世界恐慌の原因
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世界恐慌の原因(せかいきょうこうのげんいん)は経済学者達の活発な議論の主題となっており、これは広く見れば経済危機に関する議論の一環でもある。だが一般的には、世界恐慌は1929年の株価大暴落により引き起こされたと信じられている。世界恐慌時に起きた個々の経済的事件も徹底的に研究されてきた: そういった事件には、資産や商品価格のデフレ、需要と信用の急降下、貿易網の崩壊、そして究極的に起こる失業とそれに続く貧困などがある。しかしながら、恐慌を引き起こし、あるいは恐慌からの回復をもたらした政府の経済政策と個々の事件との因果関係は歴史家の間で意見の一致をみていない。
- ^ Keen 2000, p.198.
- ^ Paul Krugman, "Who Was Milton Friedman?" New York Review of Books Volume 32, Number 32 · February 3, 2007 online community
- ^ Friedman 1965, p.4.
- ^ The History of Economic Downturns in the US -- But Now You Know.net
- ^ * Bruner, Robert F.; Carr, Sean D. (2007), The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-15263-8
- ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in US Monetary Policy, Richard H Timberlake, published in Econ Journal Watch, August 2005 -- http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf
- ^ Randall E. Parker, Reflections on the Great Depression, Elgar publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-1843763352, p. 11
- ^ Ben Bernanke, "Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression", (1983) American Economic Review . Am 73#3 257–76.
- ^ Friedman 2007, p.15.
- ^ (Samuelson 1948, p. 353)
- ^ Samuelson, Friedman, and monetary policy, Paul Krugman, New York Times Blog, December 14, 2009
- ^ Murray Rothbard, America's Great Depression (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000), pp. 159-163.
- ^ Rothbard, America's Great Depression, pp. 19-21"
- ^ Rothbard, A History of Money and Banking in the United States, pp.293-294.
- ^ White, Clash of Economic Ideas, p. 94. See alsoWhite, Lawrence (2008). “Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (40): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
- ^ a b F. A. Hayek, interviewed by Diego Pizano July, 1979 published in: Diego Pizano, Conversations with Great Economists: Friedrich A. Hayek, John Hicks, Nicholas Kaldor, Leonid V. Kantorovich, Joan Robinson, Paul A.Samuelson, Jan Tinbergen (Jorge Pinto Books, 2009).
- ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/corey/1934/decline/index.html
- ^ [1] Several graphs of total debt to GDP can be found on the Internet.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
- ^ Hansen, Alvin (1939). “Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth”. American Economic Review' 29 (March)
- ^ a b c Fisher, Irving (October 1933). “The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions”. Econometrica (The Econometric Society) 1 (4): 337–357. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327.
- ^ Fortune, Peter (Sept-Oct, 2000). “Margin Requirements, Margin Loans, and Margin Rates: Practice and Principles - analysis of history of margin credit regulations - Statistical Data Included”. New England Economic Review.
- ^ a b “Bank Failures”. Living History Farm. 2008年5月22日閲覧。
- ^ "Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History of the United States", 352
- ^ Bernanke, Ben S (June 1983). “Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression”. The American Economic Review (The American Economic Association) 73 (3): 257–276. JSTOR 1808111.
- ^ Mishkin, Fredric (December 1978). “The Household Balance and the Great Depression”. Journal of Economic History 38 (04): 918–37. doi:10.1017/S0022050700087167.
- ^ a b Bell, Spurgeon (1940). Productivity, Wages and National Income , The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution
- ^ [|Yergin, Daniel] (1992). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money $ Power
- ^ a b Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press
- ^ “Hours of Work in U.S. History” (2010年). 2011年10月26日時点のオリジナル[リンク切れ]よりアーカイブ。2012年8月28日閲覧。
- ^ Whaples, Robert (1991, June). The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 51, No. 2; pp. 454-457
- ^ “Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s” (2004年). 2012年3月10日時点のオリジナル[リンク切れ]よりアーカイブ。2012年8月28日閲覧。
- ^ Hubbert, M. King (1940). http://www.scribd.com/doc/22289589/Man-Hours-and-Distribution-M-King-Hubbert Man Hours and Distribution , Derived from Man Hours: A Declining Quantity, Technocracy, Series A, No. 8, August 1936
- ^ Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research<For the several industries studied industry expansion offset most of the productivity gains that would otherwise resulted in many more job losses than actually occurred. To prevent rising unemployment the laid off workers would have to have changed industries, but it was noted that even if workers were successful at such a change the time typically took 18 months or more. The employment statistics for the 1930 census reflect conditions after the start of the depression so the actual employment situation prior to the depression is unknown.>
- ^ Stiglitz, Joseph (2011), “The Book of Jobs”, Vanity Fair 23/12/2011閲覧。
- ^ Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2002). Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900-1998, Insead’s Center For the Management of Environmental Resources, 2002/52/EPS/CMER<Fig. 4 in Appendix>From one-sixth to one-quarter of all land had been used to grow animal feed.
- ^ General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars
- ^ David M. Kennedy, 'Freedom From Fear, The American People in Depression and War 1929 - 1945, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-503834-7, p. 122, 123
- ^ Dorfman,1959
- ^ Allgoewer, Elisabeth (May 2002). “Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression”. Discussion paper no. 2002-14.
- ^ a b Peter Clemens, Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal: The USA 1890–1954, Hodder Education, 2008, ISBN 978-0-340-965887, p. 108
- ^ The Road to Plenty (1928)
- ^ Eichengreen 1992, p.xi
- ^ Bernanke 2002, p.80
- ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy, RICHARD H. TIMBERLAKE http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf
- ^ Parker, p.49.
- ^ White, 1990.
- ^ Protectionism and the Great Depression, Paul Krugman, New York Times, November 30, 2009
- ^ a b The protectionist temptation: Lessons from the Great Depression for today, VOX, Barry Eichengreen, Douglas Irwin, 17 March 2009
- ^ Hansen, Alvin (1939). Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth. ISBN 978-1162557823<Originally printed in a journal. Reprinted 2004, 2010>
- ^ a b Barber, Clarence L. "On the Origins of the Great Depression", Southern Economic Journal, January, 1978, 44(3), pp. 432-456.
- ^ Barber, Clarence L. "On the Origins of the Great Depression", Southern Economic Journal, January 1978, 44(3), pp. 432-456. See also Bolch, B. W. and J. D. Pilgrim, "A Reappraisal of Some Factors Associated with Fluctuations in the United States in the Interwar Period." Southern Economic Journal, January 1973, pp. 327-44.
- ^ Longman, Philip (2004). The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity And What to Do About It. p. 87. ISBN 0-465-05050-6
- ^ a b c d J. Bradford De Long, "Liquidation" Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 3546, p. 1
- ^ White, Lawrence (2008). “Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (40): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
- ^ a b Randall E. Parker, Reflections on the Great Depression, Elgar publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-1843763352, p. 9
- ^ J. Bradford De Long, "Liquidation" Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 3546, p. 33
- ^ White, Lawrence (2008). “Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (40): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
- ^ White, Lawrence (2008). “Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (40): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
- ^ Lawrence White, The Clash of Economic Ideas: The Great Policy Debates and Experiments of the 20th Century (Cambridge University Press), p. 94.
- ^ White, Clash of Economic Ideas, p. 94. See alsoWhite, Lawrence (2008). “Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (40): 751–768. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
- ^ Herbert Hoover, Father of the New Deal, by Steven Horwitz http://www.cato.org/pubs/bp/bp122.pdf
- ^ Does ‘Austerity’ Work? by David Weinberger http://blog.heritage.org/2011/10/27/does-austerity-work/
- ^ Lessons from Economic Recessions II- The Forgotten Recession of 1920 http://conservativehideout.com/wordpress/2011/07/05/lessons-from-economic-recessions-ii-the-forgotten-recession-of-1920/
- ^ The Growth of the Federal Government in the 1920s, Randall G. Holcombe http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj16n2-2.html
- ^ Hoover's Attack on Laissez-Faire, by Murray Rothbard http://mises.org/daily/2902#2
- ^ The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: The Great Depression http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GreatDepression.html
- ^ http://www.cato.org/pubs/bp/bp122.pdf
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