サーンチー

ウィキペディア

索引トップ用語の索引ランキングカテゴリー

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/03/24 05:51 UTC 版)

サーンチーの大仏塔（第一塔）

サーンチーには8つの仏塔の跡が確認されている^[14]。そのうち3つが現存し、復元されており、それぞれ「第一塔（大仏塔）」「第二塔」「第三塔」と名前がつけられている。

第一塔は、もっとも大きく全体によく復元されている。その本体はドームのような形の塚（アンダと呼ばれる）であり、直径は約36.8メートル、本体の高さは約16.5メートルである。一部壊された跡が残るが、塚は水平に積んだ黄褐色の石で概ね20センチメートル程度の厚みで覆われており、10センチメートル程度の厚みの漆喰も一部残っている。往時は全体が漆喰で覆われていたと推測される^[15]。

塚の頂部は切り取られて平らになっており、そこには手すりで囲われた四角い場所（ハルミカー）があり、その中央には柱（ヤスティ）が立ち、石の三重の傘（チャトラヴァリ）を支えている。塚のまわりには右繞のための周回通路が2つある。一つは、3本の横棒がある手すり（欄循、ヴェーディカー）で囲まれた高いテラス（メーディ）で、南門からつながる2つの階段で登ることができる。二つ目は、塚（プラダクシナパス）の周りの地面にあり、全体が一つ目同様の欄循で囲まれており、欄循の四方にはそれぞれ彫刻が施された門（トーラナ）が付属している。地面の欄循（ヴェーディカー）は、石の支柱（スタンバ）、3本の水平の横木（スチ）、および笠木（ウシュニシャ）で構成されており、そのほとんどには寄付者の名前を記した碑文がある^[16]。

第一塔は、その基礎がアショーカ王の石柱の基礎と同じ面にあることなどから、アショーカ王の造立と考えられている^[17]。インド古代史における最初の統一国家、マウリヤ朝の最盛期を築いたアショーカ王は、紀元前3世紀に8万4千もの釈迦の遺骨（仏舎利）を安置する卒塔婆（ストゥーパ）を建立し、釈迦の遺骨（仏舎利）を安置したと伝えられる。^[18]。

第一塔の中心部には、煉瓦が泥に埋まっている^[19]。マウリヤ時代には、大きさが現在の半分程度の煉瓦造りの塚があったと思われ^[20]、三重の傘もこの頃の物と考えられている^[17]。シュンガ時代（紀元前2世紀頃）には塚本体が化粧石によって増拡され、塚の周囲には石造の二重の欄楯（ヴェーデーカー）が巡らされた^[21]。サータヴァーハナ時代（紀元前1世紀頃 - 紀元1世紀頃）には、東西南北の四方に「トーラナ」と呼ばれる石造の塔門が配置された^[22]。

トーラナの高さは約10メートルで、塔門は日本の鳥居に似ているが、2本の方柱に3本の横梁が渡されている点で鳥居とは少し異なる。この塔門には仏伝図や本生図、アショーカ王の事績などが多数彫刻されており、工芸的な観点から見れば非常にすぐれたものと評価される。方柱の上で梁を支える彫刻は塔門によって異なり、南門が獅子、北門と東門がそれぞれ趣向の変わった象、西門が財宝神クベーラ（または豊饒神ヤクシャ）である。これは時代とともに起こった変化で、南門が最も古く、西門が新しいことを反映していると見られている^[2]。南門の獅子像は2本の柱に4頭ずつ丸彫りされていて、サールナートのアショーカ王の石柱の上の獅子像とよく似ている。他の塔門の梁の上や浮彫にも、多数の獅子像や有翼獅子像が見られる。

サーンチーの塔門の方柱の上で梁を支える彫刻

サーンチー第一塔、南門の獅子
紀元前1世紀頃

サーンチー第一塔、東門の象
紀元前後

サーンチー第一塔、西門のクベーラ（または豊饒神ヤクシャ）
紀元1世紀頃

ストゥーパはシャカムニの遺骨を安置したものであり、これらの獅子像はストゥーパの入口を守護する役割が担わされていると考えられる。王墓を守護するスフィンクスや王城守護の獅子門の潮流がここにあり、有翼の獅子が見られることにも西方からの影響が強く感じられる。

脚注

^ Buddhist Circuit in Central India: Sanchi, Satdhara, Sonari, Andher, Travel Guide. Goodearth Publications. 2010. ISBN 9789380262055.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece, 2024年1月15日閲覧
^ Buddhist Art Frontline Magazine 13–26 May 1989
^ ^a ^b ^c Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 31
^ ^a ^b ^c 仏塔のまわりに設置される玉垣のような低い壁ないし柵で、その途中にトーラナ（門）が設置される。石柱と笠石、貫石で構成されることが多い[1]
^ British Museum collection
^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780195356663
^ 。この3文字は"-sa dānaṁ"と読むことができ、「～の寄進」という意味であることが判明した
^ 『佐々木閑の仏教講義４「仏教再発見の旅　８８」（「仏教哲学の世界観」第７シリーズ）』、youtube、 2021年9月29日
^ Indian Numismatic Studies by K. D. Bajpai p. 100、要検証
^ Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18、要検証
^ John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from A Guide to Sanchi, Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). pp. 7-29 on line, Project South Asia.Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, General F.C.Maisey, 1892
^ GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter II, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
^ "The construction of the mound, or Sthupa proper, is as follows : - In centre, a shaft, or , more probably, an inner mound, of brickwork ( the bricks measuring 16×10×3 inches), laid in mud, then loose stones and rubble ; and, outside, a casing of dressed stones, about eight inches thick, laid one over the other, in horizontal layers. The exterior was, once, coated with plaster, about four inches thick; portions of which I found still adhering to the building." GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter III, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
^ "The Mahastupa consists of a hemispherical mound ( anda ) built over a relic chamber ( tabena ). It has a truncated and flattened top on which rests a square chamber ( harmika ), which has a railing and a central pillar ( yasthi ) supporting a stone triple-umbrella formation ( chattravali ). There are two circumambulatory passages. There is an elevated terrace ( medhi ) enclosed by a three-bar railing ( vedika ) and accessed by two flights of stairs ( sopanas ) from the southern gateway. The second circumambulatory passage is on the ground surrounding the mound ( pradakshinapath ). This whole structure has been put within a stone enclosure with a similar three-bar railing with four carved gateways ( toranas ) built in four cardinal directions. The ground balustrade ( vedika ), in turn, consists of stone uprights ( stambha or thaba ), horizontal crossbars ( suchi ) and copings ( ushnisha ), most of which have inscriptions mentioning the names of donors. The three umbrellas on the summit symbolise the “Three Jewels” (tri-ratna) of Buddhism—the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.", <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
^ ^a ^b 　"Asoka and Sanchi Asoka also built the core of Stupa 1, known as Mahastupa or the Great Stupa, at Sanchi. The archaeologist M.K. Dhavalikar says this is indicated by the fact that the level of the stupa’s floor is the same as that of the Asokan pillar near by. Further, fragments of the chunar sandstone umbrella over the structure bear the characteristic mirror-like polish seen on Asokan pillars.", <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
^ 「阿育王傳」『大正新脩大蔵経』史傳部　第50巻、大蔵出版。
^ "The construction of the mound, or Sthupa proper, is as follows : - In centre, a shaft, or , more probably, an inner mound, of brickwork ( the bricks measuring 16×10×3 inches), laid in mud, then loose stones and rubble ; and, outside, a casing of dressed stones, about eight inches thick, laid one over the other, in horizontal layers. The exterior was, once, coated with plaster, about four inches thick; portions of which I found still adhering to the building." GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter III, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
^ "The complex was built over several hundred years. The core of the stupa was built of mud and brick by Asoka in the third century BCE."、<https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
^ "Asoka’s mud-and-brick stupa got a stone encasing and was enlarged in the Shunga period. The ground balustrades, a berm, stairways, and the harmika were also built during this period, and so were Stupas 2 and 3."、<https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
^ ″In the first century C.E., the Andhra-Satavahanas, who had extended their sway over eastern Malwa, constructed the elaborately carved gateways to Stupas 1 and 3.″, <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York [2]
^ The en:Butkara Stupa is an example of such a hemispherical stupa structure from the Maurya period, that was extensively documented through archaeological work
^ 大史では、ヴィディシャー近くのチャティヤギリと表現されている
^ Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 8ff Public Domain text
^ Reconstitution with four lions and crowning wheel by Percy Brown: Diagram of Sanchi Great Stupa
^ ^a ^b Described in Marshall pp. 25-28 Ashoka pillar.
^ (英語) Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications. (1996). p. 783. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7. "It may be mentioned that the motif of lions carrying a wheel occurs at Sanchis which might be a representation of the Sarnath's Asokan pillar capital ."
^ ^a ^b Buddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le p. 155
^ 塚本啓祥、「アショーカ王碑文」、第三文明社、1976
^ ^a ^b Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 90ff Public Domain text
^ Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 147
^ Singh, Upinder (2016) (アラビア語). The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351506454
^ Abram, David; (Firm), Rough Guides (2003). The Rough Guide to India. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843530893
^ ^a ^b Marshall, John (1955). Guide to Sanchi
^ Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2009). India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199088140
^ "Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of en:Ashoka and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was Pushyamitra, the first of the Shunga kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by en:Agnimitra or his immediate successor." in John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).
^ Shaw, Julia (12 August 2016) (英語). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-315-43263-2. ""It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of sponsorship.""
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 p. 88ff
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p. 149
^ Marshall, John (1936). A guide to Sanchi. Patna: Eastern Book House. p. 36. ISBN 81-85204-32-2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ornament in Indian Architecture Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by en:Amalananda Ghosh, BRILL p. 295
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 p. 90
^ ^a ^b "The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E." Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters, SUNY Press, 2012 p. 197
^ ^a ^b Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 p. 15ff
^ Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p. 149
^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 p. 170
^ An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) p. 171
^ Marshall p. 81
^ Marshall p. 82
^ ^a ^b Marhall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 95 Pillar 25. Public Domain text
^ ^a ^b Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780521770200
^ ^a ^b John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi", p. 48
^ ^a ^b Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 251. ISBN 9781259063237
^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa Through The Ages. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 154. ISBN 9788120808249
^ ^a ^b A Guide to Sanchi, Marshall p. 65
^ Marshall p. 71
^ Marshall p. 55
^ [A Guide To Sanchi, Marshall, John, 1918 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35740 p. 37]
^ ^a ^b Lopez, Donald S Jr. (15 May 2023). "The Buddha's relics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Strong, J.S. (2007). Relics of the Buddha. en:Princeton University Press. pp. 136–37. ISBN 978-0-691-11764-5
^ Marshall pp. 68-69
^ Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin p. 83ff
^ Strong 2007, pp. 136–37.
^ Asoka and the Buddha-Relics, T.W. Rhys Davids, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1901, pp. 397-410 [3]
^ Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin p. 84
^ ^a ^b Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780674975279
^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 333. ISBN 9788131711200
^ Thapar, Romila (2012). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780199088683
^ 塚本啓祥、『アショーカ王碑文』、第三文明社、1976（2013に電子書籍化)
^ ^a ^b Ashoka in Ancient India Nayanjot Lahiri, Harvard University Press, 2015 p. 296
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Musicians generally described as "Greeks" from the eastern gateway at Sanchi" in Stoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton University Press. pp. 441–444, Fig. 15.6. ISBN 9780691185385
^ "Sculptures showing Greeks or the Greek type of human figures are not lacking in ancient India. Apart from the proverbial Gandhara, Sanchi and Mathura have also yielded many sculptures that betray a close observation of the Greeks." in Graeco-Indica, India's cultural contacts, by en:Udai Prakash Arora, published by Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, 1991, p. 12
^ These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100
^ Sanchi notice "Foreigners worshiping Stupa"
^ "The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief." in Foreign influence on Indian culture: from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D., Manjari Ukil Originals, 2006, p. 162
^ ^a ^b "The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments, some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia" in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Cambridge University Press, 2003 p. 255
^ Purātattva, Number 8. Indian Archaeological Society. (1975). p. 188. "A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha. The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor"
^ Epigraphia Indica Vol.2 p. 395 inscription 364
^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 348 inscription No.475
^ ^a ^b ^c The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology, en:SAGE Publications India, Upinder Singh, 2016 p. 18
^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 308 inscription No.89
^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 345 inscription No.433
^ Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart p. 180
^ "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity", John Boardman, 1993, p. 112
^ "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p. 112 Note 91
^ ^a ^b Marshall p. 58 Third Panel
^ ^a ^b Marshall p. 64
^ A Guide to Sanchi, John Marshall
^ 訳注。十誦律（十誦律卷第四十八第八誦之一）と思われる。
^ 英語版の項目「en:Sanchi」の2024年1月20日時点のサブセクション「Aniconism」に引用された次の英文の訳。""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava"".　この原典はおそらく、十誦律の以下の部分と思われる。「爾時給孤獨居士信心清淨。往到佛所頭面作禮一面坐已。白佛言。世尊。如佛身像不應作。願佛聽我作菩薩侍像者善佛言。聽作。」、大正新脩大藏経　律部　第23巻　十誦律卷第四十八第八誦之一、（T1435、SAT大蔵経DB 2018）
^ Rhi, Ju-Hyung (1994). “From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art”. Artibus Asiae 54 (3/4): 220–221. doi:10.2307/3250056. JSTOR 3250056.
^ Indian Numismatic Studies by K. D. Bajpai p. 100、要検証
^ Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18、要検証
^ ^a ^b Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. (1851). pp. 108–109
^ Wright, Colin. “'Miscellaneous Series. Plate.12. Juma Masjid, Chanderi'. Maisey in a top-hat sketching in the foreground”. www.bl.uk
^ John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from A Guide to Sanchi, Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). pp. 7-29 on line, Project South Asia.Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, 1955