連邦政府による活性化

ウィキペディア小見出し辞書

連邦政府による活性化

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/12/29 04:14 UTC 版)

「州防衛軍」の記事における「連邦政府による活性化」の解説

アメリカ合衆国憲法のもと、いくつかの法令や事例に関連し、連邦政府と州防衛軍の関係について議論されたことがある。合衆国法典第32編第109条以外でも、合衆国最高裁判所による次のような判断がある： .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}32 U.S.C. 109(c)によれば、州防衛軍が招集されず、命令されず、連邦軍に徴兵されないことは明らかだ。しかし、10 U.S.C. 331–333によれば、民兵（militia）と軍隊（armed forces）の区別において組織されているか否かに関わらず、全ての民兵組織は、民兵条項（Militia Clauses）に明記されている目的のための動員に応じることが求められており、これに基づく招集を受ける可能性はある。（Perpich v. Department of Defense（英語版）, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)） ただし、最高裁はこの問題について結論するものではないことも明らかにしている。連邦政府が州防衛軍活性化の権限を持ちうる根拠として示された条文は以下の3つである。 10 U.S.C. 251 – "Federal aid for State governments" Whenever there is an insurrection in any State against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor if the legislature cannot be convened, call into Federal service such of the militia of the other States, in the number requested by that State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to suppress the insurrection. 10 U.S.C. 252 – "Use of militia and armed forces to enforce Federal authority" Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States, make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State or Territory by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to enforce those laws or to suppress the rebellion. 10 U.S.C. 253 – "Interference with State and Federal law" The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means, shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress, in a State, any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy, if it - (1) so hinders the execution of the laws of that State, and of the United States within the State, that any part or class of its people is deprived of a right, privilege, immunity, or protection named in the Constitution and secured by law, and the constituted authorities of that State are unable, fail, or refuse to protect that right, privilege, or immunity, or to give that protection; or(2) opposes or obstructs the execution of the laws of the United States or impedes the course of justice under those laws. In any situation covered by clause (1), the State shall be considered to have denied the equal protection of the laws secured by the Constitution.