ダイオウウミサソリ科
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/02/15 13:38 UTC 版)
進化史
ダイオウウミサソリ科は少なくともシルル紀前期終盤のランドベリ期 - ウェンロック期境界（およそ4億2,800万年前）からデボン紀中期のアイフェリアン期（およそ3億9,100万年前）にかけて、3,700万年ほど生息していた[1]。本群を含んだプテリゴトゥス上科は広い分布域をもつため、起源の地域は判断しにくいが、おそらく近縁のトゲウミサソリ上科と同様、ローレンシア大陸由来のウミサソリ類の系統群であったと考えられる[33]。ダイオウウミサソリ科の多様性はシルル紀後期からデボン紀前期にかけて最高峰に至ったが、後に徐々に衰退し、やがてそれ以降の生息時期から見当たらなくなり、絶滅したと考えられる[1]。
魚類の進化との関連性の有無
ダイオウウミサソリ科の多様性の変化は、同じ生息時期の魚類の多様性と対比し、両者の関連性の有無が議論されていた[66][1][11]。Romer 1933 では、ダイオウウミサソリ科の多様性の変化は魚類の進化と直接的に関与し、両者は競争していたと考えられた[66]。シルル紀では、ダイオウウミサソリ科の大型種に対して初期の魚類（無顎類）は多くが小型で、本群の獲物になる可能性が高く、特に甲冑魚の硬い表皮は本群の捕食圧から身を守るための特徴だと考えられた[66]。デボン紀前期以降、本群が衰退する同時に魚類の分布域が拡散し、活動的で顎のある大型魚類（板皮類など）も徐々に現れたため、大型魚類は本群のウミサソリ類と競争し、絶滅まで追い払うと推測された[66]。
しかし Romer 1933 の見解は、後に多くの文献に疑わしく見受けられる[5][1][11]。その一連の仮説は両者の共存のみを根拠とし、相関関係を示唆する分析や証拠を欠けた叙述に過ぎない[5]。早期の魚類は大きさ的に本群の獲物として充分あり得るが、晩期で両者が競争していた仮説はあまりにも単純で無根拠である[5]。様々なウミサソリ類と化石魚類の共存現象を分析しても、ダイオウウミサソリ科の絶滅と魚類の多様化の相関を支持する証拠が見つからなかった[1]。ダイオウウミサソリ科は確かに魚類の多様化と同じ時期で衰退したが、ウミサソリ類全体的には魚類と同様にデボン紀中期に衰退し、デボン紀後期に再び繁栄し、ペルム紀にまた衰退を迎えていた[1]。Lamsdell & Braddy 2009 ではウミサソリ類の多様性が分類群ごとに分けて分析され、中で本群の衰退は魚類の多様化に相関すると考えられた[6]が、本群は後に McCoy et al. 2015 によって従来の判断より多様なニッチをもつと示され、限れたニッチの絶滅原因としての必然性に疑問を掛けている[11]。
注釈
出典
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009). “The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)” (英語). Palaeontology 52 (5): 1141–1148. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x. ISSN 1475-4983.
- ^ a b c d e f Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2020. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 20.5, accessed on 28 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d 節足動物の多様性と系統. 石川 良輔 (著, 編集), 馬渡 峻輔 (監修), 岩槻 邦男 (監修). 東京: 裳華房. (2008). ISBN 978-4-7853-5829-7. OCLC 676535371
- ^ a b c d e ぞわぞわした生きものたち: 古生代の巨大節足動物. 金子隆一. ソフトバンククリエイティブ. (2012.3). ISBN 978-4-7973-4411-0. OCLC 816905375
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Braddy, Simon J; Poschmann, Markus; Tetlie, O. Erik (2008-02-23). “Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod”. Biology Letters 4 (1): 106–109. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2412931. PMID 18029297.
- ^ a b c d e f Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). “Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates” (英語). Biology Letters 6 (2): 265–269. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2865068. PMID 19828493.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988). “The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder” (英語). Lethaia 21 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x. ISSN 1502-3931.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tollerton, V. P. (1989-09). “Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843” (英語). Journal of Paleontology 63 (5): 642–657. doi:10.1017/S0022336000041275. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c d Anderson, Ross P.; McCoy, Victoria E.; McNamara, Maria E.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2014-07-31). “What big eyes you have: the ecological role of giant pterygotid eurypterids”. Biology Letters 10 (7): 20140412. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0412. PMC 4126633. PMID 25009243.
- ^ Schoenemann, Brigitte; Poschmann, Markus; Clarkson, Euan N. K. (2019-11-28). “Insights into the 400 million-year-old eyes of giant sea scorpions (Eurypterida) suggest the structure of Palaeozoic compound eyes”. Scientific Reports 9. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53590-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6882788. PMID 31780700.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t McCoy, Victoria E.; Lamsdell, James C.; Poschmann, Markus; Anderson, Ross P.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015-8). “All the better to see you with: eyes and claws reveal the evolution of divergent ecological roles in giant pterygotid eurypterids”. Biology Letters 11 (8). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0564. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4571687. PMID 26289442.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Selden PA. 1984. Autecology of Silurian eurypterids. Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 32, 39–54.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Kenny, Katrina; Plotnick, Roy E. (2023-11-20) (英語). Ex vivo three-dimensional reconstruction of Acutiramus : a giant pterygotid sea scorpion (American Museum novitates, no. 4004). ISSN 0003-0082.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). “A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)”. Journal of Paleontology 38 (2): 331–361. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c d Waterston, Charles D. (1964/ed). “II.—Observations on Pterygotid Eurypterids*” (英語). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 66 (2): 9–33. doi:10.1017/S0080456800023309. ISSN 2053-5945.
- ^ a b c d e f Lamsdell, James C.; Legg, David A. (2010/11). “An isolated pterygotid ramus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, Wyoming” (英語). Journal of Paleontology 84 (6): 1206–1208. doi:10.1666/10-040.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c Lamsdell, James (2011) (英語). A collection of eurypterids from the Silurian of Lesmahagow collected pre 1900.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lamsdell, James C.; Selden, Paul A. (2013-05-10). “Babes in the wood – a unique window into sea scorpion ontogeny”. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-98. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3679797. PMID 23663507.
- ^ Dunlop, Jason A.; Tetlie, O. Erik; Prendini, Lorenzo (2008). “Reinterpretation of the Silurian Scorpion Proscorpius Osborni (whitfield): Integrating Data from Palaeozoic and Recent Scorpions” (英語). Palaeontology 51 (2): 303–320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. ISSN 1475-4983.
- ^ a b c d Selden, Paul A. (1986) (英語). A new identity for the Silurian arthropod Necrogammarus.
- ^ a b King, Olivia Anne; Miller, Randall F.; Stimson, Matt Ryan (2017-02-08). “Ichnology of the Devonian (Emsian) Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada” (英語). Atlantic Geology 53: 001–015. doi:10.4138/atlgeol.2017.001. ISSN 1718-7885.
- ^ a b c Lamsdell, James C.; Hoşgör, İzzet; Selden, Paul A. (2013-01). “A new Ordovician eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from southeast Turkey: Evidence for a cryptic Ordovician record of Eurypterida” (英語). Gondwana Research 23 (1): 354–366. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.04.006.
- ^ a b c d Clarke, John Mason; Ruedemann, Rudolf (1912). The Eurypterida of New York. Albany,: New York State Education Department,
- ^ a b c d e Ciurca, Samuel J.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007/07). “Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York” (英語). Journal of Paleontology 81 (4): 725–736. doi:10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0725:PEFTSV]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ Chlupac, Ivo (1994). “Pterygotid eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) in the Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia”. Journal of Geosciences 39 (2-3): 147–162. ISSN 1802-6222.
- ^ Davies, Neil S.; Garwood, Russell J.; McMahon, William J.; Schneider, Joerg W.; Shillito, Anthony P. (2021-12-21). “The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)” (英語). Journal of the Geological Society. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-115. ISSN 0016-7649.
- ^ Chlupac, Ivo; Ferrer, Enric; Magrans, Josep; Mañé, Ramón; Sanz López, Javier (1997-07). Early Devonian eurypterids with Bohemian affinities from Catalonia (NE Spain). ISSN 0214-7831.
- ^ Whyte, Martin A. (2005-12). “A gigantic fossil arthropod trackway” (英語). Nature 438 (7068): 576–576. doi:10.1038/438576a. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ Lamsdell, James C.; McCoy, Victoria E.; Perron-Feller, Opal A.; Hopkins, Melanie J. (2020-11-02). “Air Breathing in an Exceptionally Preserved 340-Million-Year-Old Sea Scorpion” (English). Current Biology 30 (21): 4316–4321.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.034. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32916114.
- ^ Briggs, D. E. G. (1986-04). “Palaeontology: How did eurypterids swim?” (英語). Nature 320 (6061): 400–400. doi:10.1038/320400a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ a b c Braddy, Simon J. (2023-12-24). “Pterygotid eurypterid palaeoecology: praedichnia and palaeocommunities”. Bulletin of Geosciences 98. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1891.
- ^ a b c Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Simone, Yuri; Meijden, Arie van der; Wroe, Stephen; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Paterson, John R. (2022-12-09). “Biomechanical analyses of pterygotid sea scorpion chelicerae uncover predatory specialisation within eurypterids” (英語). PeerJ 10: e14515. doi:10.7717/peerj.14515. ISSN 2167-8359.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tetlie, O. Erik (2007-09-03). “Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)” (英語). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252 (3): 557–574. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011. ISSN 0031-0182.
- ^ a b c Ma, Zhiheng; Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Zhang, Tingshan; Chen, Jingwen; Zhang, Xi (2022-05-20). “Two new eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) from the upper Silurian Yulongsi Formation of south-west China” (英語). Journal of Paleontology: 1–9. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.27. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015-12). “The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa” (英語). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 169. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4556007. PMID 26324341.
- ^ Sarle, C. J. 1903. A new eurypterid fauna from the base of the Salina of western New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, 69, 1080–1108.
- ^ a b 田中源吾 (2019) (Japanese). とても巨大な絶滅せいぶつ図鑑. 東京: 世界文化社. ISBN 978-4-418-19213-7. OCLC 1104794344
- ^ a b Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). “The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland”. Journal of Paleontology 35 (4): 789–835. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ PLOTNICK, R. E. 1983. Patterns in the evolution of the eurypterids. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, 411 p.
- ^ BRADDY, S. J. 1996. The Palaeobiology of the Eurypterida. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, 505 p.
- ^ RAWLINSON, S. 2000. The functional morphology of raptorial appendages in predatory fossil arthropods. Master of Science thesis, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, 96 p.
- ^ Dunlop, J. A.; Braddy, S. J.; Tetlie, E. (2002-01-01). “The Early Devonian eurypterid Grossopterus overathi (Gross, 1933) from Overath, Germany” (英語). Fossil Record 5 (1): 93–104. doi:10.5194/fr-5-93-2002. ISSN 2193-0074.
- ^ a b Stormer, L. (1976). “Arthropods from the Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian) of Alken an der Mosel, Germany. 5. myriapoda and additional forms, with general remarks on fauna and problems regarding invasion of land by arthropods” (English). Senckenb Leth.
- ^ a b Tetlie, O. E. (2004). “The genitalia of Jaekelopterus rhenaniae and its phylogenetic position” (English). Palaeontological Association Newsletter 56: 116–119.
- ^ a b Poschmann, Markus; Tetlie, O. Erik (2006-12-01). “On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 5. Rare and poorly known eurypterids from Willwerath, Germany” (英語). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 80 (4): 325–343. doi:10.1007/BF02990208.
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- ^ AGASSIZ, L. 1839. Fishes of the Upper Ludlow rock. p. 605–607. In Murchison, R.I. (ed.) The Silurian System, Pt. 1, Founded on geological researches in the counties of Solop, Hereford, Radnor, montgomery, Caermarthen, Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worchester, and Stafford: with descriptions of the coal-fields and overlying formations. London, J. Murray. 768 p.
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- ^ a b Salter, J. W. (1856-02-01). “On some new Crustacea from the Uppermost Silurian Rocks: With a Note on the Structure and Affinities of Himantopterus. by T. H. Huxley, Esq., F.R.S.” (英語). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 12 (1-2): 26–34. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1856.012.01-02.09. ISSN 0370-291X.
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- ^ Ruedemann, Rudolf (1935) (英語). A Review of the Eurypterid Rami of the Genus Pterygotus with the Descriptions of Two New Devonian Species. Carnegie Museum
- ^ STøRMER, L. 1936. Eurypteriden aus dem Rheinischen Unterdevon. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, neue folge, 175:1– 74.
- ^ Prantl, F., Přibyl, A. 1948. Revision of the Bohemian Silurian Eurypterida. Rozpravy Státního Geologigického Ústavu Republiky Československé, Svazek 10, 116 p.
- ^ Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1951/02). “Downtonian (Silurian) Eurypterida from Perton, near Stoke Edith, Herefordshire” (英語). Geological Magazine 88 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0016756800068874. ISSN 1469-5081.
- ^ Jaekel, Otto (1914-03-01). “Ein großer Pterygotus aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon” (ドイツ語). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 1 (1): 379–382. doi:10.1007/BF03160341. ISSN 0031-0220.
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- ^ Tetlie, Odd Erik (2004). Eurypterid phylogeny with remarks on the origin of arachnids.
- ^ Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1948). “Two New Eurypterids from the Silurian of Indiana”. Journal of Paleontology 22 (4): 465–472. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas Henry; Salter, John William (1859). On the anatomy and affinities of the genus Pterygotus and description of new species of Pterygotus. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Monograph, 1.
- ^ Woodward, Henry (1870). "On Necrogammarus salweyi (H. Woodward), an amphipodous crustacean from the Lower Ludlow of Leintwardine". Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fld Club: 271–272.
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- ^ Almond, J. E.; Chaloner, William Gilbert; Lawson, John David (1985-04-02). “The Silurian-Devonian fossil record of the Myriapoda”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 309 (1138): 227–237. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0082.
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