最先端
(技術水準 から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/02/26 02:09 UTC 版)
最先端（さいせんたん、英: state of the art, or leading edge）とは、装置、技術、科学分野などの一般的な発展において、ある特定の時期に達成された最高レベルをいう。しかし、文脈によっては、当時一般的に用いられていた方法の結果として、任意の特定の時期に達成された開発のレベルを指すこともある。
- ^ Borchers, Timothy A. (2022). Persuasion in the Media Age (4th ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4786-4691-4
- ^ Smith, Jack (1988年6月15日). “Is 'State of the Art' Patently Ill Defined?”. Los Angeles Times 2022年12月24日閲覧。
- ^ Haase, Fee-Alexandra (2010). “'The State of the Art' as an Example for a Textual Linguistic 'Globalization Effect'. Code Switching, Borrowing, and Change of Meaning as Conditions of Cross-cultural Communication”. Revista de Divulgação Científica em Língua Portuguesa, Linguística e Literatura 6 (13). ISSN 1807-5193. オリジナルの22 July 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 2022年12月24日閲覧。.
- ^ Suplee, Henry Harrison (1910). The Gas Turbine: Progress in the Design and Construction of Turbines Operated by Gases of Combustion. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 6
- ^ George Washington used the term in a letter to Lafayette (29 January 1798). Washington distinguished commerce from useful arts by stating, "While our commerce has been considerably curtailed, for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for default of remittance; the useful arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection". Fitzpatrick, John C., ed (1939). The Writings of Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. 30. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. p. 186 Other literary sources are collected in the United States Patent and Trademark Office's Supplemental Brief in In re Bilski, p. 11 n.4 (useful arts are manufacturing processes).
- ^ a b Anderson, John D., Jr. (1998). A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-66955-9
- ^ Executive (1985), Vol. 27, p. 56.[要文献特定詳細情報]
- ^ Zweig, Mark C. (2010). “Better Writing”. Management from A to Zweig: The Complete Works of Mark Zweig. Fayetteville, Arkansas: ZweigWhite. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-60950-017-7
- ^ Under the European Patent Convention: Template:EPC Article and Template:EPC Article.
- ^ Sreenivasulu, N. S.; Raju, C. B. (2008). Biotechnology and Patent Law: Patenting Living Beings. Noida: Manupatra. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-89542-31-3. "The European Patent Convention uses the term 'state of the art' which is equivalent to prior art"
- ^ “T 0011/82 (Control Circuit) of 15.4.1983”. European Patent Office. 2018年5月31日閲覧。 “Headnote II. The expression 'background art' used in the English text of Rule 27(1)(c) and (d) EPC must have the same meaning as the more familiar expression 'prior art'.”
- ^ Cleland, David I.; Kocaoglu, Dundar F. (1981). Engineering Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-07-011316-9
- ^ Rufe, Philip D. (2013). Fundamentals of Manufacturing (3rd ed.). Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-87263-870-9
- ^ Introduction to German Law. Kluwer Law International. (2005). p. 220. ISBN 978-90-411-2261-2
- ^ Bergkamp, Lucas (2003). European Community Law for the New Economy. Intersentia. p. 440. ISBN 978-90-5095-229-3
- ^ a b Vandall, Frank J. (2011). A History of Civil Litigation: Political and Economic Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-539191-6
- ^ Standley, Gerald F. (October 1984). “Don't ignore a 'safer alternative'”. Commercial Carrier Journal 141 (10): 7. ISSN 0734-1423.
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