取締役会における労働者代表とは？わかりやすく解説

取締役会における労働者代表（とりしまりやくかいにおけるろうどうしゃだいひょう、英：Worker representation on corporate boards of directors）とは、会社法における、労働者が取締役会の代表者を選出するために投票する権利。2018年時点で、経済協力開発機構加盟国の約半数、および欧州連合加盟国の一部が、労働者に取締役会代表への投票権を保障する何らかの法律を有している。これに労使協議会を選挙する権利を組み合わせたものは、しばしば共同決定と呼ばれる。

労働者の投票権を初めて規定した法律には、1854年オックスフォード大学法および1908年ロンドン港法（いずれも英国）、アメリカ合衆国マサチューセッツ州の1919年製造会社法（ただし規定は完全任意）に加え、ドイツの1922年監査役会法がある。ドイツの1922年法は1918年の労使協約を法典化し、その後1976年共同決定法（英語版）で拡張された。^[1]

概要

共同決定が存在する理由については主に3つの見方がある。

経営と労働の対立を減らすコミュニケーション手段を改善・制度化するため。^[2]
立法によって、所有者に対する労働者の交渉力を高めるため。^[3]
公共政策によって市場の失敗を是正するため。^[4]

効率性への影響に関する実証結果は混在しており、無影響か、あっても一般に小さな正の効果にとどまる。^[5]

歴史

英国では19世紀に、1854年オックスフォード大学法、1856年ケンブリッジ大学法などの共同決定が現れ、さらに1896年サウス・メトロポリタンガス会社法、1908年ロンドン港法が続いた。^[6]ドイツでは、フランクフルト国民議会の元議員であるカール・デーゲンコルプによる先駆的提案ののち、19世紀後半を通じて労働者評議会による代表の実験が行われた。^[7]第一次世界大戦終結時、ドイツ労組は経済運営への全面的パートナーシップについて産業界と歴史的協約を結び、これはワイマール憲法165条に取り入れられ、1920年労働者評議会法^[8]および1922年取締役会代表法^[9]へとつながった。ナチスドイツは1934年に共同決定を廃止したが、第二次世界大戦後、労組は再び労働者評議会と取締役会代表を労使協約で復活させ、1951年・1952年に法律として成文化された。^[10]

欧州各国では、1970年代以降、様々な形の取締役会代表法が緩やかに普及した。英国では鉄鋼^[11]から郵便^[12]に至るまで、労働者取締役^[13]の実験が繰り返されたが、1977年のブロック報告（英語版）が不成立に終わり、1979年にマーガレット・サッチャーが勝利すると、労働者参加の大半は終了した。^[14]ドイツは1972年・1976年に法を改定・拡張。^[15]欧州委員会は会社法第5次指令案を提案したが、成立には至らなかった。米国では、スカンロン・プラン（英語版）による労働者参加への関心の高まりを背景に、クライスラーやユナイテッド航空で労働者の取締役会代表が労組により交渉されたが、従業員持株制度で代替されることが多かった。

各国制度

中国

20世紀後半の中国では、国有企業で取締役会への労働者代表が法律上義務化され、非国有の集団・会社でも、労働者代表大会を通じて任意で導入が可能であった。労働者代表大会は、職場の全労働者による直接選挙で選ばれた代表で構成される。1980〜90年代時点で、権限・合意形成の面では、大陸欧州や日本の職場協議会に近似していた。1997年の聞き取り調査に基づく研究は、労働者代表大会が実際に一定の実権を有し、管理者の解任に至った事例もあることを示唆した。^[16]

ドイツ

共同決定は労使協約から始まった。^[17]1976年以前には、従業員1,000人超の石炭・鉄鋼企業で、11名の取締役会（経営側5・労働者代表5・中立1）が一般的であった（規模は拡大可能だが構成比は維持）。1976年、従業員2,000人超のすべての企業に適用範囲が拡大され、（鉱山・鉄鋼を除き）中立メンバーなしで経営側と労働側が同数となった。取締役会の議長は所有者側の代表であり、可否同数の際に決定票を投じる権限を持つ（旧石炭・鉄鋼法は存続）。^[18]

イギリス（United Kingdom）英国における最初期の共同決定は、1854年オックスフォード大学法および1856年ケンブリッジ大学法で成文化された。民間企業では、1908年ロンドン港法がチャーチルの商務庁の下で導入された。^[19]

英国では大多数の企業に労働者代表はないが、大学では19世紀から導入されてきた。：ケンブリッジ^[20]、オックスフォード^[21]、エディンバラ、グラスゴー、および他のスコットランド^[22]の大学。

アメリカ合衆国

マサチューセッツ州には、1919年以来継続施行されている世界最古の共同決定法がある。ただし任意で、製造業に限定される。^[23]^[24]

影響

2020年の『経済学季刊誌』の研究は、ドイツの共同決定が賃金・賃金構造・労働分配率・売上・雇用・収益性に影響を与えない一方で、設備投資を増加させたと結論づけた。^[25]

2021年の全米経済研究所の研究は次のように述べる。「欧州型の共同決定は、万能薬でも、株主第一主義より著しく劣る破壊的制度でもない。現に実施されている形では、総じて影響はゼロか小さなプラスである。取締役会レベルと職場レベルの労働者代表は、賃金の小幅上昇、雇用の安定・満足度のわずかな上昇をもたらし得るが、企業業績への効果は概してゼロか小さなプラスである。」^[26]

脚注

^ E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135
^ Prominent views of codetermination have thus been "social" in nature, concerned with expanding democratic participation in new spheres as a good in itself, reducing "alienation", and smoothing management-labour relations to prevent strong conflicts. A collection of views of this nature are found in Magazin Mitbestimmun Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ A conservative economic approach views codetermination as not benign: a political means for transfer of wealth from shareholders to employees and to increase power of political and perhaps union actors; as evidence it is noted firms rarely adopt codetermination voluntarily: see Pejovich, Svetozar. The economics of property rights: towards a theory of comparative systems. Chapter 8. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic, 1990.
^ Another economist argues that codetermination in effect corrects several market failures so lack of voluntary adoption cannot be viewed as evidence that codetermination is inefficient: see Stephen C. Smith, "On the economic rationale for codetermination law", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, Vol. 16 (December 1991), pp. 261-281.
^ See worker-participation.eu and Z Adams, L Bishop and S Deakin, CBR Labour Regulation Index (Dataset of 117 Countries) (Cambridge: Centre for Business Research 2016))
^ E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2017) 46(4) Industrial Law Journal 444. See also JS Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1870) discussing, albeit very different, Henry Briggs & Son Co, incorporated 1865, which had an employee share plan and a worker director. South Metropolitan Gas Act 1896 extract in the London Gazette, abolished by the Gas Act 1948.
^ HJ Teuteberg, ‘Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ersten betrieblichen Arbeitervertretungen in Deutschland’ (1960) 11 Soziale Welt 69. See the Arbeitsverordnung 1890, the first law enabling worker councils, but only on a voluntary basis. The Hilfsdienstgesetz 1916 was a war time requirement for worker councils in some industries.
^ Betriebsrätegesetz 1920
^ Aufsichtsratsgesetz 1922. E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135
^ E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135. See the Montan-mitbestimmungsgesetz 1951, the Betriesbrätegesetz 1952 and the Mitbestimmungsergänzungsgesetz 1956.
^ Iron and Steel Act 1967 Sch 4, Part V, created a negotiation process with trade unions in British Steel Corporation to introduce workers, put into effect from 1968. For its implementation, see: Bank, John, and Jones, Ken, Worker Directors Speak: The British Steel Corporation Employee Directors (Gower Press, Farnborough, 1977)
^ Post Office Act 1977 s 1(2) created worker directors for the Post Office by amending the Post Office Act 1969.
^ The Transport Act 1968 allowed the secretary of state to appoint members of the British Railways Board. In 1997, John Prescott appointed a worker director overseeing some aspects of the now privatised industry.
^ Transport Act 1985, privatised the bus networks. Employee share ownership plans were created by Labour councils as this happened, as a way to protect workers, though shares were quickly bought up by ordinary business owners.
^ The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972, standardised law for one third employees on company boards with over 500 staff. The Codetermination Act 1976 required one half in large companies, but with the upper hand for shareholders. Now, the Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz 2004, BGBl. I S. 974, in German codified again, one third worker directors in companies with over 500 staff.
^ Xiaoyang, Zhu; Chan, Anita (2005). "Staff and Workers' Representative Congress" (PDF). Chinese Sociology and Anthropology. 37: 6–33. doi:10.1080/21620555.2005.11038349. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-13.
^ E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135, page 22
^ "MontanMitbestG - Gesetz über die Mitbestimmung der Arbeitnehmer in den Aufsichtsräten und Vorständen der Unternehmen des Bergbaus und der Eisen und Stahl erzeugenden Industrie". Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ E McGaughey, 'Votes at work in Britain: shareholder monopolisation and the ‘single channel’ (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76, page 9.
^ Cambridge University Act 1856
^ Oxford University Act 1854
^ Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 ss 10-11
^ "An Act To Enable Manufacturing Corporations To Provide For The Representation Of Their Employees On The Board Of Directors", General Acts of 1919, chapter 70, page 45, approved 3 April 1919.
^ E McGaughey, 'Democracy in America at Work: The History of Labor's Vote in Corporate Governance' (2019) 42 Seattle University Law Review 697
^ Jäger, Simon; Schoefer, Benjamin; Heining, Jörg (2020). "Labor in the Boardroom". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 669–725. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa038.
^ Jäger, Simon; Noy, shakked; Schoefer, Benjamin (2021). "What Does Codetermination do?". NBER Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w28921. S2CID 235706486. working paper 28921.

参考文献

Bank, John, and Jones, Ken, Worker Directors Speak: The British Steel Corporation Employee Directors (Gower Press, Farnborough, 1977)
I Ferreras, Firms as Political Entities: Saving Democracy through Economic Bicameralism (2017)
TH Hammer, SC Currall and RN Stern, ‘Worker Representation on Boards of Directors: A Study of Competing Roles’ (1991) 44(4) Industrial and Labor Relations Review 661–680
LW Hunter, ‘Can Strategic Participation be Institutionalized? Union Representation on American Corporate Boards’ (1998) 51(4) Industrial and Labor Relations Review 557–578
E McGaughey, 'Democracy in America at Work: The History of Labor's Vote in Corporate Governance' (2019) 42 Seattle University Law Review 697
E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135
E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2017) 46(4) Industrial Law Journal 444
RB McKersie, ‘Union-Nominated Directors: A New Voice in Corporate Governance’ (1 April 1999) MIT Working Paper
RB McKersie, ‘Labor's voice at the strategic level of the firm’ (2001) 7 Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 480
HJ Teuteberg, ‘Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ersten betrieblichen Arbeitervertretungen in Deutschland’ (1960) 11 Soziale Welt 69
HJ Teuteberg, Geschichte der Industriellen Mitbestimmung in Deutschland (1961)
J Waddington (ed.), 'European board-level employee representation: national variations in influence and power' (2018), Kluwer Law international editions [1]
J Waddington, A Conchon, 'Board-level employee representation in Europe: priorities, power and articulation' (2016), Routledge edition [2]
S Webb and B Webb, Industrial Democracy (1920)
S Webb and B Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1920) Appendix VIII

Articles

E Batstone, A Ferner and M Terry, Unions on the board: an experiment in industrial democracy (1983)
P Brannen, ‘Worker directors: an approach to analysis. The case of the British Steel Corporation’ in C Crouch and FA Heller, Organizational Democracy and Political Processes (Wiley 1983)
E Chell, ‘Worker Directors on the Board: Four Case Studies’ (1980) 2(6) Employee Relations 1
PL Davies and KW Wedderburn, ‘The Land of Industrial Democracy’ (1977) 6(1) ILJ 197
E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135
E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76
E McGaughey, 'Democracy in America at Work: The History of Labor's Vote in Corporate Governance' (2019) 42 Seattle University Law Review 697
HJ Teuteberg, ‘Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ersten betrieblichen Arbeitervertretungen in Deutschland’ (1960) 11 Soziale Welt 69
S Vitols, 'Prospects for trade unions in the evolving European system of corporate governance' (2005) ETUI, summarising different economic results of codetermination
Lord Wedderburn, ‘Companies and employees: common law or social dimension’ (1993) 109 Law Quarterly Review 261

Books

Bank, John, and Jones, Ken, Worker Directors Speak: The British Steel Corporation Employee Directors (Gower Press, Farnborough, 1977)
HJ Teuteberg, Geschichte der Industriellen Mitbestimmung in Deutschland (1961)
S Webb and B Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1920) Appendix VIII

Reports

Lord Donovan, Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers’ Associations (1968) Cmnd 3623
Liberal Party, The Report of the Industrial Partnership Committee: Partners at Work (1968)
Uday Dokras, doctoral thesis, published as a book, The Act on Codetermination at Work- An Efficacy Study, Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm Sweden, 1990

取締役会における労働者代表に関するトピックを扱うカテゴリ。

[1] E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135

[2] Prominent views of codetermination have thus been "social" in nature, concerned with expanding democratic participation in new spheres as a good in itself, reducing "alienation", and smoothing management-labour relations to prevent strong conflicts. A collection of views of this nature are found in Magazin Mitbestimmun Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine

[3] A conservative economic approach views codetermination as not benign: a political means for transfer of wealth from shareholders to employees and to increase power of political and perhaps union actors; as evidence it is noted firms rarely adopt codetermination voluntarily: see Pejovich, Svetozar. The economics of property rights: towards a theory of comparative systems. Chapter 8. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic, 1990.

[4] Another economist argues that codetermination in effect corrects several market failures so lack of voluntary adoption cannot be viewed as evidence that codetermination is inefficient: see Stephen C. Smith, "On the economic rationale for codetermination law", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, Vol. 16 (December 1991), pp. 261-281.

[5] See worker-participation.eu and Z Adams, L Bishop and S Deakin, CBR Labour Regulation Index (Dataset of 117 Countries) (Cambridge: Centre for Business Research 2016))

[6] E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2017) 46(4) Industrial Law Journal 444. See also JS Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1870) discussing, albeit very different, Henry Briggs & Son Co, incorporated 1865, which had an employee share plan and a worker director. South Metropolitan Gas Act 1896 extract in the London Gazette, abolished by the Gas Act 1948.

[7] HJ Teuteberg, ‘Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ersten betrieblichen Arbeitervertretungen in Deutschland’ (1960) 11 Soziale Welt 69. See the Arbeitsverordnung 1890, the first law enabling worker councils, but only on a voluntary basis. The Hilfsdienstgesetz 1916 was a war time requirement for worker councils in some industries.

[8] Betriebsrätegesetz 1920

[9] Aufsichtsratsgesetz 1922. E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135

[10] E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135. See the Montan-mitbestimmungsgesetz 1951, the Betriesbrätegesetz 1952 and the Mitbestimmungsergänzungsgesetz 1956.

[11] Iron and Steel Act 1967 Sch 4, Part V, created a negotiation process with trade unions in British Steel Corporation to introduce workers, put into effect from 1968. For its implementation, see: Bank, John, and Jones, Ken, Worker Directors Speak: The British Steel Corporation Employee Directors (Gower Press, Farnborough, 1977)

[12] Post Office Act 1977 s 1(2) created worker directors for the Post Office by amending the Post Office Act 1969.

[13] The Transport Act 1968 allowed the secretary of state to appoint members of the British Railways Board. In 1997, John Prescott appointed a worker director overseeing some aspects of the now privatised industry.

[14] Transport Act 1985, privatised the bus networks. Employee share ownership plans were created by Labour councils as this happened, as a way to protect workers, though shares were quickly bought up by ordinary business owners.

[15] The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972, standardised law for one third employees on company boards with over 500 staff. The Codetermination Act 1976 required one half in large companies, but with the upper hand for shareholders. Now, the Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz 2004, BGBl. I S. 974, in German codified again, one third worker directors in companies with over 500 staff.

[16] Xiaoyang, Zhu; Chan, Anita (2005). "Staff and Workers' Representative Congress" (PDF). Chinese Sociology and Anthropology. 37: 6–33. doi:10.1080/21620555.2005.11038349. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-13.

[17] E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135, page 22

[18] "MontanMitbestG - Gesetz über die Mitbestimmung der Arbeitnehmer in den Aufsichtsräten und Vorständen der Unternehmen des Bergbaus und der Eisen und Stahl erzeugenden Industrie". Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[19] E McGaughey, 'Votes at work in Britain: shareholder monopolisation and the ‘single channel’ (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76, page 9.

[20] Cambridge University Act 1856

[21] Oxford University Act 1854

[22] Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 ss 10-11

[23] "An Act To Enable Manufacturing Corporations To Provide For The Representation Of Their Employees On The Board Of Directors", General Acts of 1919, chapter 70, page 45, approved 3 April 1919.

[24] E McGaughey, 'Democracy in America at Work: The History of Labor's Vote in Corporate Governance' (2019) 42 Seattle University Law Review 697

[25] Jäger, Simon; Schoefer, Benjamin; Heining, Jörg (2020). "Labor in the Boardroom". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 669–725. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa038.

[26] Jäger, Simon; Noy, shakked; Schoefer, Benjamin (2021). "What Does Codetermination do?". NBER Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w28921. S2CID 235706486. working paper 28921.

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取締役会における労働者代表とは？ わかりやすく解説