南部戦略
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/07/13 13:36 UTC 版)
南部戦略（Southern Strategy）は、1968年大統領選挙において、アフリカ系アメリカ人に対する人種差別を利用して南部白人の支持を獲得しようとした共和党の選挙戦略である[1][2][3]。 1950年代と1960年代の公民権運動とこれに伴うジム・クロウ法の廃止に伴う差別是正措置の副産物として、米国南部の大部分で既存の人種間の緊張が顕著に深まった。この状況を背景に、リチャード・ニクソン共和党大統領候補やバリー・ゴールドウォーター上院議員などの共和党の政治家は、伝統的に民主党を支持してきた保守的な南部白人を取り込む戦略を開発し政界再編を成功した。この結果、共和党は政治的スタンスを大きく右に旋回させ、現代アメリカ政治の地域的基盤を固定化させるとともに、二大政党の政治的スタンスも分極して固定化（共和党:保守、民主党:リベラルという大まかな図式）することとなった[4]。
注釈
- ^ 当時の黒人には領収書を保存する習慣がなかったといわれており、領収書提示要求はこのことを利用した黒人排除の障壁といえる。
- ^ Quoted from Reagan's speech: "I still believe the answer to any problem lies with the people. I believe in states' rights and I believe in people doing as much as they can for themselves at the community level and at the private level. I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment". “Sound file” (MP3). Onlinemadison.com. 2016年3月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年9月27日閲覧。
- ^ 要はニクソンが共和党候補として初めて南部まで含めた全国的な選挙戦略を展開したということを主張している。
出典
- ^ Boyd, James (1970年5月17日). “Nixon's Southern strategy: 'It's All in the Charts'”. The New York Times 2008年8月2日閲覧。
- ^ a b Carter, Dan T. From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994. p. 35.
- ^ a b c Branch, Taylor (1999). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-684-80819-2. OCLC 37909869
- ^ a b c Apple, R.W. Jr. (1996年9月19日). “G.O.P. Tries Hard to Win Black Votes, but Recent History Works Against It”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年1月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ a b Aistrup, Joseph A. (1996). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
- ^ a b Lisa Bedolla, Kerry Haynie (2013). “The Obama coalition and the future of American politics”. Politics, Groups, and Identities 1: 128–33. doi:10.1080/21565503.2012.758593.
- ^ Crespino, Joseph (2007). In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution. Princeton University Press. pp. 10. "Whatever the shortcomings of the southern strategy thesis, on one score it has been exactly right: it has placed white reaction against the modern civil rights movement at the center of the conservative resurgence since the 1960s."
- ^ Julian E. Zelizer (2012). Governing America: The Revival of Political History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4189-9. "younger Southern historians such as Matthew Lassiter, Kevin Kruse, and Joseph Crespino objected to claims about Southern Exceptionalism while agreeing on the centrality of a racial backlash"
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2006). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-4942-0
- ^ a b Feldman, Glenn (2011). Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why and How the South Became Republican. University Press of Florida. pp. 16, 80
- ^ Matthew D. Lassiter; Joseph Crespino (2010). The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-19-538474-1
- ^ Kevin Michael Kruse (2005). White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09260-7
- ^ Rondy, John (2005年7月15日). “GOP ignored black vote, chairman says: RNC head apologizes at NAACP meeting”. The Boston Globe. Reuters. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ Allen, Mike (2005年7月14日). “RNC Chief to Say It Was 'Wrong' to Exploit Racial Conflict for Votes”. The Washington Post 2013年10月14日閲覧。
- ^ Javits, Jacob K. (1963年10月27日). “To Preserve the Two-Party System”. The New York Times
- ^ Phillips, Kevin (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. New York: Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-87000-058-4. OCLC 18063 passim
- ^ Applebome, Peter.. Dixie rising : how the South is shaping American values, politics, and culture (First Harvest edition ed.). San Diego. ISBN 0-15-600550-6. OCLC 37379831
- ^ Richard H. Abbott, The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877: The First Southern Strategy (1986) p. 231
- ^ Tali Mendelberg (2001). The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton UP. p. 52. ISBN 978-0691070711
- ^ C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction(1956) pp. 8, 205–12
- ^ Vincent P. De Santis, Republicans face the southern question: The new departure years, 1877–1897 (1959) pp. 71–85
- ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2007), pp. 74–80
- ^ Zinn, Howard (1999). A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 205–10, 449. ISBN 978-0-06-052842-3
- ^ Perman, Michael (2001). Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press pp. 1–8
- ^ “Turnout for Presidential and Midterm Elections”. Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting. University of Texas. 2008年8月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月2日閲覧。
- ^ Boris Heersink and Jeffery A. Jenkins, "Southern Delegates and Republican National Convention Politics, 1880–1928," Studies in American Political Development (April 2015) 29#1 pp. 68–88
- ^ Edward O. Frantz, The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877–1933 (University Press of Florida, 2011)
- ^ "Beginnings of black education", The Civil Rights Movement in Virginia. Virginia Historical Society. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
- ^ Dobbs, Ricky Floyd (2007年1月1日). “Continuities in American anti-Catholicism: the Texas Baptist Standard and the coming of the 1960 election.”. Baptist History and Heritage. オリジナルの2014年2月21日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ “Thurmond to Bolt Democrats Today; South Carolinian Will Join G.O.P. and Aid Goldwater”. The New York Times: p. 12. (1964年9月16日) 2010年12月27日閲覧. "Both senators have opposed the Administration on such matters as civil rights..."
- ^ Benen, Steve (May 21, 2010). “The Party of Civil Rights”. Washington Monthly 2012年6月18日閲覧。.
- ^ Gregg. “The Second Great Migration”. inmotionaame. inmotionaame. 2015年5月6日閲覧。
- ^ James L. Sundquist (2011). Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Brookings Institution Press. p. 285
- ^ Günter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, eds. (1995). Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0807119426
- ^ Sheldon Goldman (1999). Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt Through Reagan. Yale University Press. p. 128
- ^ a b McWhorter, Diane (2001). Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80747-8. OCLC 45376386
- ^ Robert H Donaldson (2015). Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-1317466093
- ^ “Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21”. Finduslaw.com. 2012年1月22日閲覧。
- ^ The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. (2019). ISBN 978-0190265960
- ^ Gregg. “Election of 1964”. American Presidency Project. American Presidency Project. 2015年5月6日閲覧。
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim (2015年7月29日). “A Dream Undone”. The New York Times 2015年7月29日閲覧。
- ^ Thomas R. Dye, Louis Schubert, Harmon Zeigler. The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics, Cengage Learning. 2011
- ^ Ted Van Dyk. "How the Election of 1968 Reshaped the Democratic Party", Wall Street Journal, 2008
- ^ Zinn, Howard (1999) A People's History of the United States New York: HarperCollins, 457–61
- ^ Zinn, Howard (1999) A People's History of the United States New York:HarperCollins, 491
- ^ Robin, Corey (2011). The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-979393-8. "southern strategy Corey Robin."
- ^ Johnson, Thomas A. (1968年8月13日). “Negro Leaders See Bias in Call Of Nixon for 'Law and Order'”. The New York Times: p. 27 2008年8月2日閲覧。(
要購読契約) - ^ Greenberg, David (2007年11月20日). “Dog-Whistling Dixie: When Reagan said "states' rights," he was talking about race.”. Slate. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ "Nixon in Dixie", The American Conservative magazine
- ^ Childs, Marquis (1970年6月8日). “Wallace's Victory Weakens Nixon's Southern Strategy”. The Morning Record
- ^ Hart, Jeffrey (9 February 2006). The Making of the American Conservative Mind. Hanover, New Hampshire: C-SPAN.
- ^ Glen Moore, "Richard M. Nixon and the 1970 Midterm Elections in the South." Southern Historian 12 (1991) pp. 60–71.
- ^ John Paul Hill, "Nixon's Southern Strategy Rebuffed: Senator Marlow W. Cook and the Defeat of Judge G. Harrold Carswell for the US Supreme Court." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 112#4 (2014). 613–50.
- ^ Bruce H. Kalk, "The Carswell Affair: The Politics of a Supreme Court Nomination in the Nixon Administration". American Journal of Legal History (1998): 261–87. in JSTOR
- ^ James R. Sweeney, "Southern strategies," Virginia Magazine of History & Biography (1998) 106#2 pp. 165–200.
- ^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
- ^ Lamis, Alexander P. (1999). Southern Politics in the 1990s. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-8071-2374-4
- ^ Sunshine Hillygus, D.; Shields, Todd G. (2014). The Persuadable Voter. ISBN 978-1400831593
- ^ Rick Perlstein (13 November 2012). “Exclusive: Lee Atwater's Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy”. The Nation.
- ^ “Ronald Reagan's Neshoba County Speech”. C-SPAN. C-SPAN (2010年4月10日). 2015年6月11日閲覧。
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power, New York: Public Affairs, 477–78.
- ^ Michael Goldfield (1997) The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainspring of American Politics, New York: The New Press, 314.
- ^ Walton, Hanes (1997). African American Power and Politics. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-10419-7
- ^ Smith, Terence (1980年10月16日). “White House Repudiates Andrew Young Remarks; Carter Campaign Financed Trip”. New York Times 2019年11月20日閲覧。
- ^ Henry A. Giroux (2002). Living dangerously: Identity politics and the new cultural racism: Towards a critical pedagogy of representation. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-0415907781
- ^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
- ^ Dan T. Carter (1999). From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994. Louisiana State University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8071-2366-9
- ^ “The Truth Behind The Lies Of The Original 'Welfare Queen'”. NPR.org (2013年12月20日). 2008年8月2日閲覧。
- ^ Haney-Lopez, Ian (2014). Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199964277. "Reagan also trumpeted his racial appeals in blasts against welfare cheats. On the stump, Reagan repeatedly invoked a story of a "Chicago welfare queen" with "eighty names, thirty addresses, [and] twelve Social Security cards [who] is collecting veteran's benefits on four non-existing deceased husbands. She's got Medicaid, getting food stamps, and she is collecting welfare under each of her names. Her tax-free cash income is over $150,000.""
- ^ Mayer, Jeremy D (2002). Running on Race: Racial Politics in Presidential Campaigns, 1960–2000. Random House Inc.. pp. 152–55
- ^ Haney-Lopez, Ian (2014). Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199964277
- ^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
- ^ Swint, Kerwin (2008). Dark Genius: The Influential Career of Legendary Political Operative and Fox News Founder Roger Ailes. New York: Union Square Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-4027-5445-6. "willie horton southern strategy."
- ^ Mendelberg, Tali (2001). The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 143–44. ISBN 978-0-691-07071-1. "willie horton southern strategy."
- ^ Whitaker, Morgan (2013年10月21日). “The legacy of the Willie Horton ad lives on, 25 years later”. MSNBC
- ^ Mayer, Jeremy D (2002). Running on Race: Racial Politics in Presidential Campaigns, 1960–2000. Random House Inc.. pp. 212–14
- ^ Jesse Helms "Hands" ad. 16 October 2006.
- ^ Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; McIlwain, Charlton D. (2005). “Racial Messages in Political Campaigns”. Polling America: An Encyclopedia of Public Opinion. 2. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 643. ISBN 978-0-313-32713-1
- ^ Herbert, Bob (2005年10月6日). “Impossible, Ridiculous, Repugnant”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年1月4日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (1996). The southern strategy revisited : Republican top-down advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813119045
- ^ a b Nossiter, Adam (2008年11月10日). “For South, a Waning Hold on National Politics”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年11月16日時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ Alexander P. Lamis, ed., Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999) pp. 1–9
- ^ Chris Ladd, "Pastors, Not Politicians, Turned Dixie Republican," Forbes, Mar 27, 2017.
- ^ Bobby Ross Jr., Elephant in the pews: Is the GOP the party of Churches of Christ?, The Christian Chronicle, Oklahoma City, OK, Feb. 25, 2016.
- ^ Christianvoterguide.com
- ^ A voting guide for Christians
- ^ Florida Election Central Voter Guides
- ^ Paul Rosenberg, "'The Long Southern Strategy': How Southern white women drove the GOP to Donald Trump," Salon, July 1, 2019.
- ^ Feldman, Glenn, ed (2011-10-02). Painting Dixie Red. doi:10.5744/florida/9780813036847.001.0001.
- ^ African-American voting trends Facts on File.com
- ^ Hill, Ricky (March 2009). “The Race Problematic, the Narrative of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Election of Barack Obama”. Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 11 (1): 133–47.
- ^ Allen, Mike (2005年7月14日). “RNC Chief to Say It Was 'Wrong' to Exploit Racial Conflict for Votes”. Washington Post. オリジナルの2012年3月31日時点におけるアーカイブ。 2008年8月2日閲覧。
- ^ Benedetto, Richard (2005年7月14日). “GOP: 'We were wrong' to play racial politics”. USA Today 2012年1月22日閲覧。
- ^ a b Edge, Thomas (January 2010). “Southern Strategy 2.0: Conservatives, White Voters, and the Election of Barack Obama”. Journal of Black Studies 40 (3): 426–44. doi:10.1177/0021934709352979. JSTOR 40648600.
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2006). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-4942-0
- ^ Frymer, Paul; Skrentny, John David (1998). “Coalition-Building and the Politics of Electoral Capture During the Nixon Administration: African Americans, Labor, Latinos”. Studies in American Political Development 12: 131–61 [132]. doi:10.1017/s0898588x9800131x.
- ^ Boyd, Tim D. (2009). “The 1966 Election in Georgia and the Ambiguity of the White Backlash”. The Journal of Southern History 75 (2): 305–40. JSTOR 27778938.
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew; Kruse, Kevin (Aug 2009). “The Bulldozer Revolution: Suburbs and Southern History since World War II”. The Journal of Southern History 75 (3): 691–706. JSTOR 27779033.
- ^ Alexander, Gerard (March 20, 2004). “The Myth of the Racist Republicans”. The Claremont Review of Books 4 (2) 2015年3月25日閲覧。.
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew (2007). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-691-13389-8
- ^ a b Chappell, David (March 2007). “Did Racists Create the Suburban Nation?”. Reviews in American History V 35 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1353/rah.2007.0004. JSTOR 30031671.
- ^ Matthew D. Lassiter, "Suburban Strategies: The Volatile Center in Postwar American Politics" in Meg Jacobs et al. eds., The Democratic Experiment: New Directions In American Political History (2003): 327–49; quotes on pp. 329–30.
- ^ Bruce H. Kalk, "Wormley's Hotel Revisited: Richard Nixon's Southern Strategy and the End of the Second Reconstruction", North Carolina Historical Review (1994) 71#1 pp. 85–105 in JSTOR
- ^ George B. Tindall, "Southern Strategy: A Historical Perspective", North Carolina Historical Review (1971) 48#2 pp. 126–41 in JSTOR
- ^ Dean J. Kotlowski, "Nixon's southern strategy revisited". Journal of Policy History (1998) 10#2 pp. 207–38.
- ^ Kotlowski, Dean (2009). Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics Principle, and Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03973-5
- ^ Aldridge, Daniel (Summer 2002). “Review”. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 86.
- ^ Valentino NA; Sears DO (2005). “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South”. American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 672–88. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x.
- ^ Jeremy D. Mayer, "LBJ Fights the White Backlash: The Racial Politics of the 1964 Presidential Campaign, Part 2". Prologue 33#2 (2001) pp. 6–19.
- ^ Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (Harvard University Press, 2006) p. vii
- ^ Byron E. Shafer and Richard G.C. Johnston. "The transformation of southern politics revisited: The House of Representatives as a window". British Journal of Political Science (2001) 31#4 pp. 601–25. In their 2006 book they write that "economics and social class clearly trumped desegregation and racial identity as engines for partisan change". Shafer and Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism p. vii
- ^ Gareth Davies, See Government Grow: Education Politics from Johnson to Reagan (2007) p. 140.
- ^ Gareth Davies, "Richard Nixon and the Desegregation of Southern Schools". Journal of Policy History 19#04 (2007) pp. 367–94.
- ^ Lawrence J. McAndrews, "The politics of principle: Richard Nixon and school desegregation." Journal of Negro History (1998): 187–200, quoting p. 187. in JSTOR
- ^ Joan Hoff (1995). Nixon Reconsidered. BasicBooks. p. 79. ISBN 978-0465051052
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