社会的比較理論社会的比較理論の概要

社会的比較理論は、1954年に社会心理学者レオン・フェスティンガーによって提唱された^[1]。社会的比較理論は、自己評価を正確に把握するために、各個人の内部にひとつの衝動があるという人の習慣に焦点をあてている。個々人がどのように彼ら自身の意見や能力を評価し、自己を定義づける方法を学習するのかを説明する理論のひとつである。具体的には、個々人が、自身を他者と比較することによって、これらの諸領域における不確実性を低減させる、という理論である。

初期の理論によれば、研究は自己高揚手段として、社会比較に焦点をあてて開始され^[2]^[3]、下方比較と上方比較の概念を紹介し、社会比較の動機の研究へと拡張していった。^[4]

参考資料

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.
^ ^a ^b Gruder, C. L. (1971). Determinants of social comparison choices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(5), 473-489.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological bulletin, 90(2), 245.
^ Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness (Vol. 1). Stanford University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Suls, J., Miller, R. (1977). "Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives". Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington D.C. ISBN 0-470-99174-7
^ Tesser, A., & Campbell, J. (1982). Self-evaluation maintenance and the perception of friends and strangers. Journal of Personality, 50(3), 261-279.
^ ^a ^b Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. (1977). Social comparison theory: An attributional approach. In J. M. Suis & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 86-109). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect?. Current directions in psychological science, 11(5), 159-163.
^ Kruglanski, A. W., & Mayseless, O. (1990). Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective. Psychological bulletin, 108(2), 195-208.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: the pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(1), 49.
^ Gibbons, F. X. (1986). Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 140.
^ Wood, J. V., Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R. R. (1985). Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(5), 1169.
^ Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological review, 96(4), 569-575.
^ Chen, P. & Garcia, S. M. (manuscript) "Yin and Yang Theory of Competition: Social Comparison and Evaluation Apprehension Reciprocally Drive Competitive Motivation". link.
^ Burleigh, T. J., Meegan, D. V. (2013). Keeping up with the Joneses affects perceptions of distributive justice. Social Justice Research, doi:10.1007/s11211-013-0181-3.
^ Garcia, S. M., & Tor, A. (2007). Rankings, standards, and competition: Task vs. scale comparisons. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 95–108. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.004
^ Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Gonzalez, R. (2006). Ranks and rivals: a theory of competition. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 970–82. doi:10.1177/0146167206287640
^ Wheeler, L., Martin, R., & Suls, J. (1997). The proxy model of social comparison for self-assessment of ability. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(1), 54-61.
^ ^a ^b Blanton, H. (2001). Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three-selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 75-87). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
^ Tesser, A., Social Psychology Network; http://tesser.socialpsychology.org/
^ Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual review of psychology, 38(1), 299-337.
^ Strahan, E. J., Wilson, A. E., Cressman, K. E., & Buote, V. M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image, 3(3), 211-227.
^ Deutsch, M., & Krauss, R. M. (1965). Theories in social psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books.
^ Goethals, G. R., & Nelson, R. E. (1973). Similarity in the influence process: The belief-value distinction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 117-122.
^ Mettee, D. R., & Smith, G. (1977). Social comparison and interpersonal attraction: The case for dissimilarity. Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, 69, 101.

[前の解説]

[続きの解説]

「社会的比較理論」の続きの解説一覧

[Festinger1954-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

[Gruder1971-2] Gruder, C. L. (1971). Determinants of social comparison choices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(5), 473-489.

[Wills1981-3] Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological bulletin, 90(2), 245.

[4] Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness (Vol. 1). Stanford University Press.

[Suls,_J.,_Miller,_R.-5] Suls, J., Miller, R. (1977). "Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives". Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington D.C. ISBN 0-470-99174-7

[6] Tesser, A., & Campbell, J. (1982). Self-evaluation maintenance and the perception of friends and strangers. Journal of Personality, 50(3), 261-279.

[GoethalsDarley1977-7] Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. (1977). Social comparison theory: An attributional approach. In J. M. Suis & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 86-109). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

[Sulsetal2002-8] Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect?. Current directions in psychological science, 11(5), 159-163.

[9] Kruglanski, A. W., & Mayseless, O. (1990). Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective. Psychological bulletin, 108(2), 195-208.

[Tesser1988-10] Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: the pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(1), 49.

[11] Gibbons, F. X. (1986). Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 140.

[12] Wood, J. V., Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R. R. (1985). Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(5), 1169.

[13] Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological review, 96(4), 569-575.

[14] Chen, P. & Garcia, S. M. (manuscript) "Yin and Yang Theory of Competition: Social Comparison and Evaluation Apprehension Reciprocally Drive Competitive Motivation". link.

[15] Burleigh, T. J., Meegan, D. V. (2013). Keeping up with the Joneses affects perceptions of distributive justice. Social Justice Research, doi:10.1007/s11211-013-0181-3.

[16] Garcia, S. M., & Tor, A. (2007). Rankings, standards, and competition: Task vs. scale comparisons. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 95–108. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.004

[17] Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Gonzalez, R. (2006). Ranks and rivals: a theory of competition. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 970–82. doi:10.1177/0146167206287640

[18] Wheeler, L., Martin, R., & Suls, J. (1997). The proxy model of social comparison for self-assessment of ability. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(1), 54-61.

[Blanton2001-19] Blanton, H. (2001). Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three-selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 75-87). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

[Tesser_Website-20] Tesser, A., Social Psychology Network; http://tesser.socialpsychology.org/

[21] Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual review of psychology, 38(1), 299-337.

[22] Strahan, E. J., Wilson, A. E., Cressman, K. E., & Buote, V. M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image, 3(3), 211-227.

[23] Deutsch, M., & Krauss, R. M. (1965). Theories in social psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books.

[24] Goethals, G. R., & Nelson, R. E. (1973). Similarity in the influence process: The belief-value distinction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 117-122.

[25] Mettee, D. R., & Smith, G. (1977). Social comparison and interpersonal attraction: The case for dissimilarity. Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, 69, 101.

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社会的比較理論 社会的比較理論の概要

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