遺伝子
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/04/18 21:21 UTC 版)
外部リンク
^ Braig M, Schmitt CA (March 2006). “Oncogene-induced senescence: putting the brakes on tumor development”. Cancer Research 66 (6): 2881–4. doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4006 . PMID 16540631 .
^ a b Bennett PM (March 2008). “Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria” . British Journal of Pharmacology 153 (Suppl 1): S347-57. doi :10.1038/sj.bjp.0707607 . PMC 2268074 . PMID 18193080 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268074/ .
^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (October 2004). “Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome”. Nature 431 (7011): 931–45. Bibcode : 2004Natur.431..931H . doi :10.1038/nature03001 . PMID 15496913 .
^ a b Shafee, Thomas; Lowe, Rohan (2017). “Eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structure”. WikiJournal of Medicine 4 (1). doi :10.15347/wjm/2017.002 . ISSN 2002-4436 .
^ Mortazavi A, Williams BA, McCue K, Schaeffer L, Wold B (July 2008). “Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq”. Nature Methods 5 (7): 621–8. doi :10.1038/nmeth.1226 . PMID 18516045 .
^ Pennacchio LA, Bickmore W, Dean A, Nobrega MA, Bejerano G (April 2013). “Enhancers: five essential questions” . Nature Reviews. Genetics 14 (4): 288–95. doi :10.1038/nrg3458 . PMC 4445073 . PMID 23503198 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445073/ .
^ Maston GA, Evans SK, Green MR (2006). “Transcriptional regulatory elements in the human genome”. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 7 : 29–59. doi :10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115623 . PMID 16719718 .
^ Mignone F, Gissi C, Liuni S, Pesole G (2002-02-28). “Untranslated regions of mRNAs” . Genome Biology 3 (3): REVIEWS0004. doi :10.1186/gb-2002-3-3-reviews0004 . PMC 139023 . PMID 11897027 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139023/ .
^ Bicknell AA, Cenik C, Chua HN, Roth FP, Moore MJ (December 2012). “Introns in UTRs: why we should stop ignoring them”. BioEssays 34 (12): 1025–34. doi :10.1002/bies.201200073 . PMID 23108796 .
^ Shkurin A, Pour SE, Hughes TR (April 2023). “Known sequence features explain half of all human gene ends” . NAR Genomics and Bioinformatics 5 (2): lqad031. doi :10.1093/nargab/lqad031 . PMC 10072996 . PMID 37035540 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10072996/ .
^ Salgado H, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Smith TF, Collado-Vides J (June 2000). “Operons in Escherichia coli: genomic analyses and predictions” . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (12): 6652–7. Bibcode : 2000PNAS...97.6652S . doi :10.1073/pnas.110147297 . PMC 18690 . PMID 10823905 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18690/ .
^ Blumenthal T (November 2004). “Operons in eukaryotes”. Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics 3 (3): 199–211. doi :10.1093/bfgp/3.3.199 . PMID 15642184 .
^ Jacob F, Monod J (June 1961). “Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins”. Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (3): 318–56. doi :10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7 . PMID 13718526 .
^ Pozzoli U, Menozzi G, Comi GP, Cagliani R, Bresolin N, Sironi M (January 2007). “Intron size in mammals: complexity comes to terms with economy”. Trends in Genetics 23 (1): 20–24. doi :10.1016/j.tig.2006.10.003 . PMID 17070957 .
^ Marais G, Nouvellet P, Keightley PD, Charlesworth B (May 2005). “Intron size and exon evolution in Drosophila” . Genetics 170 (1): 481–485. doi :10.1534/genetics.104.037333 . PMC 1449718 . PMID 15781704 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449718/ .
^ Kumar A (September 2009). “An overview of nested genes in eukaryotic genomes” . Eukaryotic Cell 8 (9): 1321–1329. doi :10.1128/EC.00143-09 . PMC 2747821 . PMID 19542305 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747821/ . .
^ Spilianakis CG, Lalioti MD, Town T, Lee GR, Flavell RA (June 2005). “Interchromosomal associations between alternatively expressed loci”. Nature 435 (7042): 637–645. Bibcode : 2005Natur.435..637S . doi :10.1038/nature03574 . PMID 15880101 .
^ Williams A, Spilianakis CG, Flavell RA (April 2010). “Interchromosomal association and gene regulation in trans” . Trends in Genetics 26 (4): 188–197. doi :10.1016/j.tig.2010.01.007 . PMC 2865229 . PMID 20236724 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865229/ .
^ Lei Q, Li C, Zuo Z, Huang C, Cheng H, Zhou R (March 2016). “Evolutionary Insights into RNA trans-Splicing in Vertebrates” . Genome Biology and Evolution 8 (3): 562–577. doi :10.1093/gbe/evw025 . PMC 4824033 . PMID 26966239 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824033/ .
^ Wright BW, Molloy MP, Jaschke PR (March 2022). “Overlapping genes in natural and engineered genomes” . Nature Reviews. Genetics 23 (3): 154–168. doi :10.1038/s41576-021-00417-w . PMC 8490965 . PMID 34611352 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8490965/ .
^ a b Eddy SR (December 2001). “Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world”. Nature Reviews. Genetics 2 (12): 919–29. doi :10.1038/35103511 . PMID 11733745 .
^ Crick FH, Barnett L, Brenner S, Watts-Tobin RJ (December 1961). “General nature of the genetic code for proteins”. Nature 192 (4809): 1227–32. Bibcode : 1961Natur.192.1227C . doi :10.1038/1921227a0 . PMID 13882203 .
^ Crick FH (October 1962). “The genetic code” . Scientific American (WH Freeman and Company) 207 (4): 66–74. Bibcode : 1962SciAm.207d..66C . doi :10.1038/scientificamerican1062-66 . PMID 13882204 . http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/SCBBFY.ocr .
^ Woodson SA (May 1998). “Ironing out the kinks: splicing and translation in bacteria”. Genes & Development 12 (9): 1243–7. doi :10.1101/gad.12.9.1243 . PMID 9573040 .
^ Jacob F, Monod J (June 1961). “Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins”. Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (3): 318–56. doi :10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7 . PMID 13718526 .
^ Koonin EV, Dolja VV (January 1993). “Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses: implications of comparative analysis of amino acid sequences”. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 28 (5): 375–430. doi :10.3109/10409239309078440 . PMID 8269709 .
^ Domingo E (2001). “RNA Virus Genomes”. eLS . doi :10.1002/9780470015902.a0001488.pub2 . ISBN 978-0470016176 .
^ Domingo E, Escarmís C, Sevilla N, Moya A, Elena SF, Quer J, Novella IS, Holland JJ (June 1996). “Basic concepts in RNA virus evolution”. FASEB Journal 10 (8): 859–64. doi :10.1096/fasebj.10.8.8666162 . PMID 8666162 .
^ Miko I (2008). “Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance” . Nature Education Knowledge . SciTable (Nature Publishing Group) 1 (1): 134. http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593 .
^ Chial H (2008). “Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders” . Nature Education Knowledge . SciTable (Nature Publishing Group) 1 (1): 63. http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-genetics-patterns-of-inheritance-and-single-966 .
^ McCarthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (October 1976). “DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant”. Journal of Molecular Biology 106 (4): 963–81. doi :10.1016/0022-2836(76)90346-6 . PMID 789903 .
^ a b Lobo I, Shaw K (2008). “Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage” . Nature Education Knowledge . SciTable (Nature Publishing Group) 1 (1): 139. http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500 .
^ Nachman MW, Crowell SL (September 2000). “Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans” . Genetics 156 (1): 297–304. doi :10.1093/genetics/156.1.297 . PMC 1461236 . PMID 10978293 . http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/156/1/297 .
^ Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, Rowen L, Pant KP, Goodman N, Bamshad M, Shendure J, Drmanac R, Jorde LB, Hood L, Galas DJ (April 2010). “Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing” . Science 328 (5978): 636–9. Bibcode : 2010Sci...328..636R . doi :10.1126/science.1186802 . PMC 3037280 . PMID 20220176 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037280/ .
^ Drake JW, Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, Crow JF (April 1998). “Rates of spontaneous mutation” . Genetics 148 (4): 1667–86. doi :10.1093/genetics/148.4.1667 . PMC 1460098 . PMID 9560386 . http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/148/4/1667 .
^ Pyeritz, Reed E., Bruce R. Korf, and Wayne W. Grody, eds. Emery and Rimoin’s principles and practice of medical genetics and genomics: foundations. Academic Press, 2018.
^ “What kinds of gene mutations are possible? ”. Genetics Home Reference . United States National Library of Medicine (2015年5月11日). 2015年5月19日 閲覧。
^ Andrews CA (2010). “Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations” . Nature Education Knowledge . SciTable (Nature Publishing Group) 3 (10): 5. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/natural-selection-genetic-drift-and-gene-flow-15186648 .
^ Patterson C (November 1988). “Homology in classical and molecular biology”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5 (6): 603–25. doi :10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040523 . PMID 3065587 .
^ Graur D (2016). Molecular and Genome Evolution . Sunderland MA (US): Sinauer Associates, Inc.. ISBN 9781605354699
^ Graur D (2016). Molecular and Genome Evolution . Sunderland MA (US): Sinauer Associates, Inc.. ISBN 9781605354699
^ Jensen RA (2001). “Orthologs and paralogs - we need to get it right” . Genome Biology 2 (8): INTERACTIONS1002. doi :10.1186/gb-2001-2-8-interactions1002 . PMC 138949 . PMID 11532207 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC138949/ .
^ Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M (May 2009). “How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ?” . Trends in Genetics 25 (5): 210–6. doi :10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004 . PMID 19368988 . https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_39F8106EE698 .
^ Altenhoff AM, Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M, Dessimoz C (2012). “Resolving the ortholog conjecture: orthologs tend to be weakly, but significantly, more similar in function than paralogs” . PLOS Computational Biology 8 (5): e1002514. Bibcode : 2012PLSCB...8E2514A . doi :10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002514 . PMC 3355068 . PMID 22615551 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355068/ .
^ a b Guerzoni D, McLysaght A (November 2011). “De novo origins of human genes” . PLOS Genetics 7 (11): e1002381. doi :10.1371/journal.pgen.1002381 . PMC 3213182 . PMID 22102832 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3213182/ .
^ Reams AB, Roth JR (February 2015). “Mechanisms of gene duplication and amplification” . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7 (2): a016592. doi :10.1101/cshperspect.a016592 . PMC 4315931 . PMID 25646380 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315931/ .
^ Demuth JP, De Bie T, Stajich JE, Cristianini N, Hahn MW (December 2006). “The evolution of mammalian gene families” . PLOS ONE 1 (1): e85. Bibcode : 2006PLoSO...1...85D . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0000085 . PMC 1762380 . PMID 17183716 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762380/ .
^ Knowles DG, McLysaght A (October 2009). “Recent de novo origin of human protein-coding genes” . Genome Research 19 (10): 1752–9. doi :10.1101/gr.095026.109 . PMC 2765279 . PMID 19726446 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765279/ .
^ Wu DD, Irwin DM, Zhang YP (November 2011). “De novo origin of human protein-coding genes” . PLOS Genetics 7 (11): e1002379. doi :10.1371/journal.pgen.1002379 . PMC 3213175 . PMID 22102831 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3213175/ .
^ McLysaght A, Guerzoni D (September 2015). “New genes from non-coding sequence: the role of de novo protein-coding genes in eukaryotic evolutionary innovation” . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 370 (1678): 20140332. doi :10.1098/rstb.2014.0332 . PMC 4571571 . PMID 26323763 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571571/ .
^ Neme R, Tautz D (February 2013). “Phylogenetic patterns of emergence of new genes support a model of frequent de novo evolution” . BMC Genomics 14 (1): 117. doi :10.1186/1471-2164-14-117 . PMC 3616865 . PMID 23433480 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3616865/ .
^ Treangen TJ, Rocha EP (January 2011). “Horizontal transfer, not duplication, drives the expansion of protein families in prokaryotes” . PLOS Genetics 7 (1): e1001284. doi :10.1371/journal.pgen.1001284 . PMC 3029252 . PMID 21298028 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029252/ .
^ Ochman H, Lawrence JG, Groisman EA (May 2000). “Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation”. Nature 405 (6784): 299–304. Bibcode : 2000Natur.405..299O . doi :10.1038/35012500 . PMID 10830951 .
^ Keeling PJ, Palmer JD (August 2008). “Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution”. Nature Reviews. Genetics 9 (8): 605–18. doi :10.1038/nrg2386 . PMID 18591983 .
^ Schönknecht G, Chen WH, Ternes CM, Barbier GG, Shrestha RP, Stanke M, Bräutigam A, Baker BJ, Banfield JF, Garavito RM, Carr K, Wilkerson C, Rensing SA, Gagneul D, Dickenson NE, Oesterhelt C, Lercher MJ, Weber AP (March 2013). “Gene transfer from bacteria and archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote” . Science 339 (6124): 1207–10. Bibcode : 2013Sci...339.1207S . doi :10.1126/science.1231707 . PMID 23471408 . https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2915146 .
^ Ridley, M. (2006). Genome . New York, NY: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-019497-9
^ Banerjee S, Bhandary P, Woodhouse M, Sen TZ, Wise RP, Andorf CM (Apr 2021). “FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences” . BMC Bioinformatics 44 (9): e89. doi :10.1186/s12859-021-04120-9 . PMC 8056616 . PMID 33879057 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8056616/ .
^ Watson, JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R. (2004). "Ch9-10", Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5th ed., Peason Benjamin Cummings; CSHL Press.
^ “Integr8 – A.thaliana Genome Statistics ”. 2015年4月26日 閲覧。
^ “Understanding the Basics ”. The Human Genome Project . 2015年4月26日 閲覧。
^ “WS227 Release Letter ”. WormBase (2011年8月10日). 2013年11月28日時点のオリジナル よりアーカイブ。2013年11月19日 閲覧。
^ a b Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B, Deng Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Cao M, Liu J, Sun J, Tang J, Chen Y, Huang X, Lin W, Ye C, Tong W, Cong L, Geng J, Han Y, Li L, Li W, Hu G, Huang X, Li W, Li J, Liu Z, Li L, Liu J, Qi Q, Liu J, Li L, Li T, Wang X, Lu H, Wu T, Zhu M, Ni P, Han H, Dong W, Ren X, Feng X, Cui P, Li X, Wang H, Xu X, Zhai W, Xu Z, Zhang J, He S, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang K, Zheng X, Dong J, Zeng W, Tao L, Ye J, Tan J, Ren X, Chen X, He J, Liu D, Tian W, Tian C, Xia H, Bao Q, Li G, Gao H, Cao T, Wang J, Zhao W, Li P, Chen W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang J, Liu S, Yang J, Zhang G, Xiong Y, Li Z, Mao L, Zhou C, Zhu Z, Chen R, Hao B, Zheng W, Chen S, Guo W, Li G, Liu S, Tao M, Wang J, Zhu L, Yuan L, Yang H (April 2002). “A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)”. Science 296 (5565): 79–92. Bibcode : 2002Sci...296...79Y . doi :10.1126/science.1068037 . PMID 11935017 .
^ Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG (April 1981). “Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome”. Nature 290 (5806): 457–65. Bibcode : 1981Natur.290..457A . doi :10.1038/290457a0 . PMID 7219534 .
^ Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, Evans CA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides PG, Scherer SE, Li PW, Hoskins RA, Galle RF, George RA, Lewis SE, Richards S, Ashburner M, Henderson SN, Sutton GG, Wortman JR, Yandell MD, Zhang Q, Chen LX, Brandon RC, Rogers YH, Blazej RG, Champe M, Pfeiffer BD, Wan KH, Doyle C, Baxter EG, Helt G, Nelson CR, Gabor GL, Abril JF, Agbayani A, An HJ, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Baldwin D, Ballew RM, Basu A, Baxendale J, Bayraktaroglu L, Beasley EM, Beeson KY, Benos PV, Berman BP, Bhandari D, Bolshakov S, Borkova D, Botchan MR, Bouck J, Brokstein P, Brottier P, Burtis KC, Busam DA, Butler H, Cadieu E, Center A, Chandra I, Cherry JM, Cawley S, Dahlke C, Davenport LB, Davies P, de Pablos B, Delcher A, Deng Z, Mays AD, Dew I, Dietz SM, Dodson K, Doup LE, Downes M, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunkov BC, Dunn P, Durbin KJ, Evangelista CC, Ferraz C, Ferriera S, Fleischmann W, Fosler C, Gabrielian AE, Garg NS, Gelbart WM, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gong F, Gorrell JH, Gu Z, Guan P, Harris M, Harris NL, Harvey D, Heiman TJ, Hernandez JR, Houck J, Hostin D, Houston KA, Howland TJ, Wei MH, Ibegwam C, Jalali M, Kalush F, Karpen GH, Ke Z, Kennison JA, Ketchum KA, Kimmel BE, Kodira CD, Kraft C, Kravitz S, Kulp D, Lai Z, Lasko P, Lei Y, Levitsky AA, Li J, Li Z, Liang Y, Lin X, Liu X, Mattei B, McIntosh TC, McLeod MP, McPherson D, Merkulov G, Milshina NV, Mobarry C, Morris J, Moshrefi A, Mount SM, Moy M, Murphy B, Murphy L, Muzny DM, Nelson DL, Nelson DR, Nelson KA, Nixon K, Nusskern DR, Pacleb JM, Palazzolo M, Pittman GS, Pan S, Pollard J, Puri V, Reese MG, Reinert K, Remington K, Saunders RD, Scheeler F, Shen H, Shue BC, Sidén-Kiamos I, Simpson M, Skupski MP, Smith T, Spier E, Spradling AC, Stapleton M, Strong R, Sun E, Svirskas R, Tector C, Turner R, Venter E, Wang AH, Wang X, Wang ZY, Wassarman DA, Weinstock GM, Weissenbach J, Williams SM, Worley KC, Wu D, Yang S, Yao QA, Ye J, Yeh RF, Zaveri JS, Zhan M, Zhang G, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zheng XH, Zhong FN, Zhong W, Zhou X, Zhu S, Zhu X, Smith HO, Gibbs RA, Myers EW, Rubin GM, Venter JC (March 2000). “The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster”. Science 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode : 2000Sci...287.2185. . doi :10.1126/science.287.5461.2185 . PMID 10731132 .
^ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). “Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes” . Genome Biology 11 (5): 206. doi :10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 . PMC 2898077 . PMID 20441615 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898077/ .
^ Belyi VA, Levine AJ, Skalka AM (December 2010). “Sequences from ancestral single-stranded DNA viruses in vertebrate genomes: the parvoviridae and circoviridae are more than 40 to 50 million years old” . Journal of Virology 84 (23): 12458–62. doi :10.1128/JVI.01789-10 . PMC 2976387 . PMID 20861255 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976387/ .
^ Flores R, Di Serio F, Hernández C (February 1997). “Viroids: The Noncoding Genomes”. Seminars in Virology 8 (1): 65–73. doi :10.1006/smvy.1997.0107 .
^ Zonneveld BJ (2010). “New Record Holders for Maximum Genome Size in Eudicots and Monocots”. Journal of Botany 2010 : 1–4. doi :10.1155/2010/527357 .
^ Perez-Iratxeta C, Palidwor G, Andrade-Navarro MA (December 2007). “Towards completion of the Earth's proteome” . EMBO Reports 8 (12): 1135–41. doi :10.1038/sj.embor.7401117 . PMC 2267224 . PMID 18059312 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267224/ .
^ Muller HJ (1966). “The gene material as the initiator and the organizing basis of life” . American Naturalist 100 (915): 493–517. doi :10.1086/282445 . JSTOR 2459205 . http://www.jstor.org/stable/2459205 .
^ Ohno S (1972). “So much "junk" DNA in our genome”. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 23 : 366–370. PMID 5065367 .
^ Hatje K, Mühlhausen S, Simm D, Killmar M (2019). “The Protein-Coding Human Genome: Annotating High-Hanging Fruits.”. BioEssays 41 (11): 1900066. doi :10.1002/bies.201900066 . PMID 31544971 .
^ Schuler GD, Boguski MS , Stewart EA, Stein LD, Gyapay G, Rice K, White RE, Rodriguez-Tomé P, Aggarwal A, Bajorek E, Bentolila S, Birren BB, Butler A, Castle AB, Chiannilkulchai N, Chu A, Clee C, Cowles S, Day PJ, Dibling T, Drouot N, Dunham I, Duprat S, East C, Edwards C, Fan JB, Fang N, Fizames C, Garrett C, Green L, Hadley D, Harris M, Harrison P, Brady S, Hicks A, Holloway E, Hui L, Hussain S, Louis-Dit-Sully C, Ma J, MacGilvery A, Mader C, Maratukulam A, Matise TC, McKusick KB, Morissette J, Mungall A, Muselet D, Nusbaum HC, Page DC, Peck A, Perkins S, Piercy M, Qin F, Quackenbush J, Ranby S, Reif T, Rozen S, Sanders C, She X, Silva J, Slonim DK, Soderlund C, Sun WL, Tabar P, Thangarajah T, Vega-Czarny N, Vollrath D, Voyticky S, Wilmer T, Wu X, Adams MD, Auffray C, Walter NA, Brandon R, Dehejia A, Goodfellow PN, Houlgatte R, Hudson JR, Ide SE, Iorio KR, Lee WY, Seki N, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Nomura N, Phillips C, Polymeropoulos MH, Sandusky M, Schmitt K, Berry R, Swanson K, Torres R, Venter JC, Sikela JM, Beckmann JS, Weissenbach J, Myers RM, Cox DR, James MR, Bentley D, Deloukas P, Lander ES, Hudson TJ (October 1996). “A gene map of the human genome”. Science 274 (5287): 540–6. Bibcode : 1996Sci...274..540S . doi :10.1126/science.274.5287.540 . PMID 8849440 .
^ Chi KR (October 2016). “The dark side of the human genome” (英語). Nature 538 (7624): 275–277. Bibcode : 2016Natur.538..275C . doi :10.1038/538275a . PMID 27734873 .
^ Ezkurdia, Iakes; Juan, David; Rodriguez, Jose Manuel; Frankish, Adam; Diekhans, Mark; Harrow, Jennifer; Vazquez, Jesus; Valencia, Alfonso et al. (2014-11-15). “Multiple evidence strands suggest that there may be as few as 19 000 human protein-coding genes” (英語). Human Molecular Genetics 23 (22): 5866–5878. doi :10.1093/hmg/ddu309 . ISSN 0964-6906 . PMC PMC4204768 . PMID 24939910 . https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/hmg/ddu309 .
^ “Human assembly and gene annotation ”. Ensembl (2022年). 2023年2月28日 閲覧。
^ a b Hutchison CA, Chuang RY, Noskov VN, Assad-Garcia N, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Gill J, Kannan K, Karas BJ, Ma L, Pelletier JF, Qi ZQ, Richter RA, Strychalski EA, Sun L, Suzuki Y, Tsvetanova B, Wise KS, Smith HO, Glass JI, Merryman C, Gibson DG, Venter JC (March 2016). “Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome”. Science 351 (6280): aad6253. Bibcode : 2016Sci...351.....H . doi :10.1126/science.aad6253 . PMID 27013737 .
^ Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Venter JC (January 2006). “Essential genes of a minimal bacterium” . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (2): 425–30. Bibcode : 2006PNAS..103..425G . doi :10.1073/pnas.0510013103 . PMC 1324956 . PMID 16407165 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1324956/ .
^ Gerdes SY, Scholle MD, Campbell JW, Balázsi G, Ravasz E, Daugherty MD, Somera AL, Kyrpides NC, Anderson I, Gelfand MS, Bhattacharya A, Kapatral V, D'Souza M, Baev MV, Grechkin Y, Mseeh F, Fonstein MY, Overbeek R, Barabási AL, Oltvai ZN, Osterman AL (October 2003). “Experimental determination and system level analysis of essential genes in Escherichia coli MG1655” . Journal of Bacteriology 185 (19): 5673–84. doi :10.1128/jb.185.19.5673-5684.2003 . PMC 193955 . PMID 13129938 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193955/ .
^ Baba T, Ara T, Hasegawa M, Takai Y, Okumura Y, Baba M, Datsenko KA, Tomita M, Wanner BL, Mori H (2006). “Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection” . Molecular Systems Biology 2 : 2006.0008. doi :10.1038/msb4100050 . PMC 1681482 . PMID 16738554 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681482/ .
^ a b Juhas M, Reuß DR, Zhu B, Commichau FM (November 2014). “Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli essential genes and minimal cell factories after one decade of genome engineering”. Microbiology 160 (Pt 11): 2341–2351. doi :10.1099/mic.0.079376-0 . PMID 25092907 .
^ Tu Z, Wang L, Xu M, Zhou X, Chen T, Sun F (February 2006). “Further understanding human disease genes by comparing with housekeeping genes and other genes” . BMC Genomics 7 : 31. doi :10.1186/1471-2164-7-31 . PMC 1397819 . PMID 16504025 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1397819/ .
^ Georgi B, Voight BF, Bućan M (May 2013). “From mouse to human: evolutionary genomics analysis of human orthologs of essential genes” . PLOS Genetics 9 (5): e1003484. doi :10.1371/journal.pgen.1003484 . PMC 3649967 . PMID 23675308 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649967/ .
^ Eisenberg E, Levanon EY (October 2013). “Human housekeeping genes, revisited”. Trends in Genetics 29 (10): 569–74. doi :10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.010 . PMID 23810203 .
^ Amsterdam A, Hopkins N (September 2006). “Mutagenesis strategies in zebrafish for identifying genes involved in development and disease”. Trends in Genetics 22 (9): 473–8. doi :10.1016/j.tig.2006.06.011 . PMID 16844256 .
^ “About the HGNC ”. HGNC Database of Human Gene Names . HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2015年5月14日 閲覧。
^ Cohen SN, Chang AC (May 1973). “Recircularization and autonomous replication of a sheared R-factor DNA segment in Escherichia coli transformants” . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70 (5): 1293–7. Bibcode : 1973PNAS...70.1293C . doi :10.1073/pnas.70.5.1293 . PMC 433482 . PMID 4576014 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC433482/ .
^ Esvelt KM, Wang HH (2013). “Genome-scale engineering for systems and synthetic biology” . Molecular Systems Biology 9 (1): 641. doi :10.1038/msb.2012.66 . PMC 3564264 . PMID 23340847 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564264/ .
^ Tan WS, Carlson DF, Walton MW, Fahrenkrug SC, Hackett PB (2012). “Precision editing of large animal genomes”. Advances in Genetics Volume 80 . 80 . pp. 37–97. doi :10.1016/B978-0-12-404742-6.00002-8 . ISBN 9780124047426 . PMC 3683964 . PMID 23084873
^ Puchta H, Fauser F (2013). “Gene targeting in plants: 25 years later”. The International Journal of Developmental Biology 57 (6–8): 629–37. doi :10.1387/ijdb.130194hp . PMID 24166445 .
^ Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F (November 2013). “Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system” . Nature Protocols 8 (11): 2281–2308. doi :10.1038/nprot.2013.143 . PMC 3969860 . PMID 24157548 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969860/ .
^ Kittleson JT, Wu GC, Anderson JC (August 2012). “Successes and failures in modular genetic engineering”. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 16 (3–4): 329–36. doi :10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.06.009 . PMID 22818777 .
^ Berg P, Mertz JE (January 2010). “Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology” . Genetics 184 (1): 9–17. doi :10.1534/genetics.109.112144 . PMC 2815933 . PMID 20061565 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815933/ .
^ Guan C, Ye C, Yang X, Gao J (February 2010). “A review of current large-scale mouse knockout efforts”. Genesis 48 (2): 73–85. doi :10.1002/dvg.20594 . PMID 20095055 .
^ Austin CP, Battey JF, Bradley A, Bucan M, Capecchi M, Collins FS, Dove WF, Duyk G, Dymecki S, Eppig JT, Grieder FB, Heintz N, Hicks G, Insel TR, Joyner A, Koller BH, Lloyd KC, Magnuson T, Moore MW, Nagy A, Pollock JD, Roses AD, Sands AT, Seed B, Skarnes WC, Snoddy J, Soriano P, Stewart DJ, Stewart F, Stillman B, Varmus H, Varticovski L, Verma IM, Vogt TF, von Melchner H, Witkowski J, Woychik RP, Wurst W, Yancopoulos GD, Young SG, Zambrowicz B (September 2004). “The knockout mouse project” . Nature Genetics 36 (9): 921–4. doi :10.1038/ng0904-921 . PMC 2716027 . PMID 15340423 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716027/ .
^ Deng C (October 2007). “In celebration of Dr. Mario R. Capecchi's Nobel Prize” . International Journal of Biological Sciences 3 (7): 417–9. doi :10.7150/ijbs.3.417 . PMC 2043165 . PMID 17998949 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043165/ .