ブレーカー・ボーイ
(Breaker boy から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/11/04 19:46 UTC 版)
ブレーカー・ボーイ（英語:breaker boy）とは、アメリカ合衆国[1]とイギリスに見られた炭鉱作業者の一種であり、砕炭場(coal breaker)において石炭から不純物を手作業で分離することをその職務としていた。ブレーカー・ボーイは主として児童であったが、年配の炭鉱夫の中で年齢・病気・事故といった理由でこれ以上採掘作業に従事できなくなった者もブレーカー・ボーイとして雇用されることがあった[2]。ブレーカー・ボーイの利用は1860年代半ばから始まった[3][4]。児童労働に反対する世論は1880年代半ばにはすでに形成されていたにもかかわらず、ブレーカー・ボーイという雇用慣行は1920年代初頭まで継続していた[1][5]。
- ^ a b c d Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labor: An American History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. ISBN 0-7656-0936-3
- ^ This gave rise to a saying among coal miners: "Once an adult, twice a boy." See: Miller, Donald L. and Sharpless, Richard E. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields. State College, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8122-7991-3; McDowell, John. "The Life of a Coal Miner." In The World's Work...: A History of Our Time. Vol. 4. Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page, eds. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1902; Richards, John Stuart. Early Coal Mining in the Anthracite Region. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7385-0978-7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Derickson, Alan. Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8014-3186-7
- ^ a b c International Textbook Company. International Library of Technology: A Series of Textbooks for Persons Engaged in the Engineering Professions and Trades. Vol. 38. Scranton, Pa.: International Textbook Co., 1903.
- ^ a b c d e f g Freedman, Russell. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labor. Reprint ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. ISBN 0-395-79726-8
- ^ Burke, James. Connections. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1978, ISBN 0-316-11685-8. p. 163-170.
- ^ a b c Ketchum, Milo Smith. The Design of Mine Structures. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1912.
- ^ Ash are impurities such as alumina, iron, silica, and other noncombustible materials. See: "Ash." Dictionary of Energy. June 30, 2007. Accessed 2009-10-31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Korson, George Gershon. Black Rock: Mining Folklore of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Manchester, N.H.: Ayer Publishing, 1950. ISBN 0-405-10607-6
- ^ a b c d e f g Batchelor, Bob. The 1900s. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31334-2
- ^ a b c Clement, Ferguson and Reinier, Jacqueline S. Boyhood in America: An Encyclopedia. Volume 2: American Family. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-215-0
- ^ a b Black, Brian. Nature and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century American Life. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0-313-33201-0
- ^ a b c d e Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth. State College, Pa.: Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 0-271-02214-0
- ^ a b c d e f Novak, Michael. The Guns of Lattimer. Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-764-8
- ^ Phelan, Craig. Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-2087-6
- ^ Bartoletti, Susan Campbell. Growing Up in Coal Country. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999. ISBN 0-395-97914-5
- ^ When coal is mixed with water, a chemical reaction occurs that generates acid on the surface of the coal.
- ^ Daniels, F.E. "Acid Pollution of Streams." Journal of the American Water Works Association. 1921; "Stimulation of Free Settling by Electrolysis." Mining and Metallurgy. January 1922.
- ^ Wallace, Anthony F.C. St. Clair, A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town's Experience With A Disaster-Prone Industry. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8014-9900-3; Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. ISBN 0-06-016218-X; Quigley, Joan. The Day the Earth Caved In: An American Mining Tragedy.Reprint ed. New york: Random House, 2009. ISBN 0-8129-7130-2
- ^ a b c "Install Mechanical Slate Pickers." Technical World Magazine. September 1906-February 1907.
- ^ "A Great and Efficient Coal Breaker." New York Times. January 6, 1895.
- ^ Cohen, David and Wels, Susan. America Then & Now: Great Old Photographs of America's Life and Times, and How Those Same Scenes Look Today. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-06-250176-3
- ^ a b c Blatz, Perry K. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875-1925. Ithaca, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1819-7; Bartoletti, Susan Campbell. Kids on Strike! Reprint ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003. ISBN 0-618-36923-6
- ^ Miller, Donald L. and Sharpless, Richard E. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields. State College, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8122-7991-3; Smith, Page. The Rise of Industrial America: A People's History of the Post-Reconstruction Era. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. ISBN 0-07-058572-5; Josephson, Judith Pinkerton. Mother Jones: Fierce Fighter for Workers' Rights. Breckenridge, Colo.: Twenty-First Century Books, 1997. ISBN 0-8225-4924-7
[続きの解説]
「ブレーカー・ボーイ」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 ブレーカー・ボーイとは
- 2 ブレーカー・ボーイの概要
- 3 公衆の非難
- 4 労働組合活動
- ブレーカー・ボーイのページへのリンク
