遺伝子

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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/04/18 21:21 UTC 版)

遺伝子工学

従来の植物育種とトランスジェニック（英語版）およびシスジェニック（英語版）遺伝子組換えとの比較。

詳細は「遺伝子工学」を参照

遺伝子工学とは、バイオテクノロジーによって生物のゲノムを改変することである。1970年代以来、生物の遺伝子を特異的に追加、削除、編集するためのさまざまな技術（英語版）が開発されてきた^[142]。さらに最近開発されたゲノム工学技術は、人工ヌクレアーゼ酵素を使用して、染色体に標的DNA修復を作成し、切断が修復されるときに遺伝子を破壊または編集するものである^[143]^[144]^[145]^[146]。関連用語の合成生物学は、生物の広範な遺伝子工学を指すために使用されることがある^[147]。

遺伝子工学は今では、モデル生物を用いた日常的な研究ツールとなっている。たとえば、細菌に遺伝子を付加することは容易で^[148]、特定の遺伝子の機能が破壊されたノックアウトマウスの系統がその遺伝子の研究に使用されている^[149]^[150]。農業、産業用バイオテクノロジー、医学への応用のために、多くの生物が遺伝子組換えされてきた。

多細胞生物の場合、通常は胚が操作されて、遺伝子組換え成体へと成長する^[151]。けれども、遺伝子疾患を治療するために、遺伝子治療技術を用いて成体生物の細胞のゲノムを編集することもできる。

脚注

出典

[脚注の使い方]

情報源

主要教科書

Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter 著、中村桂子, 松原謙一訳『細胞の分子生物学第6版』ニュートンプレス、2017年9月15日。ISBN 978-4315520620。
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3 – A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf.

Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th edition) の参照した章 (英語)

Glossary

Ch 1: Cells and genomes

1.1: The Universal Features of Cells on Earth

Ch 2: Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

2.1: The Chemical Components of a Cell

Ch 3: Proteins

Ch 4: DNA and Chromosomes

4.1: The Structure and Function of DNA

4.2: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber

Ch 5: DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

5.2: DNA Replication Mechanisms

5.4: DNA Repair

5.5: General Recombination

Ch 6: How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein

6.1: DNA to RNA

6.2: RNA to Protein

Ch 7: Control of Gene Expression

7.1: An Overview of Gene Control

7.2: DNA-Binding Motifs in Gene Regulatory Proteins

7.3: How Genetic Switches Work

7.5: Posttranscriptional Controls

7.6: How Genomes Evolve

Ch 14: Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

14.4: The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Plastids

Ch 18: The Mechanics of Cell Division

18.1: An Overview of M Phase

18.2: Mitosis

Ch 20: Germ Cells and Fertilization

20.2: Meiosis

脚注

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