, homage he repeated as king of England in 1156."
  19. ^ John Gillingham: "The Angevin Empire" page 50: "... in 1169 Henry II ordered the construction of dykes to mark the line of the frontier."
  20. ^ a b David Carpenter "The Struggle for Mastery" page 91: "But this absenteeism solidified rather than sapped royal government since it engendered structures both to maintain peace and extract money in the King's absence, money which was above all needed across the Channel."
  21. ^ "Capetian France 937 - 1328" Editions Longman page 66: "Greater Anjou" is a modern expression, referring to the adjacent territories ruled by the counts of Anjou: these were Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Vendôme and Saintonge."
  22. ^ Capetian France page 67: The Capetians were ultimately to reap the benefits of these devellopments after Anjou fell to Philip Augustus in 1203-4.
  23. ^ Elizabeth M. Hallam & Judith Everard - Capetian France 987-1328 Editions Longman page 76: "Central political power was weak and society unusually lacking in hierarchy... Dukes William IX and William X made some headway, and later so too did Richard the Lionheart, but they were only partly successful."
  24. ^ John Gillingham: "The Angevin Empire" page 30: "The history of Gascony furnished sufficient grounds on which he (Henry II) could have pushed claims to Lordship over Béarn, Bigorre, Comminges, Armagnac and Fezensac. But he seems to have made no effort to do so; indeed he allowed Béarn to slip into the orbit of Aragon and stay there."
  25. ^ "Seán Duffy in Medieval Ireland observes that 'there is no contemporary depiction of it [the invasion] as Anglo-Norman or Cambro-Norman, or, for that matter, Anglo-French or Anglo-Continental. Such terms are modern concoctions, convenient shorthands, which serve to emphasize the undoubted fact that those who began to settle in Ireland at this point were not of any one national or ethnic origin' (pp 58-9)." Information retrieved from wikipedia's page on "Norman Ireland"
  26. ^ a b The Struggle for Mastery page 226: By the Treaty of Falaise in 1174 William was released, but in return for acknowledging that his kingdom was henceforth a fief held from the king of England. Henry was also to receive hommage and fealty from the earls and barons and other men of "the land of the king". All of this was to be guaranteed though the surrender by King William of the castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh,, Edinburgh and Sterling.
  27. ^ John Gillingham "The Angevin Empire" page 24: "Increasingly over the next few years he behaved as though he (Henry II) were lord of Brittany, or at any rate of eastern Brittany, arranging Conan's marriage, appointing an archbishop of Dol and manipulating to his own advantage the inheritance customs of the Breton nobles."
  28. ^ a b "The Struggle for Mastery" page 215: "In 1171 Henry led a great army to Pembroke, whence he sailed for Ireland. This was a decisive moment in Welsh history. Henry's intervention in Ireland made the security of south Wales an absolute necessity. Had he met resistance he would doubtless have achieved it by force. Instead it was achieved by Rhys's immediate submission, a submission so spontaneous and dignified that it immediately won Henry's trust."
  29. ^ The Angevin Empire page 58: Thus the revenue at the start of Henry II's reign, averaging about £10,500 a year during the three years 1156-58, was less than half that indicated by the one surviving pipe roll of Henry I's reign.
  30. ^ a b The Struggle for Mastery page 191: Henry II inherited a very different realm from that seized by Stephen nineteen years earlier. Royal revenue was down by two-thirds; royal lands, together with castles and sheriffdoms, had been granted away, often with hereditary rights; earldoms, often with semi-regal powers, had proliferated; control over the church had been shaken; the former royal bastion in South Wales had passed into the hands of barons and native rulers; and the far north of England was now subject to the king of the Scots.
  31. ^ "Crises, Revolutions and Self-sustained Growth: Essays in European Fiscal History 1130 - 1830", editions Stamford. Section: "The Norman fiscal revolution, 1193-98" by V. Moss.
  32. ^ "King John, new interpretations", editions S.D. Church. Section: "The English economy in the early thirteenth century" by J.L. Bolton.
  33. ^ "The Angevin Empire" page 60: "In 1198, for example, both Caen and Rouen had to find more money than London."
  34. ^ Capetian France page 227: "it (a surviving contemporary document) also demonstrates that the royal finances were operating by a well-established system."
  35. ^ Capetian France page 226
  36. ^ Capetian France page 227: "In the 1930s Lot and Fawtier deducted that if extra war revenues were discounted the ordinary revenues of Philip Augustus still amounted to more than the Plantagenets could raise, and that the French domain yielded more than all the Angevin lands put together."
  37. ^ Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery. p. 163. "It was in Boulogne that Stephen heard the news of Henry's death, while the empress, the old king's daughter and chosen successor, was far away in Anjou." 
  38. ^ Gillingham, John. The Angevin Empire. p. 16. "While Geoffrey held on the gains he had made in Normandy, in England Matilda was driven back almost to a square one." 
  39. ^ Capetian France page 158: "The campaign culminated with the burning of the church at Vitry, with 1,500 people caught in the flames, an event that apparently greatly horrified the king... Petit-Dutaillis has suggested that the burning of Vitry was a shock which transformed the king, and brought him under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux and Suger instead of Eleanor of Aquitaine... When he had been on crusade there had been clear signs of growing rift between him and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was accused by contemporary chroniclers of lewd and improper behaviour and of showing an unnatural fondness for her uncle, Raymond of Antioch."
  40. ^ "The Struggle for Mastery page 192: "Often 'crucified with anxiety' over crises in his dominions, in the words of his clerks, Roger of Howden, his speed of movement was legendary: 'The king of England is now in Ireland, now in England, now in Normandy, he seems rather to fly than to go by horse or ship' exclaimed Louis VII."
  41. ^ The Struggle for Master page 193: "Henry spent 43 per cent of his reign in Normandy, 20 per cent elsewhere in France (mainly in Anjou, Maine and Touraine) and only 37 per cent in Britain."
  42. ^ Duncan, p.72; Barrow, p. 47; William of Newburgh in SAEC, p. 239. Can also be found in other sources without much troubles.
  43. ^ The Angevin Empire page 27: "Henry's response to the revolt of 1164 was to invade again, this time on a massive scale. According to the Welsh Chronicles of the Princes, in 1165 Henry gathered a "mighty host of the picked warriors of England and Normandy and Flanders and Anjou and Gascony and Scotland" (a catalogue which omitted the fleet hired from the Norses of Dublin) and his purpose was "to carry into bondage and to destroy all the Britons"."
  44. ^ The Angevin Empire page 28
  45. ^ In 721 the Muslim army that crossed the Pyrenees was entirely destroyed in a disastrous siege. It was due, for a part, to the massive fortifications of the city.
  46. ^ These castles are called the "Cathars Castles", yet they weren't built by the Cathars themselves. They were built to defend the area against southern invaders like the Caliphate or the Spanish Kingdoms.
  47. ^ John Gillingham: "The Angevin Empire" pages 29 and 30, second edition, Arnold Editions
  48. ^ Capetian France page 155.
  49. ^ Capetian France page 156: The English Walter Map, a harsh and satyrical critic of kings and clerics, nevertheless found much to praise in Louis.
  50. ^ "The Angevin Empire" page 30-31: Louis's love of peace impressed all his contemporaries but, as king of the French, he could not honorably stand by while men who were his subjects and kinsmen were attacked.
  51. ^ Capetian France page 162: In 1164 Louis VII gained another useful, although also rather embarrassing, ecclesiastical refugee in his lands. Archbishop Thomas Beckett fled to France from the wrath of Henry II and stayed first at Pontigny, then as Sens.
  52. ^ Capetian France page 162.
  53. ^ The Struggle for Mastery page 203
  54. ^ Roger of Hoveden, Gesta Henrici II Benedicti Abbatis, vol. 1, p. 292... such information can be found in many other sources though.
  55. ^ Capetian France page 164: Despite his achievement he was, however, far less popular with contemporaries; his personality does not seem to have been attractive.
  56. ^ The Annals of Roger of Hoveden, vol. 2, trans. Henry T. Riley, London, 1853
  57. ^ The Angevin Empire page 40.
  58. ^ The Struggle for Mastery: With Richard in a hurry, a bargain was quickly struck. William gave £6,666 to recover the castles of Berwick and Roxburgh and free his realm from the subjection to England imposed in 1174.
  59. ^ The Struggle for Mastery page 245: King Richard I, conqueror of Cyprus, crusader extraordinary (the sobriquet "Lionheart" was contemporary), spent less than six months of his ten-year reign in England.
  60. ^ F. Delaborde: "Receuil des actes de Philipe Auguste".
  61. ^ John France, "Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000-1300" London 1999.
  62. ^ In the Kingdom of France each feudal states had its own laws, called customs, which often prevailed.
  63. ^ "King John", W.L. Warren (London, 1961).
  64. ^ The Angevin Empire, page 106: In a report sent back to England he wrote triumphantly on his success in bringing them to submit. What this actually meant was that he arranged a betrothal between his daughter Joan and Hugh of Lusignan's son, also called Hugh, and granted them Saintes, Saintonge, and Oléron until some permanent provision in Anjou and Touraine could be arranged. Some submission! In reality the Lusignans had been persuaded to change sides and had exacted a high price in return, including custody of Joan.
  65. ^ Barwell's chronicle.
  66. ^ John Gillingham "The Angevin Empire" Editions Arnorld page 107: This time it was on the beaches of England that John chose not to fight. With commendable efficiency and foresight he had mustered his army in the right place and at the right time but, when he saw Louis's troops disembarking at Sandwich on 22 May 1216, the comforts of his chambers at Winchester suddenly seemed irresistible.
  67. ^ David Carpenter in "The Struggle for Mastery", page 299: On 21 May 1216 Louis landed in Kent. He brought several great French nobles and 1,200 knights, a formidable force that John feared to face. Louis took Rochester, entered a cheering London and then seized Winchester.
  68. ^ David Carpenter in "The Struggle for Mastery, page 299" ... Carlisle was surrendered to Alexander who then came south to do homage to Louis for the Northern Counties.
  69. ^ page 221, Editions Longman.
  70. ^ J. Boussard: "Le Gouvernement d'Henri II Plantagenêt" Editions Paris pages 527 to 532.
  71. ^ Integral text, please see the section: "separation of England and Normandy".
  72. ^ This is what Robert of Gloucester had written about the Norman ruling class of England: The Normans could then speak nothing but their own language, and spoke French as they did at home and also taught their children. So that the upper class of the country that is descended from them stick to the language they got from home, therefore unless a person knows French he is little thought of. But the lower classes stick to English and their own language even now. This comment is contemporary of the Angevin Empire and was originally made in English as Robert was half-Norman and half-English.
  73. ^ An article on the abbot and the architecture.
  74. ^ "L'art Gothique", section: "L'architecture Gothique en Angleterre" by Ute Engel: L'Angleterre fut l'une des premieres régions à adopter, dans la deuxième moitié du XIIeme siècle, la nouvelle architecture gothique née en France. Les relations historiques entre les deux pays jouèrent un rôle prépondérant: en 1154, Henri II (1154-1189), de la dynastie Française des Plantagenêt, accéda au thrône d'Angleterre.
  75. ^ David Carpenter: "The Struggle for Mastery" page 91: Absentee kings continued to spend at best half their time in England until the loss of Normandy in 1204.
  76. ^ John Gillingham in the "Angevin Empire" page 1: Then the political centre of gravity had been in France; the Angevins were French princes who numbered England amongst their possessions.
  77. ^ John Gillingham "The Angevin Empire" page 1 again: But from the 1220s and onwards the centre of gravity was clearly in England; the Plantagenets had become kings of England who occasionally visited Gascony.



アンジュー帝国

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2021/09/30 14:08 UTC 版)

プランタジネット朝」の記事における「アンジュー帝国」の解説

詳細は「アンジュー帝国」を参照 ヘンリー2世フランス広大な所領持ったままイングランド国王即位し、アンジュー帝国と呼ばれる一大領邦群を形成したプランタジネット家また、フランス王諸家との血縁関係強かった。そのため、フランス王室(カペー朝ヴァロワ朝)との領地王位を巡る争い絶えことなく百年戦争を招く結果となった歴代国王失政多かったと言われるのも、こうした対フランス政策」に忙殺されざるを得ないという、同王朝特有の事情引き起こした現象であるといわれている。ヘンリー2世以外の歴代国王フランス人としての意識強く、特にヘンリー息子であるリチャード1世は、本来は兄若ヘンリー王位を継ぐべき身で自身母方アキテーヌに最も執着したこともあり、イングランド統治への関心低かったともいわれている。

※この「アンジュー帝国」の解説は、「プランタジネット朝」の解説の一部です。
「アンジュー帝国」を含む「プランタジネット朝」の記事については、「プランタジネット朝」の概要を参照ください。


アンジュー帝国

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2022/05/16 09:52 UTC 版)

ヘンリー2世 (イングランド王)」の記事における「アンジュー帝国」の解説

詳細は「アンジュー帝国」を参照 ヘンリー2世は、長い内戦疲弊していたイングランド安定させると、さらなる勢力拡大図った北方では、スコットランド王マルカム4世屈服させ、ノーサンバーランドカンバーランド領有した1174年には、息子たちとの内乱後述)に乗じてノーサンバーランド攻め込んできたウィリアム1世マルカム4世の弟)も破りファレーズ条約スコットランドイングランドへ臣従などイングランド優位の項目を取り決めた西方では、スティーブン時代失われたウェールズ支配復活させた。1157年から1165年まで8年に渡るウェールズ遠征乗り出すが、ゲリラ豪雨悩まされあまり成果無かったとりわけウェールズ有力者オワイン・グウィネズなどウェールズ諸侯とは対立したが、遠征ひとまず終了した1165年以後穏健な態度接していった。 アイルランドに関しては、アイルランドケルズ教会会議英語版)が開かれた3年後1155年イングランド出身唯一のローマ教皇ハドリアヌス4世が"Laudabiliter(ラウダビリテル)"と題する教皇勅書発しヘンリー2世に対してアイルランド攻撃許可しアイルランド全島ケルト教会からカトリック教会への教化命じたと伝わるが、この勅書信憑性については疑問持たれている。これとは別にウェールズ南部のアングロ・ノルマン人貴族たちは先住民抵抗ヘンリー2世中央集権化挟み撃ちにされ、打開策としてアイルランドへの植民進めアイルランド南東レンスター王ダーモット・マクマロー(英語版)の援軍要請に応じてアイルランド侵攻1169年から始めた(その中にはマクマローの娘との結婚レンスター王位継いだペンブルック伯リチャード・ド・クレア(英語版)もいた)。 当初アイルランド現地任せにしていたヘンリー2世1171年支配確立のため自らアイルランド遠征ゲール人アイルランド諸王恭順ペンブルック伯らアングロ・ノルマン人貴族たちの臣従取り付け教皇の手紙を根拠宗主権認めさせ「アイルランド卿」の称号入手した同年にヒュー・ド・レイシー(英語版)を副王アイルランド総督)に任命統治させ、1175年にはアイルランド上王称号でも呼ばれたヘンリー2世ウィンザー条約英語版)で改め宗主権認めさせ、政治・行政・司法イングランド化を推進するうになるフランスではルイ7世との抗争続けながら、四男のジェフリー婚姻によりブルターニュ公国支配下置いた1166年ブルターニュコナン4世英語版)に彼のコンスタンスジェフリーとの婚約強制させ、ジョフロワ2世ことジェフリーの名の下にブルターニュ手に入れたのである。さらにトゥールーズ伯レーモン5世英語版に対してアキテーヌ公宗主権主張して1159年遠征ルイ7世介入失敗したが、1173年レーモン5世臣従させた。これらは後に「アンジュー帝国」と通称されるようになる。 ただし、この「帝国」はヘンリー2世個人として各爵位とそれにともなうそれぞれの封土所有しているだけであり、統合性は名実ともに備わっておらず、一円的な領域支配からは遠かった。そのため、ヘンリー2世死後は「帝国」は再び分離し始めることとなった。 更にヘンリー2世は、1158年大法官トマス・ベケット外交手腕次男若ヘンリールイ7世の娘マルグリット婚約させて、1160年2人結婚式挙げて持参金ヴェクサン強引に奪った。この結婚当時世嗣がいなかったフランス王位も狙ったが、1165年ルイ7世3番目の妃アデルとの間に息子フィリップ2世誕生したため果たせなかった。また、ヘンリー2世には娘が3人いたが、長女マティルダモード)はザクセン公バイエルン公ハインリヒ獅子公)に、次女エレノアカスティーリャ王アルフォンソ8世に、三女ジョーンシチリア王グリエルモ2世に嫁がせ(夫と死別トゥールーズ伯レーモン6世と再婚)、これらと結んでフランス対抗して神聖ローマ皇帝フリードリヒ1世赤髭王バルバロッサ)や教皇協調関係保った。 こうして、征服王ウィリアム1世によって始められ中世イングランド基礎づけは、またしてもフランス出身ヘンリー2世によって大成されることとなった

※この「アンジュー帝国」の解説は、「ヘンリー2世 (イングランド王)」の解説の一部です。
「アンジュー帝国」を含む「ヘンリー2世 (イングランド王)」の記事については、「ヘンリー2世 (イングランド王)」の概要を参照ください。

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ウィキペディアウィキペディア
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
この記事は、ウィキペディアのアンジュー帝国 (改訂履歴)の記事を複製、再配布したものにあたり、GNU Free Documentation Licenseというライセンスの下で提供されています。 Weblio辞書に掲載されているウィキペディアの記事も、全てGNU Free Documentation Licenseの元に提供されております。
ウィキペディアウィキペディア
Text is available under GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).
Weblio辞書に掲載されている「ウィキペディア小見出し辞書」の記事は、Wikipediaのプランタジネット朝 (改訂履歴)、ヘンリー2世 (イングランド王) (改訂履歴)の記事を複製、再配布したものにあたり、GNU Free Documentation Licenseというライセンスの下で提供されています。

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