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異教

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/10/24 05:32 UTC 版)

異教（いきょう）とは、二つの宗教または宗派・教派が存在するとき、両者の「関係」について規定する概念である。二つの教派が、教義・信仰原理・神学思想・崇拝対象・宗教儀式等の内実の比較において、共通するものを殆ど持たないか、共通する内容を持つが、異なる宗教であると考えられるとき、この二つの宗教または教派は、相互に「異教関係」にあると云う。

脚注

^ 『新聖書辞典』
^ 『新聖書注解』
^ 滝元明『千代に至る祝福』CLC出版
^ 岡田稔『岡田稔著作集』
^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1986). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. 3 (Fully Revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 1010. ISBN 0-8028-3783-2. "In rabbinic literature the ger toshab was a Gentile who observed the Noachian commandments but was not considered a convert to Judaism because he did not agree to circumcision. [...] some scholars have made the mistake of calling the ger toshab a "proselyte" or "semiproselyte." But the ger toshab was really a resident alien in Israel. Some scholars have claimed that the term "those who fear God" (yir᾿ei Elohim/Shamayim) was used in rabbinic literature to denote Gentiles who were on the fringe of the synagogue. They were not converts to Judaism, although they were attracted to the Jewish religion and observed part of the law."
^ Bleich, J. David (1995). Contemporary Halakhic Problems. 4. New York: KTAV Publishing House (Yeshiva University Press). p. 161. ISBN 0-88125-474-6. "Rashi, Yevamot 48b, maintains that a resident alien (ger toshav) is obliged to observe Shabbat. The ger toshav, in accepting the Seven Commandments of the Sons of Noah, has renounced idolatry and [...] thereby acquires a status similar to that of Abraham. [...] Indeed, Rabbenu Nissim, Avodah Zarah 67b, declares that the status on an unimmersed convert is inferior to that of a ger toshav because the former's acceptance of the "yoke of the commandments" is intended to be binding only upon subsequent immersion. Moreover, the institution of ger toshav as a formal halakhic construct has lapsed with the destruction of the Temple."
^ Jacobs, Joseph; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). "Proselyte: Semi-Converts". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. 2012年5月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年11月9日閲覧。In order to find a precedent the rabbis went so far as to assume that proselytes of this order were recognized in Biblical law, applying to them the term "toshab" ("sojourner," "aborigine," referring to the Canaanites; see Maimonides' explanation in "Yad," Issure Biah, xiv. 7; see Grätz, l.c. p. 15), in connection with "ger" (see Ex. xxv. 47, where the better reading would be "we-toshab"). Another name for one of this class was "proselyte of the gate" ("ger ha-sha'ar," that is, one under Jewish civil jurisdiction; comp. Deut. v. 14, xiv. 21, referring to the stranger who had legal claims upon the generosity and protection of his Jewish neighbors). In order to be recognized as one of these the neophyte had publicly to assume, before three "ḥaberim," or men of authority, the solemn obligation not to worship idols, an obligation which involved the recognition of the seven Noachian injunctions as binding ('Ab. Zarah 64b; "Yad," Issure Biah, xiv. 7). [...] The more rigorous seem to have been inclined to insist upon such converts observing the entire Law, with the exception of the reservations and modifications explicitly made in their behalf. The more lenient were ready to accord them full equality with Jews as soon as they had solemnly forsworn idolatry. The "via media" was taken by those that regarded public adherence to the seven Noachian precepts as the indispensable prerequisite (Gerim iii.; 'Ab. Zarah 64b; Yer. Yeb. 8d; Grätz, l.c. pp. 19–20). The outward sign of this adherence to Judaism was the observance of the Sabbath (Grätz, l.c. pp. 20 et seq.; but comp. Ker. 8b).
^ Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J., eds (2011). “Ha-Me'iri's Theory of Religious Toleration”. Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 86–87. doi:10.9783/9780812205862.71. ISBN 978-0-8122-0586-2
^ Hayes, Christine, ed (2017). “Approaches to Foreign Law in Biblical Israel and Classical Judaism through the Medieval Period”. The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–149. ISBN 978-1-107-03615-4. LCCN 2016-28972
^ ^a ^b Singer, Isidore; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). "Noachian Laws". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. 2012年2月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年11月10日閲覧。 "The Seven Laws. Laws which were supposed by the Rabbis to have been binding upon mankind at large even before the revelation at Sinai, and which are still binding upon non-Jews. The term Noachian indicates the universality of these ordinances, since the whole human race was supposed to be descended from the three sons of Noah, who alone survived the Flood. [...] Basing their views on the passage in Genesis 2:16, they declared that the following six commandments were enjoined upon Adam: (1) not to worship idols; (2) not to blaspheme the name of God; (3) to establish courts of justice; (4) not to kill; (5) not to commit adultery; and (6) not to rob (Gen. R. xvi. 9, xxiv. 5; Cant. R. i. 16; comp. Seder 'Olam Rabbah, ed. Ratner, ch. v. and notes, Wilna, 1897; Maimonides, "Yad," Melakim, ix. 1). A seventh commandment was added after the Flood—not to eat flesh that had been cut from a living animal (Genesis 9:4). [...] Thus, the Talmud frequently speaks of "the seven laws of the sons of Noah," which were regarded as obligatory upon all mankind, in contradistinction to those that were binding upon Israelites only (Tosef., 'Ab. Zarah, ix. 4; Sanh. 56a et seq.). [...] He who observed the seven Noachian laws was regarded as a domiciled alien, as one of the pious of the Gentiles, and was assured of a portion in the world to come (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 1; Sanh. 105a; comp. ib. 91b; "Yad," l.c. viii. 11)."
^ Berlin, Meyer; Zevin, Shlomo Yosef, eds. (1992) [1969]. "BEN NOAH". Encyclopedia Talmudica: A Digest of Halachic Literature and Jewish Law from the Tannaitic Period to the Present Time, Alphabetically Arranged. Vol. IV. Jerusalem: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet). pp. 360–380. ISBN 0873067142。
^ ^a ^b Spitzer, Jeffrey (2018年). “The Noahide Laws”. My Jewish Learning. 2020年11月10日閲覧。
^ Zevin, Shlomo Yosef, ed. (1979). ""Ger Toshav", Section 1". Encyclopedia Talmudit (ヘブライ語) (4th ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet).
^ ^a ^b Feldman, Rachel Z. (2017年10月8日). “The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)”. World Religions and Spirituality Project. 2020年1月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年11月10日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Moses Maimonides (2012). “Hilkhot M'lakhim (Laws of Kings and Wars)”. Mishneh Torah. Sefaria. p. 8:14 2021年7月13日閲覧。
^ Darlington, Stephen (31 December 2018) (English). Pearson Edexcel Religious Studies A level/AS Student Guide: Christianity. Hodder Education. ISBN 978-1-5104-3258-1
^ ^a ^b ハロルド・ネットランド『どんな宗教でも救われるか-』いのちのことば社
^ アリスター・マクグラス『キリスト教神学入門』
^ 『キリスト者と宗教多元主義-キリスト教神学における諸類型』
^ Christians and Religious Pluralism, Patterns in the Christian by Alan Race Theology of Religions, Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1982.
^ ユニテリアン宣教師ナップにおける日本宗教観 : 宗教多元主義との関連で杉田俊介
^ 平凡社 2021c, p. 「外道」.
^ 小学館 2021a, p. 「外道」.
^ 小学館 2021b, p. 「外道」.
^ ^a ^b 小学館 2021e, p. 「三武一宗の法難」.
^ 小学館 2021f, p. 「会昌の廃仏」.
^ 平凡社 2021e, p. 「排仏論」.
^ 平凡社 2021d, p. 「廃仏論」.
^ 「我國家之王天下者恆以天地社稷百八十神春夏秋冬祭拜為事方今改拜蕃神恐致國神之怒」日本書紀、仏教公伝
^ ブリタニカ・ジャパン 2021b, p. 「蘇我稲目」.