涅槃
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/03/01 06:40 UTC 版)
涅槃（ねはん）、ニルヴァーナ（サンスクリット語: निर्वाण、nirvāṇa）、ニッバーナ（パーリ語: निब्बान、nibbāna）とは、一般にヒンドゥー教、ジャイナ教、仏教における概念であり、繰り返す再生の輪廻から解放された状態のこと[1][2][3]。
注釈
- ^ 涅槃が仏教の究極的な実践目的であるところから、法印の一つに涅槃寂静がある[8]。
- ^ 「般」は梵: pariの音写であり、完全という意味[8]。
- ^ 各言語では次のように表記される。プラークリット: णिव्वाण、ṇivvāṇa、タイ語: นิพพาน、Nípphaan、ベトナム語: niết bàn[要出典]。
- ^ 有余涅槃・無余涅槃は、パーリ語の sa-upādisesa-nibbāna, anupādisesa-nibbāna で、このうち、「余」にあたるウパーディセーサ(upādisesa)は、「生命として燃えるべき薪」「存在としてよりかかるべきもの」を意味する[要出典]。
- ^ 灰身滅智（けしんめっち）とは、身は焼かれて灰となり、智の滅した状態をいう[要出典]。
出典
- ^ Chad Meister (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-14179-1. "Buddhism: the soteriological goal is nirvana, liberation from the wheel of samsara and extinction of all desires, cravings and suffering."
- ^ Donald S. lopez Jr., Nirvana, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Kristin Johnston Largen. What Christians Can Learn from Buddhism: Rethinking Salvation. Fortress Press. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-4514-1267-3. "One important caveat must be noted: for many lay Buddhists all over the world, rebirth in a higher realm - rather than realizing nirvana - has been the primary religious goal. [...] while many Buddhists strongly emphasize the soteriological value of the Buddha's teaching on nirvana [escape from samsara], many other Buddhists focus their practice on more tangible goals, in particular on the propitious rebirth in one's next life."
- ^ “IN THE PRESENCE OF NIBBANA:Developing Faith in the Buddhist Path to Enlightenment”. What-Buddha-Taught.net. 2014年10月22日閲覧。
- ^ “The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, vimoksha”. 2014年2月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年2月17日閲覧。
- ^ Gavin Flood, Nirvana. In: John Bowker (ed.), Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
- ^ Anindita N. Balslev (2014). On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension. SAGE Publications. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-93-5150-405-4
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y 総合仏教大辞典 1988, p. 1132-1133.
- ^ a b “涅槃(ねはん)とは - コトバンク”. 朝日新聞社. 2017年10月16日閲覧。
- ^ a b 岩波仏教辞典 & p647.
- ^ アルボムッレ・スマナサーラ『テーラワーダ仏教「自ら確かめる」ブッダの教え』（kindle）Evolving、2018年。ISBN 978-4804613574。
- ^ a b Fowler 2012, p. 48.
- ^ Olivelle 1992, pp. 5–9, 227–235, Quote: "Nirvana Upanishad...".
- ^ Fowler 2012, pp. 48–49.
- ^ “Atman (in Oxford Dictionaries)”. Oxford University Press (2012年). 2014年12月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年12月閲覧。 “Quote: 1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul”
- ^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5; Quote: The atman is the self or soul.
- ^ David Lorenzen (2004). Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene. eds. The Hindu World. Routledge. pp. 208–209. ISBN 9781134608751. "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself."
- ^ [a] Anatta, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self").";
[b] Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791422175, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
[c] John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism";
[d] Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now;
[e] David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65-74 - ^ [a] Christmas Humphreys (2012). Exploring Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1-136-22877-3
[b] Richard Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8. "Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.", - ^ मुच Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Germany (2008)
- ^ Heinrich Robert Zimmer (1951). Philosophies of India. Princeton University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-691-01758-1. "Moksa, from the root muc, "to loose, set free, let go, release, liberate, deliver" [...] means "liberation, escape, freedom, release, rescue, deliverance, final emancipation of the soul."
- ^ Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. ISBN 81-208-1691-9: "Moksa and Nirvana are synonymous in Jainism". p. 168
- ^ Michael Carrithers, Caroline Humphrey (1991) The Assembly of listeners: Jains in society Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521365058: "Nirvana: A synonym for liberation, release, moksa." p. 297
- ^ 中村 2002, p. 96.
- ^ a b c 櫻部・上山 2006, p. 142.
- ^ 櫻部・上山 2006, p. P109.
- ^ 櫻部 1981, p. P61.
- ^ 櫻部・上山 2006, p. P142.
- ^ Thero Ven Randombe Suneetha (2018). “On the Metaphor of the Raft in the Mahāparinibbānasutta”. The Annals of the Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic 15: 173-181. NAID 120006517938.
- ^ パーリ仏典, 相応部 六処相応 10.Saḷa-vaggo, Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project
- ^ a b c パーリ仏典, 相応部ジャンブカーダカ相応 Nibbānasuttaṃ, Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project
- ^ a b パーリ仏典, 増支部三集 (増支部)婆羅門品, Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project
- ^ アルボムッレ・スマナサーラ『原訳「法句経(ダンマパダ)」一日一話』佼成出版社、2003年、Kindle版, 4.6。ISBN 978-4333020447。
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