ウォシタ川の戦いとは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

ウォシタ川の戦い

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/03/23 03:27 UTC 版)

ウォシタ川の戦い（ウォシタかわのたたかい、英: Battle of Washita River）、またはウォシタの虐殺（英: Washita Massacre）は、1868年 11月27日に、アメリカ軍ジョージ・アームストロング・カスター中佐率いる第7騎兵隊が、ブラック・ケトルを酋長とするシャイアン族インディアンのバンド（一団）の、ウォシタ川沿いのティーピー野営^[4]を奇襲したもの。

脚注

注釈

^ ブラック・ケトルとリトル・ロックの2人は攻撃された野営の酋長として知られており、2人とも殺された。しかし、酋長は指導者ではない。ジョージ・ベントに拠れば、「白人はインディアンの酋長達について誤った考えを持っている。平原インディアンの中での酋長は平和の公僕として選ばれているのであり、戦争の酋長と言うようなものは無かった。戦争の酋長と白人が呼ぶものは、目立った戦士達に過ぎなかった。....しかし、インディアンの酋長という考え方は戦う者ではなく、平和をもたらす人だった。」^[1]

出典

^ Bent 1968, p. 324.
^ Greene 2004, p. 111.
^ Greene 2004, p. 103.
^ 今日のオクラホマ州西部シャイアンの近く
^ Medicine Lodge Treaty, 1867
^ Moore 1897-01-19, p. 350.
^ "Report of an interview between E. W. Wynkoop, US Indian Agent, and Little Rock, a Cheyenne Chief Held at Fort Larned, Kansas, August 19, 1868." Bureau of Indian Affairs, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians. Published in U.S. Senate, Letter of the Secretary of the Interior, Communicating in Compliance with the Resolution of the Senate of the 14th ultimo, Information in Relation to the Late Battle of Washita River. 40th Cong., 3d sess., 1869. S. Exec. Doc. 40. Available wholly or in part in Hoig 1980, pp. 47-50; Custer 1874, pp. 105-107; Greene 2004, pp. 52-53; Hardorff 2006, pp. 45-49.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Greene 2004, pp. 102.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hoig 1980, p. 93.
^ ^a ^b Greene 2004, pp. 103.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hoig 1980, p. 94.
^ ^a ^b Hardorff 2006, p. 276 note 1.
^ ^a ^b Hoig 1980, p. 89.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 289 note 1.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 307 note 9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hazen, W.B. (1868-11-20). "Record of a conversation held between Colonel and Brevet Major General W. B. Hazen, U.S. Army, on special service, and chiefs of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Indians, at Fort Cobb, Indian Territory, November 20, 1868." In U.S. Senate 1869, pp. 22-23. Excerpted in Hoig 1980, pp. 89-92; Greene 2004, p. 107; Hatch 2004, p. 240; Hardorff 2006, pp. 55-57.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 56 note 2.
^ Hoig 1980, p. 91.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 106.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 107.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hazen, W.B. (1868-11-22). Letter to Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman, U.S. Army. In U.S. Senate 1869, pp. 24-25.
^ Hoig 1980, p. 92.
^ Hoig 1980, p. 92-93.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 108-109.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 109-110.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 110.
^ ^a ^b McCusker, Philip [U.S. interpreter for Kiowas and Comanches]. (1868-12-03). Report to Col. Thomas Murphy, Superintendent for Indian Affairs. In U.S. House of Representatives 1870, pp. 7-8; Hazen 1925, pp. 310-311.
^ Brill 2002, p. 137.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 15.
^ Greene 2004, p. 238 note 24.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 109.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 323.
^ Ediger, Theodore A. and Vinnie Hoffman. (1955). "Some Reminiscences of the Battle of the Washita: Moving Behind's Story of the Battle of the Washita." Chronicles of Oklahoma 33(2): 137-141. Reprinted in Hardorff 2006, pp. 323-328.
^ Riggs, Stacy. (1936-11-18). "Account of Black Kettle's Daughter As Told To and Related by Her Son, Stacy Riggs." In Hardorff 2006, pp. 318-320.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 318 note 4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stewart 2005, p. 330.
^ Hoig 1980, p. 124.
^ Greene 2004, p. 129.
^ Lewis, 2004, p. 231.
^ National Park Service, 1999. Custer's My Life on the Plains (Washita chapter)
^ Greene 2004, p. 126.
^ Wert 1996, p. 274
^ Greene 2004, p. 128.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Custer, George Armstrong. (1868-11-28). Report to Maj. Gen. P.H. Sheridan. In U.S. Senate 1869, pp. 27-29; U.S. House of Representatives 1870, pp. 162-165. Reproduced in Cozzens 2003, pp. 394-397; Hardorff 2006, pp. 60-65.
^ ^a ^b Sheridan, Philip H. (1868-11-29). Report to Brevet Maj. Gen. W.A. Nichols, Assistant Adjutant General, Military Division of the Missouri. In U.S. Senate 1869, p. 32; U.S. House of Representatives 1870, pp. 146-147.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Hardorff 2006, pp. 78-79, note 15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hoig 1980, p. 200.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Greene 2004, p. 136.
^ ^a ^b Wert 1996, p. 276.
^ Wert 1996, p. 275.
^ Hatch 2002, p. 90.
^ Wert 1996 p. 273.
^ Utley, Frontier Regulars, p. 157-158. The bodies were not found by the 7th Cavalry until December 9, 1868.
^ http://www.dickshovel.com/was4.html James Horsley
^ ^a ^b ^c James Horsley
^ Camp, Walter M. (1917-03-03). Interview of Lt. Edward S. Godfrey. In Hardorff 2006, pp. 130-131.
^ Godfrey, Edward S. (1928). "Some Reminiscences, Including the Washita Battle." The Cavalry Journal 37(153): 481-500 (October). Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, p. 132-147. The quotation is found on p. 145. See also: Godfrey, Edward S. (1929). "The Washita Campaign." Winners of the West 6(5-8) (April-July), reproduced in Cozzens 2003, pp. 339-354; an almost identical statement appears on p. 352.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 282.
^ ^a ^b Morrison, J.S. (1868-12-14). Letter to Col. Edward W. Wynkoop. Reproduced in full in Brill 2002, pp. 313-314. Reproduced in part in U.S. House of Representatives 1870, p. 11 and Hardorff 2006, pp. 283-284.
^ ^a ^b Sheridan, Philip H. (1868-12-03). Report to Brevet Maj. Gen. W.A. Nichols, Assistant Adjutant General, Military Division of the Missouri. In U.S. Senate 1869, pp.34-35. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 275-277.
^ ^a ^b ^c Keim, DeB. Randolph. (1868-12-24). "The Indian War." New York Herald. (Dispatch written from Camp Supply, December 1, 1868). Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 297-398.
^ ^a ^b Custer, George Armstrong. (1868-12-22). Report to Brevet Lt. Col. J. Schuyler Crosby. In U.S. House of Representatives 1870, pp. 155-162. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 66-79.
^ Utley 2001, p. 70.
^ Hoig 1980, p. 201.
^ ^a ^b Bent, George. (1913-08-28). Letter to George Hyde. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 398-399. Also in Hyde's 1967 Life of George Bent, Written From His Letters, p. 322.
^ ^a ^b Grinnell, George Bird. (1916-10-03). Letter to W.M. Camp. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 399-400. Grinnell's letter states his information comes from a letter from George Bent "written two or three years ago." The Mexican, White Bear, "was a Mexican captive, purchased by William Bent" (George Bent's father). According to Hardorff, White Bear, also known as Pilan, was married to a Cheyenne woman and may have been a trader working for Fort Cobb post trader William Griffenstein. Hardorff 2006, p. 210 note 9.
^ ^a ^b Bent, George. (1916-12-04). Letter to W.M. Camp. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 400-401. The name of the Mexican killed was here given as Pilan. According to Hardorff, Pilan, known to the Cheyenne as White Bear, was married to a Cheyenne woman and may have been a trader working for Fort Cobb post trader William Griffenstein. Hardorff 2006, p. 210 note 9.
^ Hyde 1968, p. 322.
^ Greene 2004, pp. 212-214.
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 402.
^ Alvord, Henry E. (1868-12-07). "Summary of Information Regarding Hostile Indians, Semi-Weekly Report No. 5." In U.S. Senate 1869, pp. 35-37; U.S. House of Representatives 1870, pp. 151-153. Excerpted in Hardorff 2006, p. 268.
^ Alvord, Henry E. (1874-04-04). Letter to W.B. Hazen. Hazen 1925, pp. 310-311. Excerpted in Hardorff 2006, p. 269. Here, Alvord added one warrior killed to those originally estimated killed in his December 1868 intelligence report.
^ Grierson, Benjamin H. (1869-04-06). Letter to John Kirk. Excerpted in Hardorff 2006, pp. 286-287.
^ Colyer, Vincent. (1869-04-09). Inspection report to Felix B. Brunot, Commissioner, April 9 entry. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 41st Congress, 2nd session, Executive Document. Excerpted in Hardorff 2006, pp. 367-371.
^ Clark, Ben. (1899-05-14). "Custer's Washita Fight" (interview). New York Sun. Reproduced in Hardoff 2006, pp. 204-215; casualty estimate on p. 208.
^ Camp, Walter M. (1909-02-08). Interview of Dennis Lynch, private, 7th Cavalry. In Hardorff 2006, pp. 184-188.
^ Magpie [Cheyenne]. (1930-11-23). Interview by Charles Brill et al., September 17. Daily Oklahoman. Reproduced in Hardorff 2006, pp. 302-311. Casualty estimate on p. 310.
^ ^a ^b Greene 2004, page 189.
^ The Custer Reader, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 102
^ Hardorff 2006, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Hatch 2002, page 81
^ Little Big Man (film). Directed by Arthur Penn. Based on novel by Thomas Berger. Written by Calder Willingham. Produced by Stuart Millar. Performers Dustin Hoffman, Faye Dunaway, Chief Dan George, Martin Balsam, Richard Mulligan. Cinema Center Films, 1970.
^ Fuller, Graham. (2000-03-05). "Sending Out a Search Party for the Western." New York Times, p. 2.13.
^ Dancis, Bruce. (2003-5-02). "A shift to the rights: Sympathetic depiction of Indians in 'Little Big Man' is no small thing." The Sacramento Bee.
^ "Washita." Dr. Quinn: Medicine Woman (television series). CBS Broadcasting, Inc. Original broadcast 29 April 1995.
^ The Last Samurai (film). Directed by Edward Zwick. Written by John Logan, Edward Zwick, and Marshall Herskovitz. Produced by Tom Cruise. Performers Tom Cruise, Ken Watanabe. Warner Brothers, 2003.