現生人類の拡散
(Early human migrations から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/03/26 15:13 UTC 版)
現生人類の拡散（げんせいじんるいのかくさん）では、ホモ・サピエンスが世界各地へ拡散した経緯について述べる。ホモ・サピエンスが誕生し、移動を始めたのはおおよそ30万年前であるといわれている[note 1][3]。アフリカ単一起源説では、おおよそ7万年前から5万年前に東アフリカを発ったホモ・サピエンスが現世人類の祖であるとされており、現生人類がアフリカを出てアジア南沿岸経由で近オセアニア地域への移動を始めたのがおおよそ7万年から5万年前とされており(人類の南方地域への分散)、約4万年前までにヨーロッパ中に分散した。ただし、それ以前にもアフリカを出たホモ・サピエンスが存在する。イスラエルから19万4千年–17万7千年前のホモ・サピエンスの化石、ギリシャから約21万年前のホモ・サピエンスの化石が見つかっているが、いずれもそれ以前に定住していたネアンデルタール人との生存競争に敗れたと考えられている[4][5][6][7][3]。
注釈
- ^ Schlebusch et al.によれば、南アフリカの古代人のゲノム解析によって現代人が26万年前から35万年前には誕生していたと推定されている[1][2] (archaic admixture).
- ^ 現生人類における旧人類の遺伝子の割合は、祖先がネアンデルタール人と混血したユーラシアの人々で推定1-4%（Lohse (2014) によれば3.4–7.3%[9]）、Reich et al. (2010) によれば祖先がデニソワ人と混血したメラネシアの人々で推定4–6%[10]、Hammer et al. (2011) によれば未知の旧人類と混血したサブ・サハラの狩猟採集民族で推定2%とされる[11]。
- ^ Estimated split times given in the source cited (in kya): Human-Neanderthal: 530–690, Deep Human [H. sapiens]: 250–360, NKSP-SKSP: 150–190, Out of Africa (OOA): 70–120.[1]
- ^ この変異は、汗腺や歯、髪の毛の太さ、胸部組織の形質に影響を及ぼす[92][93]。また、東アジア人の遺伝子には選択圧が示唆される対立遺伝子が多数みられる。これらの遺伝子は特にEDAR、ADH1B、ABCC1、ALDH2の遺伝子に関係する。その内、1万1千年前以降から現れた東アジア型のADH1B遺伝子は稲作に関連しているという[94]。
出典
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