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サーンチー【Sanchi】

読み方：さーんちー

インド中央部、マディヤプラデシュ州にある仏教遺跡。州都ボパールの北東郊の丘の上に位置する。初期仏教美術の宝庫で、マウリヤ朝最盛期のアショカ王時代に建立された石柱や覆鉢式大塔などが有名。1989年、「サーンチーの仏教建築物群」の名称で世界遺産（文化遺産）に登録された。

サーンチーの画像
覆鉢式大塔／撮影・Nagarjun http://goo.gl/JiNHV

ウィキペディア
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サーンチー

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/03/24 05:51 UTC 版)

サーンチー（Sanchi、梵: साञ्ची Sāñcī）は、大仏塔や寺院跡、アショーカ王の石柱跡などの仏教建築群や、精緻な仏教彫刻で知られる仏教遺跡である[1]。この遺跡からは、紀元前3世紀から紀元後12世紀にかけての仏教建築や仏教美術の興亡を知ることができる[2]。


脚注
  1. ^ Buddhist Circuit in Central India: Sanchi, Satdhara, Sonari, Andher, Travel Guide. Goodearth Publications. 2010. ISBN 9789380262055.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece, 2024年1月15日 閲覧
  3. ^ Buddhist Art Frontline Magazine 13–26 May 1989
  4. ^ a b c Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 31
  5. ^ a b c 仏塔のまわりに設置される玉垣のような低い壁ないし柵で、その途中にトーラナ（門）が設置される。石柱と笠石、貫石で構成されることが多い[1]
  6. ^ British Museum collection
  7. ^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780195356663. https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA206 
  8. ^ 。この3文字は"-sa dānaṁ"と読むことができ、「～の寄進」という意味であることが判明した
  9. ^ 『佐々木閑の仏教講義 ４「仏教再発見の旅　８８」（「仏教哲学の世界観」第７シリーズ）』、youtube、 2021年9月29日
  10. ^ Indian Numismatic Studies by K. D. Bajpai p. 100、要検証
  11. ^ Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18、要検証
  12. ^ John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from A Guide to Sanchi, Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). pp. 7-29 on line, Project South Asia.Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, General F.C.Maisey, 1892
  14. ^ GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter II, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
  15. ^ "The construction of the mound, or Sthupa proper, is as follows : - In centre, a shaft, or , more probably, an inner mound, of brickwork ( the bricks measuring 16×10×3 inches), laid in mud, then loose stones and rubble ; and, outside, a casing of dressed stones, about eight inches thick, laid one over the other, in horizontal layers. The exterior was, once, coated with plaster, about four inches thick; portions of which I found still adhering to the building." GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter III, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
  16. ^ "The Mahastupa consists of a hemispherical mound ( anda ) built over a relic chamber ( tabena ). It has a truncated and flattened top on which rests a square chamber ( harmika ), which has a railing and a central pillar ( yasthi ) supporting a stone triple-umbrella formation ( chattravali ). There are two circumambulatory passages. There is an elevated terrace ( medhi ) enclosed by a three-bar railing ( vedika ) and accessed by two flights of stairs ( sopanas ) from the southern gateway. The second circumambulatory passage is on the ground surrounding the mound ( pradakshinapath ). This whole structure has been put within a stone enclosure with a similar three-bar railing with four carved gateways ( toranas ) built in four cardinal directions. The ground balustrade ( vedika ), in turn, consists of stone uprights ( stambha or thaba ), horizontal crossbars ( suchi ) and copings ( ushnisha ), most of which have inscriptions mentioning the names of donors. The three umbrellas on the summit symbolise the “Three Jewels” (tri-ratna) of Buddhism—the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.", <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
  17. ^ a b 　"Asoka and Sanchi Asoka also built the core of Stupa 1, known as Mahastupa or the Great Stupa, at Sanchi. The archaeologist M.K. Dhavalikar says this is indicated by the fact that the level of the stupa’s floor is the same as that of the Asokan pillar near by. Further, fragments of the chunar sandstone umbrella over the structure bear the characteristic mirror-like polish seen on Asokan pillars.", <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
  18. ^ 「阿育王傳」『大正新脩大蔵経』 史傳部　第50巻、大蔵出版。 
  19. ^ "The construction of the mound, or Sthupa proper, is as follows : - In centre, a shaft, or , more probably, an inner mound, of brickwork ( the bricks measuring 16×10×3 inches), laid in mud, then loose stones and rubble ; and, outside, a casing of dressed stones, about eight inches thick, laid one over the other, in horizontal layers. The exterior was, once, coated with plaster, about four inches thick; portions of which I found still adhering to the building." GENERAL F.C. Maisey, SANCHI AND ITS REMAINS, Chapter III, KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1882
  20. ^ "The complex was built over several hundred years. The core of the stupa was built of mud and brick by Asoka in the third century BCE."、<https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
  21. ^ "Asoka’s mud-and-brick stupa got a stone encasing and was enlarged in the Shunga period. The ground balustrades, a berm, stairways, and the harmika were also built during this period, and so were Stupas 2 and 3."、<https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
  22. ^ ″In the first century C.E., the Andhra-Satavahanas, who had extended their sway over eastern Malwa, constructed the elaborately carved gateways to Stupas 1 and 3.″, <https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/buddhism-in-stone/article8932251.ece>、2024年1月15日閲覧
  23. ^ a b c d World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York [2]
  24. ^ The en:Butkara Stupa is an example of such a hemispherical stupa structure from the Maurya period, that was extensively documented through archaeological work
  25. ^ 大史では、ヴィディシャー近くのチャティヤギリと表現されている
  26. ^ Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 8ff Public Domain text
  27. ^ Reconstitution with four lions and crowning wheel by Percy Brown: Diagram of Sanchi Great Stupa
  28. ^ a b Described in Marshall pp. 25-28 Ashoka pillar.
  29. ^ (英語) Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications. (1996). p. 783. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0AcwAQAAIAAJ. "It may be mentioned that the motif of lions carrying a wheel occurs at Sanchis which might be a representation of the Sarnath's Asokan pillar capital ." 
  30. ^ a b Buddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le p. 155
  31. ^ 塚本啓祥、「アショーカ王碑文」、第三文明社、1976
  32. ^ a b Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 90ff Public Domain text
  33. ^ Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 147
  34. ^ Singh, Upinder (2016) (アラビア語). The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351506454. https://books.google.com/books?id=zmAlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 
  35. ^ Abram, David; (Firm), Rough Guides (2003). The Rough Guide to India. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843530893. https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA393 
  36. ^ a b Marshall, John (1955). Guide to Sanchi. https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.4365/4365#page/n153/mode/2up 
  37. ^ Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2009). India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199088140. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT424 
  38. ^ "Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of en:Ashoka and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was Pushyamitra, the first of the Shunga kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by en:Agnimitra or his immediate successor." in John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).
  39. ^ Shaw, Julia (12 August 2016) (英語). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-315-43263-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58. ""It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of sponsorship."" 
  40. ^ a b c d Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 p. 88ff
  41. ^ a b c d e Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p. 149
  42. ^ Marshall, John (1936). A guide to Sanchi. Patna: Eastern Book House. p. 36. ISBN 81-85204-32-2 
  43. ^ a b c d Ornament in Indian Architecture Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18
  44. ^ a b c d e An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by en:Amalananda Ghosh, BRILL p. 295
  45. ^ a b c d e f Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 p. 90
  46. ^ a b "The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E." Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters, SUNY Press, 2012 p. 197
  47. ^ a b Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 p. 15ff
  48. ^ Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p. 149
  49. ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 p. 170
  50. ^ An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) p. 171
  51. ^ Marshall p. 81
  52. ^ Marshall p. 82
  53. ^ a b Marhall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p. 95 Pillar 25. Public Domain text
  54. ^ a b Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780521770200. https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA169 
  55. ^ a b John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi", p. 48
  56. ^ a b Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 251. ISBN 9781259063237. https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA251 
  57. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa Through The Ages. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 154. ISBN 9788120808249. https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA154 
  58. ^ a b A Guide to Sanchi, Marshall p. 65
  59. ^ Marshall p. 71
  60. ^ Marshall p. 55
  61. ^ [A Guide To Sanchi, Marshall, John, 1918 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35740 p. 37]
  62. ^ a b Lopez, Donald S Jr. (15 May 2023). "The Buddha's relics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  63. ^ Strong, J.S. (2007). Relics of the Buddha. en:Princeton University Press. pp. 136–37. ISBN 978-0-691-11764-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC 
  64. ^ Marshall pp. 68-69
  65. ^ Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin p. 83ff
  66. ^ Strong 2007, pp. 136–37.
  67. ^ Asoka and the Buddha-Relics, T.W. Rhys Davids, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1901, pp. 397-410 [3]
  68. ^ Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin p. 84
  69. ^ a b Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780674975279. https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 
  70. ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 333. ISBN 9788131711200. https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA333 
  71. ^ Thapar, Romila (2012). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780199088683. https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 
  72. ^ 塚本啓祥、『アショーカ王碑文』、第三文明社、1976（2013に電子書籍化)
  73. ^ a b Ashoka in Ancient India Nayanjot Lahiri, Harvard University Press, 2015 p. 296
  74. ^ a b c d "Musicians generally described as "Greeks" from the eastern gateway at Sanchi" in Stoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton University Press. pp. 441–444, Fig. 15.6. ISBN 9780691185385. https://books.google.com/books?id=8MFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 
  75. ^ "Sculptures showing Greeks or the Greek type of human figures are not lacking in ancient India. Apart from the proverbial Gandhara, Sanchi and Mathura have also yielded many sculptures that betray a close observation of the Greeks." in Graeco-Indica, India's cultural contacts, by en:Udai Prakash Arora, published by Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, 1991, p. 12
  76. ^ These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100
  77. ^ Sanchi notice "Foreigners worshiping Stupa"
  78. ^ "The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief." in Foreign influence on Indian culture: from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D., Manjari Ukil Originals, 2006, p. 162
  79. ^ a b "The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments, some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia" in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Cambridge University Press, 2003 p. 255
  80. ^ Purātattva, Number 8. Indian Archaeological Society. (1975). p. 188. https://books.google.com/books?id=MW9DAAAAYAAJ. "A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha. The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor" 
  81. ^ Epigraphia Indica Vol.2 p. 395 inscription 364
  82. ^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 348 inscription No.475
  83. ^ a b c The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology, en:SAGE Publications India, Upinder Singh, 2016 p. 18
  84. ^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 308 inscription No.89
  85. ^ John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi p. 345 inscription No.433
  86. ^ Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart p. 180
  87. ^ "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity", John Boardman, 1993, p. 112
  88. ^ "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p. 112 Note 91
  89. ^ a b Marshall p. 58 Third Panel
  90. ^ a b Marshall p. 64
  91. ^ A Guide to Sanchi, John Marshall
  92. ^ 訳注。十誦律（十誦律卷第四十八第八誦之一）と思われる。
  93. ^ 英語版の項目「en:Sanchi」の2024年1月20日時点のサブセクション 「Aniconism」に引用された次の英文の訳。""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava"".　この原典はおそらく、十誦律の以下の部分と思われる。「爾時給孤獨居士信心清淨。往到佛所頭面作禮一面坐已。白佛言。世尊。如佛身像不應作。願佛聽我作菩薩侍像者善佛言。聽作。」、大正新脩大藏経　律部　第23巻　十誦律卷第四十八第八誦之一、（T1435、SAT大蔵経DB 2018）
  94. ^ Rhi, Ju-Hyung (1994). “From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art”. Artibus Asiae 54 (3/4): 220–221. doi:10.2307/3250056. JSTOR 3250056. 
  95. ^ Indian Numismatic Studies by K. D. Bajpai p. 100、要検証
  96. ^ Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 p. 18、要検証
  97. ^ a b Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. (1851). pp. 108–109. https://books.google.com/books?id=K_kAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108 
  98. ^ Wright, Colin. “'Miscellaneous Series. Plate.12. Juma Masjid, Chanderi'. Maisey in a top-hat sketching in the foreground”. www.bl.uk. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000546u00027000.html 
  99. ^ John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from A Guide to Sanchi, Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). pp. 7-29 on line, Project South Asia.Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ^ Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, 1955

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