チェルノブイリ原発事故の影響とは？ わかりやすく解説

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チェルノブイリ原発事故の影響

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/12/19 08:39 UTC 版)

チェルノブイリ原発事故の影響（チェルノブイリげんぱつじこのえいきょう）では、1986年4月26日のチェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故による、放射線などによる疾病や影響、旧ソビエト連邦やソ連解体後のウクライナへの影響、世界中での原子力政策や大衆運動など様々な影響について述べる。


出典
  1. ^ Dillwyn Williams et al. (2011). “ARCH—Agenda for Research on Chernobyl Health” (PDF). Journal of Radiological Protection 31 (1): 151-153. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/31/1/M03. http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/31/1/M03/pdf/0952-4746_31_1_M03.pdf. 
  2. ^ Mark Peplow (2011). “チェルノブイリの遺産 (Chernobyl’s legacy (PDF) )”. Nature 特別翻訳記事 471: 562-565. doi:10.1038/471562a. "とはいえ、ARCHを始動させるには、いくつかの障害を乗り越えなければならない。プロジェクトにはNCIからの支援が必要だが、予算上の制約のため、NCIは2008年に甲状腺研究対象集団に対する能動的臨床モニタリングのための資金提供を停止している。また、ARCHの提案を実現するためには、ウクライナの人々の医療記録をもっと利用しやすくしたり、参加者の生活習慣因子についてより詳細な情報を得たりする必要があるが、どちらも一筋縄ではいかないかもしれない。" 
  3. ^ “ARCH - Agenda for Research on Chernobyl Health”, International Agency for Research on Cancer, http://arch.iarc.fr/index.php 2011年8月14日閲覧。 
  4. ^ David J. Brenner (2011). “低線量被曝の危険性に関する知識はまだ不十分 (We don't know enough about low-dose radiation risk)”. Nature 特別翻訳記事. doi:10.1038/news.2011.206. "しかし、事故から25年が経過した今、甲状腺がんと白血病を除き、被曝した人々を対象とする大規模かつ組織的ながん研究は行われていない（Nature 2011年3月31日号547ページ、562ページ参照）。一方で、こうした研究では被曝線量の見積もりがカギとなるが、その作業はすでにかなり進んでいる3。今後、我々は、これらの研究を一般的ながんのすべてに拡大するため、いっそう努力しなければならない。" 
  5. ^ Shoji Sawada (2007). “Cover-up of the effects of internal exposure by residual radiation from the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”. Medicine, Conflict and Survival 23 (1): 58-74. doi:10.1080/13623690601084617. 
  6. ^ Tomoyuki Watanabe et al. (2008). “Hiroshima survivors exposed to very low doses of A-bomb primary radiation showed a high risk for cancers” (PDF). Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 13 (5): 264-270. doi:10.1007/s12199-008-0039-8. http://www.miyao.i.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Hiroshima-Survivors-Watanabe-2008.pdf. 著者による和訳
  7. ^ Q＆A よくある質問 - 放射線影響研究所, 放射線影響研究所, http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa/qa12.html 2011年8月16日閲覧, "原爆が炸裂して、その結果残留放射能が生じることになるのですが、その出来方には2通りあります。一つは、核分裂生成物 あるいは核物質自体（広島原爆に使用されたのはウラン、長崎原爆に使用されたのはプルトニウムです）が放射性降下物（フォールアウト）として降ってきて地上を汚染するものです。同じような土壌汚染がチェルノブイリ事故でも起こりましたが、その規模ははるかに大きなものでした。" 
  8. ^ “Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions”, In Focus: IAEA and Chernobyl, IAEA, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml 2011年8月16日閲覧, "The accident at Chernobyl was approximately 400 times more potent than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima." 
  9. ^ a b Scientific Committee On Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) (1993). “1.4 Processes Releasing Radioactivity into the Environment”. In Sir Frederick Warner and Roy M. Harrison. SCOPE 50 Radioecology after Chernobyl - Biogeochemical Pathways of Artificial Radionuclides. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471931683. http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope50/chapter01.html. "Table1.3 A comparison of radioactive releases from nuclear detonations and nuclear reactor accidents" 
  10. ^ Mark Peplow (2011). “Chernobyl’s legacy” (PDF). Nature 471: 562-565. doi:10.1038/471562a. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/nuclear%20disaster.pdf. "Long-term doses were once thought to carry much less risk than the immediate exposure, but evidence is accumulating that the risks may be much the same5. If confirmed, it would mean that people routinely exposed to low level radiation have a greater chance of health problems than previously thought." 
  11. ^ Mark Peplow (2011). “Chernobyl’s legacy” (PDF). Nature 471: 562-565. doi:10.1038/471562a. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/nuclear%20disaster.pdf. "Williams hopes that there is now a chance to establish a Chernobyl Health Effects Research Foundation, which would mirror the highly effective Radiation Effects Research Foundation that monitors the long-term health impacts of the atomic bombs in Japan. Together, the efforts could reveal the differences between the single short-term dose of external radiation delivered by the atomic bombs, and the low level long-term exposure seen after Chernobyl." 
  12. ^ a b United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident”. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 142. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "Table B18. Collective thyroid and effective doses to the populations of European countriesa [based on D13]" 
  13. ^ Vladimir Drozdovitch et al. (2007). “Radiation exposure to the population of Europe following the Chernobyl accident” (PDF). Radiation Protection Dosimetry 123 (4): 515-528. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncl528. http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,43,2,20071213103354-RZ/voelkle_rep.pdf. 
  14. ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident”. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 143. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "Table B19. Summary of doses (rounded) to the main population groups exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident" 
  15. ^ OECD Papers, 3, OECD, (2003), pp. 1–360, http://puck.sourceoecd.org/vl=46644111/cl=13/nw=1/rpsv/~4292/v3n1/s1/p1l 
  16. ^ あるいは、Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry等を参照。
  17. ^ Table of Nuclides、"Nuclear Data Evaluation Lab", Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
  18. ^ Tchernobyl, Histoire d'un accident, analyse et conséquences, http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/tchernobyl3.htm 2011年7月5日閲覧。 
  19. ^ 菅谷昭、ユーリ・E・デミチク、エフゲニー・P・デミチク (1998). “第5章　個別の健康影響研究 20.ベラルーシにおけるチェルノブイリ原発事故後の小児甲状腺ガンの現状”. In 今中哲二. チェルノブイリ事故による放射能災害 国際共同研究報告書. 技術と人間. ISBN 4764501252. http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/Chernobyl/saigai/Sgny-J.html 
  20. ^ 児玉龍彦 (2009). “Vol.28 チェルノブイリ原発事故から甲状腺癌の発症を学ぶ ―エビデンス探索 20 年の歴史を辿る”. 医学のあゆみ 231 (4): 306-310. http://kodomo-kenkou.com/shinsai/default/file_download/409. 
  21. ^ US Environmental Protection Agency, “How did EPA monitor the plume from Chernobyl as it crossed the U.S.?”, Chernobyl Power Plant, Ukraine, http://www.epa.gov/radiation/rert/chernobyl.html#plume 2011年7月5日閲覧。 
  22. ^ Geoffrey Lean (2006年4月23日). “Chernobyl 'still causing cancer in British children'”. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/chernobyl-still-causing-cancer-in-british-children-475263.html 2011年7月5日閲覧。 
  23. ^ Julia Heß et al. (2011). “Gain of chromosome band 7q11 in papillary thyroid carcinomas of young patients is associated with exposure to low-dose irradiation” (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (23): 9595-9600. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017137108. http://anpron.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Gain-of-chromosome-band-7q11-in-papillary-thyroid-carcinomas-of-young-patients-is-associated-with-exposure-to-low-dose-irradiation.pdf. 
  24. ^ “Fingerprint of Radiation Exposure Discovered in Thyroid Cancer”, insciences, (2011-05-24), http://insciences.org/article.php?article_id=10136 2011年7月6日閲覧, "This breakthrough is the first time since the reactor accident in 1986 that scientists have been able to discriminate between the cancers caused by the radioactive contamination and those that arise naturally. Prof. Zitzelsberger ascribes the success of this study to the careful collection, documentation and storage of thyroid cancers from the Chernobyl region in the Chernobyl Tissue Bank." 
  25. ^ “25th Anniversary of the Chernobyl Disaster, 26 April 2011”, United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/events/chernobyl/25anniversary/ 2011年7月30日閲覧。 
  26. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2000-03), “Chernobyl - a continuing catastrophe” (PDF), United Nations, http://www.progettohumus.it/include/chernobyl/dintorni/dossier/ocha.pdf 2011年7月30日閲覧。 
  27. ^ 【翻訳資料】チェルノブイリ － 終わらない破局 WISE News 530　2000年5月26日, “チェルノブイリ事故”, 美浜・大飯・高浜原発に反対する大阪の会, (2000-06-05), http://www.jca.apc.org/mihama/chernobyl/wise530_cherno.htm 2011年7月30日閲覧。 
  28. ^ “Chernobyl - A continuing catastrophe”, Wise News Communique 530, (2000-05-26), http://www.klimaatkeuze.nl/wise/monitor/530/5170 2011年7月30日閲覧。 
  29. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “National Reports”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/nat_rep.shtml 2011年9月5日閲覧。 
  30. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “History of the United Nations and Chernobyl”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/history.html 2011年6月21日閲覧, "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, April 26, 1986- the routine 20-second shut down of the system seemed to be another test of the electrical equipment. But seven seconds later, a surge created a chemical explosion that released nearly 520 dangerous radionuclides into the atmosphere." 
  31. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “History of the United Nations and Chernobyl”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/history.html 2011年6月21日閲覧, "Based on the official reports, near 8,400,000 people in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia were exposed to the radiation, which is more than the population of Austria." 
  32. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Ukraine”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/ukraine.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "The Chernobyl accident in 1986 affected more than 3.5 million people, including 1.5 million children, and contaminated nearly 50,000 square kilometers of lands in northern Ukraine." 
  33. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Ukraine”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/ukraine.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "Examinations showed that a number of cases of cancer increased by 19.5 times, thyroid by 54 times, goiters by 44 times, hypothyroidism by 5.7 times, and nodal formation by 55 times." 
  34. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “The Republic of Belarus”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/belarus.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "70 percent of the total radioactive fallout from the accident descended on nearly one-fourth of the country. The fallout affected more than 2.2 million people, including 500,000 children." 
  35. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “The Republic of Belarus”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/belarus.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "The government of Belarus estimated that thyroid cancer rates in children under 15 years rose dramatically from 2,000 cases in 1990 to 8,000-10,000 in 2001." 
  36. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “The Russian Federation”, The United Nations and Chernobyl, http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/russia.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "Medical examinations in 1985-2000 in Kaluga, one of the contaminated regions, showed that cases of cancer significantly increased, including cancer of the breast by 121 percent, lungs 58 percent, esophagus 112 percent, uterus 88 percent, lymphatic and blood-forming tissues by 59 percent." 
  37. ^ Eero Pukkala et al. (2006). “Breast cancer in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 119 (3): 651–658. doi:10.1002/ijc.21885. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.21885/full. 
  38. ^ N. Bogdanova et al. (2010). “High frequency and allele-specific differences of BRCA1 founder mutations in breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients from Belarus”. Clinical Genetics 78 (4): 364-372. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01473.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01473.x/full. 
  39. ^ Eero Pukkala et al. (2006). “Breast cancer in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 119 (3): 651–658. doi:10.1002/ijc.21885. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.21885/full. "This result suggests that screening is unlikely to be responsible for the reported increase." 
  40. ^ Elisabeth Cardis et al. (2007). “Identification of women with an increased risk of developing radiation-induced breast cancer”. Breast Cancer Research 9 (3): 106. doi:10.1186/bcr1733. http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/9/3/106. 
  41. ^ 福島昭治ら, “KAKEN - チェルノブイリ原発事故による放射能被爆住民における膀胱がんの発生(12576005)”, Research Project Number:12576005, http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/p/12576005 
  42. ^ 児玉龍彦 (2011). “Vol.41 “チェルノブイリ膀胱炎”―長期のセシウム137低線量被曝の危険性” (PDF). 医学のあゆみ 238 (4): 355-360. http://www.ishiyaku.co.jp/magazines/ayumi/23804_355_360.pdf. 
  43. ^ Keiichirou Morimura et al. (2004). “Possible distinct molecular carcinogenic pathways for bladder cancer in Ukraine, before and after the Chernobyl disaster”. Oncology Reports 11 (4): 881-886. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15010889. 
  44. ^ Alina Romanenko et al. (2009). “Urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to persistent low-dose ionizing radiation after Chernobyl accident”. Carcinogenesis 30 (11): 1821-1831. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp193. http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/11/1821.full. "Significant elevation of 137Cs levels was found in patients from group 1 (6.47 Bq/l) and to a lesser extent in patients from group 2 (1.23 Bq/l), as compared with group 3 patients (0.29 Bq/l)." 
  45. ^ Alina Romanenko et al. (2009). “Urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to persistent low-dose ionizing radiation after Chernobyl accident”. Carcinogenesis 30 (11): 1821-1831. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp193. http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/11/1821.full. "Thus, oxidative stress occurs, accompanied by up-regulation of at least two signaling pathways (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB cascades) and activation of growth factor receptors, in the bladder urothelium of people living in Cesium 137-contaminated areas of Ukraine, resulting in chronic inflammation and the development of proliferative atypical cystitis, so-called Chernobyl cystitis, which is considered a possible pre-neoplastic condition in humans." 
  46. ^ Eugenia Stepanova et al. (2008). “Exposure from the Chernobyl accident had adverse effects on erythrocytes, leukocytes, and, platelets in children in the Narodichesky region, Ukraine: A 6-year follow-up study”. Environmental Health 7. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2459146/. "More than 10 years after the Chernobyl accident, children in the Narodichesky region, Ukraine, approximately 80 km from Chernobyl, showed decreased counts for red and white blood cells and platelets, and a reduced concentration of hemoglobin associated with persistent residential 137Cs exposure." 
  47. ^ Erik R. Svendsen et al. (2010). “137Cesium Exposure and Spirometry Measures in Ukrainian Children Affected by the Chernobyl Nuclear Incident”. Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (5): 720–725. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866691/. "We found statistically significant evidence of both airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC%, peak expiratory flow, and maximum expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, and 75% of FVC) and restriction (FVC) with increasing soil 137Cs." 
  48. ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident”. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 64-65. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "The contamination of milk with 131I, for which prompt countermeasures were lacking, resulted in large doses to the thyroids of members of the general public; this led to a substantial fraction of the more than 6,000 thyroid cancers observed to date among people who were children or adolescents at the time of the accident (by 2005, 15 cases had proved fatal);" 
  49. ^ 20 years after Chornobyl Catastrophe. FUTURE OUTLOOK: National Report of Ukraine. Kyiv, Atika. (2006). http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/docs/ukr_report_2006.pdf. "In spite of the almost 99% short-term effectiveness of the treatment of thyroid cancer patients, their long-term quality of life will be reduced due to the necessity for life-long substitution therapy with thyroid hormones; limited physical and physiological capacities, and disturbances of the reproductive function. All of them will require state medical support in the future." 
  50. ^ チェルノブイリ笹川医療プロジェクト
  51. ^ チェルノブイリ事故以降、依然として続く高い癌発症リスク：チェルノブイリ原発事故当時18歳未満であった者を対象とするスクリーングに関するNIHの研究報告が発表された, “海外癌医療情報リファレンス”, 一般社団法人 日本癌医療翻訳アソシエイツ, (2011-03-17), http://www.cancerit.jp/2011-03-17/2513.html 2011年6月18日閲覧。 
  52. ^ Alina V. Brenner et al. (2011). “I-131 dose response for incident thyroid cancers in ukraine related to the chornobyl accident”. Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (7): 933-939. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002674. http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1002674. 
  53. ^ Andriy G. Noshchenko et al. (2010). “Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0-5 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1002/ijc.24834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.24834/full. "The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether those who were under 6-year-old at the time of the Chernobyl accident and were permanent residents of the radioactively contaminated territories, and therefore exposed to radiation in doses exceeding 10 mGy, have an increased radiation-induced risk of acute leukemia during the first 11 years after the disaster." 
  54. ^ Andriy G. Noshchenko et al. (2010). “Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0-5 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1002/ijc.24834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.24834/full. "The distribution of cases and controls based on total accumulated exposure dose is shown in Table 4. Of 738 studied subjects, 91.6% were exposed to doses of less than 10 mGy." 
  55. ^ Andriy G. Noshchenko et al. (2010). “Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0-5 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1002/ijc.24834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.24834/full. "Table 4. Distribution of cases and controls by dose of radiation exposure and corresponding leukemia risk" 
  56. ^ Andriy G. Noshchenko et al. (2010). “Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0-5 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1002/ijc.24834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.24834/full. "Leukemia risk was significantly associated with radiation exposure dose among subjects aged 0−5 years at the time of the accident when radiation exposure exceeded 10 mGy, particularly in males and in subjects with acute leukemia." 
  57. ^ Andriy G. Noshchenko et al. (2010). “Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0-5 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1002/ijc.24834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.24834/full. "The majority of the leukemias were acute 97.6%; acute lymphoblast leukemia (ALL) accounted for significantly more cases (74%) than acute myeloid leukemia (AML; −23.6%)." 
  58. ^ V. I. Kulakov et al. (1993). “Female reproductive function in areas affected by radiation after the Chernobyl power station accident” (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Suppl 2): 117–123. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s2117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519931/pdf/envhper00379-0120.pdf. "The incidence of neonatal morbidity increased 3-fold in Polessky and 2-fold in Chechersky following the accident (Fig. 5)." 
  59. ^ V. I. Kulakov et al. (1993). “Female reproductive function in areas affected by radiation after the Chernobyl power station accident” (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Suppl 2): 117–123. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s2117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519931/pdf/envhper00379-0120.pdf. "The incidence of congenital abnormalities in neonates was virtually unchanged at 5-6% in Chechersky, but there was a marked increase in Polessky from 6.9% to 24%, which exceeded the rates in all other parts of the country. Skeletal abnormalities were most frequently detected. Neurological effects were detected in 45% of newborn in both districts in 1990, and these were more prominent when hypoxia and respiratory distress coexisted." 
  60. ^ V. I. Kulakov et al. (1993). “Female reproductive function in areas affected by radiation after the Chernobyl power station accident” (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Suppl 2): 117–123. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s2117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519931/pdf/envhper00379-0120.pdf. "The results allow us to conclude that health of mothers, fetuses, and children were significantly influenced by the radiation, with adaptational and pathological abnormalities of various organs and body systems of pregnant women and children." 
  61. ^ G. I. Lazjuk et al. (1997). “Changes in registered congenital anomalies in the republic of belarus after the chernobyl accident” (PDF). Stem Cells 15 (Supplement S1): 255–260. doi:10.1002/stem.5530150734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.5530150734/pdf. "Analysis of data from three sources (the Monitoring of Morphogenesis Defects found in Embryos and Early Fetuses, the Monitoring of Congenital Malformations of Newborns and the official statistical data of Belarus) support the hypothesis that individuals residing in areas that are highly contaminated with 137Cs are at increased risk for development of congenital malformations." 
  62. ^ G. I. Lazjuk et al. (1997). “Changes in registered congenital anomalies in the republic of belarus after the chernobyl accident” (PDF). Stem Cells 15 (Supplement S1): 255–260. doi:10.1002/stem.5530150734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.5530150734/pdf. "The types of anomalies that were most increased in frequency were multiple congenital malformations, polydactyly, and reduction limb defects." 
  63. ^ Anna Petrova et al. (1997). “Morbidity in a large cohort study of children born to mothers exposed to radiation from Chernobyl” (PDF). Stem Cells 15 (Supplement S1): 141-150. doi:10.1002/stem.5530150721. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.5530150721/pdf. "Data for neonates indicate that a potentially strong relationship exists between radiation exposure and the development of anemia and congenital malformations and perinatal death. For example, congenital malformations in Gomel nearly doubled over the decade of the 1980s, while perinatal deaths were higher in Gomel than in any other oblast." 
  64. ^ Ivan Zatsepin et al. (2007). “Down syndrome time-clustering in January 1987 in Belarus: Link with the Chernobyl accident?” (PDF). Reproductive Toxicology 24 (3-4): 289-295. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.003. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.5530150721/pdf. "DS data came from the Belarus National Registry of Congenital Malformations (1981–2001). We observed a significant peak of DS in January 1987 (26 cases observed and 9.84 expected; observed/expected ratio = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.72–3.76), but found no positive long-term time trends in contaminated or control areas." 
  65. ^ Ivan Zatsepin et al. (2007). “Down syndrome time-clustering in January 1987 in Belarus: Link with the Chernobyl accident?” (PDF). Reproductive Toxicology 24 (3-4): 289-295. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.003. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.5530150721/pdf. "The time occurrence of the January peak, high dose rates during the plume passage and experimental data showing a radiosensitive phase of oogenesis around conception time in mammals suggest that the January peak may be linked to the Chernobyl plume." 
  66. ^ Wladimir Wertelecki (2010). “Malformations in a Chornobyl-Impacted Region”. Pediatrics 125 (4): e836-e843. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2219. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/4/e836.full. "The NTD rates in Rivne are persistently elevated, and the rates of conjoined twins and teratomas also seem to be elevated." 
  67. ^ Wladimir Wertelecki (2010). “Malformations in a Chornobyl-Impacted Region”. Pediatrics 125 (4): e836-e843. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2219. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/4/e836.full. "The rates of NTDs in Polissia are higher than in non-Polissia, and rates for microcephaly and microphthalmia likewise seem to be elevated." 
  68. ^ Kelsey Needham Dancause et al. (2010). “Chronic radiation exposure in the Rivne-Polissia region of Ukraine:”. American Journal of Human Biology 22 (5): 667–674. doi:10.1002/ajhb.21063. "Alcohol intake was low and alone does not account for the observed high rates of birth defects." 
  69. ^ Kelsey Needham Dancause et al. (2010). “Chronic radiation exposure in the Rivne-Polissia region of Ukraine:”. American Journal of Human Biology 22 (5): 667–674. doi:10.1002/ajhb.21063. "Wild foods, especially mushrooms and berries, and locally produced foods, especially milk related, were major radiation exposure routes. Additionally, women were exposed to radiation through inhalation while burning grasses and potato vines in fields, and wood for cooking and heating." 
  70. ^ Yuri E. Dubrova et al. (2002). “Elevated Minisatellite Mutation Rate in the Post-Chernobyl Families from Ukraine”. American Journal of Human Genetics 71 (4): 801–809. doi:10.1086/342729. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC378537/. 
  71. ^ Ausrele Kesminiene et al. (2008). “Risk of hematological malignancies among Chernobyl liquidators”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 721–735. doi:10.1667/RR1231.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904977/. 
  72. ^ a b V. K. Ivanov et al. (2006). “The risk of radiation-induced cerebrovascular disease in Chernobyl emergency workers.”. Health physics 90 (3): 199-207. doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000175835.31663.ea. 
  73. ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident” (PDF). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "Other than this group of emergency workers, several hundred thousand people were involved in recovery operations, but to date, apart from indications of an increase in the incidence of leukaemia and cataracts among those who received higher doses, there is no evidence of health effects that can be attributed to radiation exposure;" 
  74. ^ Ludmila A. Zhavoronkov et al. (2008). “Reduced Electroencephalographic Coherence Asymmetry in the Chernobyl Accident Survivors” (PDF). The Spanish Journal of Psychology 11 (2): 363-373. http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/172/17213016003.pdf. "These results allow us to propose that the described EEG signs may be a reflection of radiation-induced brain dysfunction at the late period after the Chernobyl clean-up and were similar to the EEG markers of brain ageing. The results, in comparison to data of the literature, provide additional support to the premature brain ageing hypothesis in Chernobyl survivors as a result of the radiation brain damage after-effect." 
  75. ^ Anatoly Ye Romanenko et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American Study of Leukemia and Related Disorders Among Chornobyl Cleanup Workers from Ukraine: I. STUDY METHODS”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 691–697. doi:10.1667/RR1402.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856482/. 
  76. ^ Vadim V. Chumak et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American Study of Leukemia and Related Disorders among Chornobyl Cleanup Workers from Ukraine: II. Estimation of Bone Marrow Doses”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 698–710. doi:10.1667/RR1403.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033011/. 
  77. ^ Anatoly Ye Romanenko et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers from Ukraine: III. Radiation risks”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 711-720. doi:10.1667/RR1404.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856603/. 
  78. ^ Anatoly Ye Romanenko et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers from Ukraine: III. Radiation risks”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 711-720. doi:10.1667/RR1404.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856603/. "The excess relative risk of total leukemia was 3.44 per Gy (95% confidence interval 0.47–9.78, p<0.01)." 
  79. ^ Anatoly Ye Romanenko et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers from Ukraine: III. Radiation risks”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 711-720. doi:10.1667/RR1404.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856603/. "The dose-response was linear and did not significantly differ by calendar period of first work in the 30-km Chornobyl zone, duration or type of work. We found a similar dose-response relationship for chronic and non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia." 
  80. ^ Anatoly Ye Romanenko et al. (2008). “The Ukrainian-American study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers from Ukraine: III. Radiation risks”. Radiation Research 170 (6): 711-720. doi:10.1667/RR1404.1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856603/. "Thus, our results for non-CLL appear to be consistent with those from the atomic bomb survivor study and indicate no measurable difference in leukemia risk following acute or protracted radiation exposure." 
  81. ^ 2011/05/03号◆研究者に聴く「チェルノブイリ原子力災害25周年に際して、モーリーン・ハッチ医師と馬淵清彦医師に聴く」, “海外癌医療情報リファレンス”, 一般社団法人 日本癌医療翻訳アソシエイツ, (2011-05-18), http://www.cancerit.jp/2011-05-18/2712.html 2011年6月18日閲覧, "放射能被曝は白血病の一種である慢性リンパ性白血病 に影響を与えることがわかりました。チェルノブイリ事故前には、この疾患と放射能被曝との関連性は知られていませんでした。" 
  82. ^ Daniil F. Gluzman et al. (2011). “Mature B-CELL neoplasms in Chernobyl clean-up workers of 1986–1987: summary of cytomorphological and immunocytochemical study in 25 years after Chernobyl accident” (PDF). Experimental Oncology 33 (1): 47–51. http://exp-oncology.com.ua/download/894.pdf. "Nevertheless, recently these assumptions have been challenged. The epidemiological data based on studies in occupationally and medically exposed populations have required revising several aspects pertaining to CLL radiogenicity [11–15]." 
  83. ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident” (PDF). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 58. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "Of these 134 patients, 28 died within the first four months, their deaths being directly attributable to the high radiation doses (two other workers had died from injuries unrelated to radiation exposure in the immediate aftermath of the accident)." 
  84. ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2011). “Annex D. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident”. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR 2008 Report vol. II: Effects, Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes C, D and E. New York: United Nations. pp. 189. ISBN 978-92-1-142280-1. http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf. "Table D7. Causes of death among Chernobyl ARS survivors in the later period [B10, B39, B41, B42, B44, G9, U3]" 
  85. ^ “Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine”, The Chernobyl Forum, IAEA, (2005), http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Chernobyl/chernobyl.pdf 
  86. ^ 今中哲二 (2007-3), “チェルノブイリ事故による死者の数”, in 今中哲二, チェルノブイリ原発事故の実相解明への多角的アプローチ － 20 年を機会とする事故被害のまとめ －, トヨタ財団助成研究 共同研究報告書, pp. 77-81, http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/tyt2004/imanaka-2.pdf, "フォーラムとしては、昨年９月のウィーン会議で総死者 4000 人という数字を発表して 20 周年に向けての先手を打ったつもりだったのだろうが、ベラルーシやウクライナの専門家やNGO、さらにはベラルーシ政府からも報告書のへの抗議を受け、ついには報告書修正版を出すに至っている（内容はほとんど変えず表現を柔らかくしたものになった）。" 
  87. ^ Elisabeth Cardis et al. (2006). “Cancer consequences of the Chernobyl accident: 20 years on” (PDF). Journal of Radiological Protection 26: 127–140. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/26/2/001. http://depts.washington.edu/epidem/Epi591/Spr09/Chernobyl%20Forum%20Article%20Cardis%20et%20al-1.pdf. 
  88. ^ “原発事故の死者9000人も　チェルノブイリでWHO”. 47NEWS(共同通信配信). (2006年4月14日). http://www.47news.jp/CN/200604/CN2006041401001646.html 2011年6月17日閲覧。 
  89. ^ 金子正人 (2007), 解説 チェルノブイリ20周年の国際会議に出席して, (PDF), 日本原子力学会誌 49 (1): 24-28, http://www.aesj.or.jp/atomos/popular/kaisetsu200701.pdf, "WHOのM. Repacholiは,健康影響に関する報告は,peer reviewされたpaperのみを考慮したという。また,「フォーラム」が被ばく線量の多かった約60万人についての4,000人というがん死亡予測数を採用したのは,インド,イラン,ブラジルなどの自然放射線レベルの高い地域で過剰ながんが観察されていないので,自然放射線にわずか上乗せされる程度の被ばくしかない低汚染地域の人たちについてまで,過剰がん死亡を予測するのは科学的ではないためと説明された。" 
  90. ^ E Cardis et al. (2006). “Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident”. International Journal of Cancer 119 (6): 1224–1235. doi:10.1002/ijc.22037. 
  91. ^ “The Cancer Burden from Chernobyl in Europe” (プレスリリース), International Agency for Research on Cancer, (2006年4月20日), http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2006/pr168.html 2011年6月20日閲覧, "Dr Elisabeth Cardis, Head of the IARC Radiation Group, provided greater detail: "By 2065 (i.e. in the eighty years following the accident), predictions based on these models indicate that about 16,000 cases3 of thyroid cancer and 25,000 cases of other cancers may be expected due to radiation from the accident and that about 16,000 deaths from these cancers may occur."" 
  92. ^ Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council (2006). Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309091565. http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11340 
  93. ^ “チェルノブイリ事故の健康影響に関する報告書について”. 財団法人 電力中央研究所 原子力技術研究所 放射線安全研究センター. 2011年6月20日閲覧。 “リスク係数を昨年公表された米国科学アカデミーのBEIR-VII報告書[5]に基づいて見直ししています（表2）。これにより、リスク係数は1996年論文[4]の10%/Svから5.1%/Svに下がりましたが、対象範囲を大きく広げた効果により全体として死亡予測数が大幅に増加しています。”
  94. ^ Sebastian Pflugbeil, Henrik Paulitz, Angelika Claussen and Inge Schmitz-Feuerhak (2011-04), “Health Effects of Chernobyl 25 years after the reactor catastrophe” (PDF), CHERNOBYLCONGRESS.ORG, IPPNW and GFS Report, http://www.chernobylcongress.org/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/chernob_report_2011_en_web.pdf 2011-06/20閲覧。 
  95. ^ Ian Fairlie and David Sumner (2006年4月). “The Other Report on Chernobyl (TORCH) (PDF)”. The Greens | EFA. 2011年6月1日閲覧。 “Depending on the risk factor used (ie the risk of fatal cancer per person sievert), the TORCH Report estimates that the worldwide collective dose of 600,000 person sieverts will result in 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths, 7 to 15 times the figure release in the IAEA’s press statement.”
  96. ^ “The Chernobyl Catastrophe - Consequences on Human Health”, Chernobyl death toll grossly underestimated, Greenpeace, (2006-04-18), http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/chernobylhealthreport.pdf 2011年6月17日閲覧。 
  97. ^ John Vidal (2011年4月1日). “Nuclear's green cheerleaders forget Chernobyl at our peril”. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/01/fukushima-chernobyl-risks-radiation 2011年6月17日閲覧. "Using other data, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences declared in 2006 that 212,000 people had died as a direct consequence of Chernobyl." 
  98. ^ Alexey V. Yablokov, Vassily B. Nesterenko, and Alexey V. Nesterenko (2009). Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) (paperback ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1573317573 
  99. ^ Richard Balmforth (2011年3月15日). “Factbox: Key facts on Chernobyl nuclear accident”. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/us-nuclear-chernobyl-facts-idUSTRE72E42U20110315 2011年6月20日閲覧. "The Chernobyl Union of Ukraine, a non-government body, estimates the present death toll from the disaster at almost 734,000." 
  100. ^ 今中哲二 (2007-03), チェルノブイリ原発事故：何がおきたのか, “proceedings原稿”, 第8回環境放射能研究会, http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/Chernobyl/kek07-1.pdf 2011年6月17日閲覧, "筆者としては全世界で2万～6万件というのがチェルノブイリ事故によるガン死見積もりとして妥当なところかと考えている。チェルノブイリ事故による被害について指摘しておきたいのは、放射線被曝を直接の原因としない「間接的な死者」についてある。田舎暮らしをしてきた老人が、突然に都会に避難させられアパート暮らしを余儀なくされたなら「どんなに健康に悪いか」容易に想像されよう。また、移住によって職を失い、「アル中になって病気になった」例も数多いことだろう。こうした健康影響は、もちろん被曝影響ではないが、チェルノブイリ事故の影響であることは確かである。チェルノブイリ事故が人々にもたらした災厄全体を議論しようとするなら、こうした「間接的影響」を無視することはできない。" 
  101. ^ Ivan Godlevsky and Oleg Nasvit (1999). “Dynamics of Health Status of Residents in the Lugyny District after the Accident at the ChNPS”. In Tetsuji Imanaka. Recent Research Activities about the Chernobyl NPP Accident in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Kioto Univ. Res. Reactor Inst.: KURRI-KR-21. pp. 149-157. http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/reports/kr21/kr21pdf/Godlevsky.pdf. "Average life-expectancy of the Lugyny district population before the accident at the Chernobyl NPS (1984, 1985) has been 75 years, after the accident (1990-1996) — 65 years." 
  102. ^ Ivan Godlevsky and Oleg Nasvit (1999). “Dynamics of Health Status of Residents in the Lugyny District after the Accident at the ChNPS”. In Tetsuji Imanaka. Recent Research Activities about the Chernobyl NPP Accident in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Kioto Univ. Res. Reactor Inst.: KURRI-KR-21. pp. 149-157. http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/reports/kr21/kr21pdf/Godlevsky.pdf. "The major factors are — the increased level of radiation and presence of permanent stress situations. Mechanisms of the effects of these factors are practically the same: their direct or indirect impact on the systems and organs impairs metabolism and circulation of blood, which results in dystrophiprocesses in organs and systems of the organism determining premature ageing and death." 
  103. ^ 安全基準を超えた「内部被曝」(要精密検査)すでに4766人、異常値を示した人1193人 隠された放射能汚染を暴く, “経済の死角”, 現代ビジネス(講談社), (2011-05-30), http://gendai.ismedia.jp/articles/-/6318?page=3 2011年6月20日閲覧, "同国は、事故の5年後の1991年に旧ソ連からの独立を果たした。その当時の人口は約5200万人。ところが年々、人口が減り続け、2010年には約4500万人になってしまった。19年で700万人もの人口減、その減少率は13%にもなる。同国の平均寿命は、かつて75歳前後だったが、5～10年後には55歳ほどに低下する可能性があるという。そしていまだに、チェルノブイリ周辺では、障害を抱えて生まれる子どもたちが多いという（NHK　BS世界のドキュメンタリー『永遠のチェルノブイリ』）。" 
  104. ^ 報告書全文「Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environmen」 Archived 2011-04-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  105. ^ EnviroVideo
  106. ^ 「チェルノブイリ100万人の犠牲者」
  107. ^ a b Stefen Mulvey (2006年4月20日). “Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation”. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4923342.stm 2011年7月7日閲覧。 
  108. ^ “Red Forest in Chernobyl Zone”, Чернобыль, Припять, зона отчуждения ЧАЭС, http://chornobyl.in.ua/en/red-forest-in-chernobyl-zone.html 2011年7月12日閲覧。 
  109. ^ S.A. Geras'kin et al. (2008). “Effects of non-human species irradiation after the Chernobyl NPP accident”. Environment International 34 (6): 880-897. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.012. "The most exposed phytocenoses and soil animals' communities exhibited dose dependent alterations in the species composition and reduction in biological diversity." 
  110. ^ a b “鳥に現れた異常、チェルノブイリと動物”. National Geographic News. (2011年4月26日). http://natgeo.nikkeibp.co.jp/nng/article/news/14/4163/?ST=m_news 2016年6月3日閲覧。 
  111. ^ Anders Pape Møller et al. (2011). “Chernobyl Birds Have Smaller Brains”. PLoS One 6 (2): e16862. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016862. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033907/. 
  112. ^ 篠原 修司 (First posted:2008/03/03), “チェルノブイリで放射線を食べる菌が見つかる”, デジタルマガジン, http://digimaga.net/2008/03/fungus_eats_radiation 2011年7月7日閲覧。 
  113. ^ “Black Fungus Found in Chernobyl Eats Harmful Radiation”. FOX News. (2007年5月30日). http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,276196,00.html 2011年7月7日閲覧。 
  114. ^ Kate Melville (2007-05-23), “Chernobyl Fungus Feeds On Radiation”, Science a Go Go, http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20070422222547data_trunc_sys.shtml 2011年7月7日閲覧。 
  115. ^ Ekaterina Dadachova et al. (2007). “Ionizing Radiation Changes the Electronic Properties of Melanin and Enhances the Growth of Melanized Fungi”. PLoS One 2 (5): e457. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000457. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000457. 

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汚染地域住民
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
100% |||||

7
白血病
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
100% |||||

8
膀胱癌
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
100% |||||

9
集団線量
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
100% |||||

10
OCHAによる健康被害報告
ウィキペディア小見出し辞書
94% |||||

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