ウィリアム・S・ギルバートとは？ わかりやすく解説

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ウィリアム・S・ギルバート

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/11/04 19:41 UTC 版)

ウィリアム・シュベンク・ギルバート（英: William Schwenck Gilbert[1]、1836年11月18日 - 1911年5月29日）は、イギリスの劇作家、リブレット作者、詩人、イラストレーターであり、作曲家アーサー・サリヴァンとの共作になる14の喜歌劇（サヴォイ・オペラと呼ばれた）で良く知られている。その中でも有名なのが『軍艦ピナフォア』、『ペンザンスの海賊』であり、歌劇場の歴史でも最も多く公演された作品の1つが『ミカド』である[2]。これらの作品やその他幾つかのサヴォイ・オペラは英語圏の歌劇団、レパートリー劇団、学校、コミュニティ劇団といった枠を超えて度々演じられ続けている。これら作品の台詞は英語の一部となっており、例えば「素早く厳しい罰」、「何、一度も無い？それではほとんど無い！」[3]や、「犯罪に罰を合させよう」がある[4]。


脚注
  1. ^ The name Gilbert is pronounced with a hard G.
  2. ^ Kenrick, John. G&S Story: Part III, accessed 13 October 2006; and Powell, Jim. William S. Gilbert's Wicked Wit for Liberty accessed 13 October 2006.
  3. ^ Lawrence, Arthur H. "An illustrated interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan" Part 3, from The Strand Magazine, Vol. xiv, No.84 (December 1897)
  4. ^ a b The last phrase is a satiric take on Cicero's De Legibus, 106 B.C. See Green, Edward. "Ballads, songs and speeches", BBC, 20 September 2004, accessed 16 October 2006.
  5. ^ Feingold, Michael, "Engaging the Past", The Village Voice, 4 May 2004
  6. ^ a b c The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume XIII, Chapter VIII, Section 15 (1907–21), The full quote refers to Pygmalion and Galatea and reads: "The satire is shrewd, but not profound; the young author is apt to sneer, and he has by no means learned to make the best use of his curiously logical fancy. That he occasionally degrades high and beautiful themes is not surprising. To do so had been the regular proceeding in burlesque, and the age almost expected it; but Gilbert's is not the then usual hearty cockney vulgarity."
  7. ^ Gilbert, W. S. Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales (1890), pp. 158–59.
  8. ^ How, Harry, Interview of W. S. Gilbert
  9. ^ a b c d Stedman, Jane W. "Gilbert, Sir William Schwenck (1836–1911)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004, online edn, May 2008, accessed 10 January 2010 (subscription required)
  10. ^ Pearson, pp. 16–17
  11. ^ Ainger, family tree and pp. 15–19
  12. ^ Eden, David. Gilbert: Appearance and Reality, p. 44, Sir Arthur Sullivan Society (2003)
  13. ^ Morrison, Robert, The Controversy Surrounding Gilbert's Last Opera
  14. ^ Pearson, p. 16. He first joined the 5th West Yorkshire Militia, and later the Royal Aberdeenshire Highlanders. Upon leaving the Militia, Gilbert was given an honorary promotion to major. Stedman (1996) p. 157 and Ainger, p. 154
  15. ^ Gilbert, W.S. ed. Peter Haining – Introduction
  16. ^ Stedman, Jane W. W. S. Gilbert's Theatrical Criticism. London: The Society for Theatre Research, 2000. ISBN 0-85430-068-6
  17. ^ Stedman (1996), pp. 26–29. See also the introduction to Gilbert, W.S. (1908), The Bab Ballads, etc, which details the history of the collections it was drawn from.
  18. ^ Stedman (1996), pp. 16–18. See also Tom Robertson's play Society, which fictionalised the evenings in Evans's café in one scene.
  19. ^ Ainger, p. 52
  20. ^ Ainger, p. 148 and Stedman (1996), pp. 318–20. See also Bond, Jessie. Reminiscences, Chapter 16 and McIntosh.
  21. ^ David Eden (in Gilbert and Sullivan: The Creative Conflict 1986) suggests that this play was by, or in collaboration with, Gilbert's father, although Crowther says that Eden gives no foundation for this suggestion. See Crowther, Andrew, The Life of W. S. Gilbert.
  22. ^ Stedman (1996), pp. 34–35.
  23. ^ a b c Gilbert, W. S. La Vivandière, or, True to the Corps! (a burlesque of Donizetti's The Daughter of the Regiment)
  24. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 62
  25. ^ Goldberg (1931), p. xvii
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h Crowther, Andrew, The Life of W. S. Gilbert. The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 1 June 2011
  27. ^ a b c Bond, Jessie, Reminiscences, Introduction. Bond created the mezzo-soprano roles in most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and is here leading in to a description of Gilbert's role reforming the Victorian theatre.
  28. ^ Gilbert gave a speech in 1885 at a dinner to benefit the Dramatic and Musical Sick Fund, which is reprinted in The Era, 21 February 1885, p. 14, in which he said: "In ... the dress circle on the rare occasion of the first performance of an original English play sits a young lady of fifteen. She is a very charming girl—gentle, modest, sensitive—carefully educated and delicately nurtured ... an excellent specimen of a well-bred young English gentlewoman; and it is with reference to its suitability to the eyes and ears of this young lady that the moral fitness of every original English play is gauged on the occasion of its production. It must contain no allusions that cannot be fully and satisfactorily explained to this young lady; it must contain no incident, no dialogue, that can, by any chance, summon a blush to this young lady’s innocent face. ...I happen to know that, on no account whatever, would she be permitted to be present at a première of M. Victorien Sardou or M. Alexandre Dumas. ...the dramatists of France can only ring out threadbare variations of that dirty old theme—the cheated husband, the faithless wife, and the triumphant lover."
  29. ^ a b c “List of Gilbert's Plays at the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive”. Diamond.boisestate.edu (2008年4月29日). 2009年5月26日閲覧。
  30. ^ Stedman (1996), pp. 69–80.
  31. ^ a b Crowther, Andrew, Analysis of Ages Ago
  32. ^ Smith, J. Donald, W. S. Gilbert's Operas for the German Reeds
  33. ^ Andrew Crowther's description of Gilbert's style of humour. See also Gilbert's play, Topsyturveydom.
  34. ^ a b c “Mike Leigh 2006 interview in ''The Guardian''”. London: Books.guardian.co.uk. (2006年11月3日). http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1938719,00.html 2009年5月26日閲覧。 
  35. ^ "Miss Anderson as Galatea", The New-York Times, 1883 January 23 32(9791): 5, col. 3 Amusements Downloaded 15 October 2006.
  36. ^ Wren, Gayden, 2006, A Most Ingenious Paradox: The Art of Gilbert & Sullivan, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 13. ISBN 0-19-514514-3.
  37. ^ Crowther, Andrew, Synopsis of The Realm of Joy and Terence Rees' introduction to Gilbert, W. S., The Realm of Joy
  38. ^ Crowther, Andrew, Synopsis of Charity
  39. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 39
  40. ^ Cox-Ife, William. W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9. See also Gilbert, W. S., "A Stage Play" and Bond, Jessie, Reminiscences, Introduction.
  41. ^ Cox-Ife, William. W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9.
  42. ^ Stedman, Jane W. "General Utility: Victorian Author-Actors from Knowles to Pinero", Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3, October 1972, pp. 289–301, The Johns Hopkins University Press
  43. ^ “Mike Leigh interview”. London: Books.guardian.co.uk. (2006年11月3日). http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1938719,00.html 2009年5月26日閲覧。 
  44. ^ From Real Conversations by William Archer, 1904, pp. 129–30
  45. ^ Vorder Bruegge, Andrew (Associate Professor, Department Chair, Department of Theatre and Dance, Winthrop University). "W. S. Gilbert: Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy" . Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference, October 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2008
  46. ^ George Grossmith wrote that, at least sometime, "Mr. Gilbert is a perfect autocrat, insisting that his words should be delivered, even to an inflection of the voice, as he dictates. He will stand on the stage beside the actor or actress, and repeat the words with appropriate action over and over again, until they are delivered as he desires them to be." See “George Grossmith's description of Gilbert's direction of his shows”. Math.boisestate.edu (2007年11月20日). 2009年5月26日閲覧。
  47. ^ See, e.g. Stedman (1996), p. 269 (quoting a 30 April 1890 letter from Gilbert to D'Oyly Carte); Gilbert, W.S., A Stage Play; Bond, Jessie,Reminiscences, Chapter 4; PeoplePlay UK, D'Oyly Carte, etc.
  48. ^ In Gilbert, W. S., A Stage Play, Gilbert describes the effect of these demonstrations: "...when he endeavours to show what he wants his actors to do, he makes himself rather ridiculous, and there is a good deal of tittering at the wings; but he contrives, nevertheless, to make himself understood...." See also Stedman (1996), p. 325; and Hicks, Seymour and Terriss, Ellaline Views of W.S. Gilbert
  49. ^ Robert Morrison, in editorial notes to Henry Lytton's book, The Secrets of a Savoyard.
  50. ^ Walters, Michael. "Thespis: a reply", W. S. Gilbert Society Journal, Vol. 4, part 3, Issue 29. Summer 2011.
  51. ^ Jones, John Bush, "W.S. Gilbert's Contributions to Fun, 1865–1874", published in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library, vol 73 (April 1969), pp. 253–66
  52. ^ Walbrook, H. M. (1922), Gilbert and Sullivan Opera, a History and Comment(Chapter 3). See also Traubner, Richard. Operetta: a Theatrical History, accessed 29 June 2010, which quotes Sullivan's recollection of Gilbert reading the libretto of Trial by Jury to him: "As soon as he had come to the last word he closed up the manuscript violently, apparently unconscious of the fact that he had achieved his purpose so far as I was concerned, in as much as I was screaming with laughter the whole time."
  53. ^ Gilbert, W. S., Engaged, see also Feingold, Michael, "Engaging the Past" (Note the last paragraph, where Feingold writes, "Wilde pillaged this piece for ideas."); Gardner, Lyn, Review of Engaged in The Guardian, etc.
  54. ^ Bond, Jessie, Chapter 4.
  55. ^ “Article on the pirating of G&S operas (and other works) and the development of performance copyrights”. Papers.ssrn.com. 2009年5月26日閲覧。
  56. ^ List of longest running London shows through 1920. This list shows that Pinafore, Patience and The Mikado each held the position of second longest-running musical theatre production in history for a time (after adjusting Pinafore's initial run down to 571 performances), and The Gondoliers was not far behind.
  57. ^ “Profile of W. S. Gilbert”. Math.boisestate.edu. 2009年5月26日閲覧。
  58. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 155
  59. ^ Foggerty's Fairy: Crowther, Andrew, "Foggerty's Failure," Comedy and Tragedy: Stedman (1996), pp. 204–05. Although Comedy and Tragedy had a short run due to the lead actress refusing to act during Holy Week, the play was revived regularly. With respect to Brantinghame Hall, however, Stedman (1996), p. 254, says, "It was a failure, the worst failure of Gilbert's career."
  60. ^ "Mr. D'Auban's 'Startrap' Jumps". The Times, 17 April 1922, p. 17
  61. ^ Biographical file for John D'Auban, list of productions and theatres, The Theatre Museum, London (2009)
  62. ^ Hollingshead, John. My Lifetime, vol 2, p. 124 (1895) S. Low, Marston: London
  63. ^ Elliot, William Gerald. "The Amateur Pantomime of 1878", Amateur Clubs and Actors, Chapter VI, pp. 122–23 (1898) London: E. Arnold
  64. ^ Bradley, p. 176.
  65. ^ a b c d Crowther, Andrew, The Carpet Quarrel Explained
  66. ^ See, e.g. Ainger, p. 288, or Wolfson, p. 3
  67. ^ See, e.g. Jacobs, Arthur (1992); Crowther, Andrew, The Life of W.S. Gilbert; and Bond, Jessie, Chapter 16 Stedman (1996), pp. 264–65, notes some of Sullivan's cuts to Gondoliers to remove anti-monarchist sentiments.
  68. ^ a b Ford, Tom. "G&S: the Lennon/McCartney of the 19th century". Limelight Magazine, Haymarket Media Ltd., 8 June 2011
  69. ^ Stedman, p. 270
  70. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "Introduction: Historical Context", The Grand Duke, p. vii, New York: Oakapple Press, 2009. Linked at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 7 July 2009.
  71. ^ Gilbert's Plays. The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive at Boise State University, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  72. ^ Wolfson, p. 7.
  73. ^ Wolfson, pp. 61–65.
  74. ^ Wolfson, passim
  75. ^ Letter to the Editor, The Times, 12 March 1904; p. 9; Issue 37340; col C
  76. ^ Garrick Theatre history site.
  77. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 278.
  78. ^ Stedman (1996) p. 281.
  79. ^ Who Was Who in The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company: Nancy McIntosh at the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive.
  80. ^ "Soho Square Area: Portland Estate: Soho Square Garden" in Survey of London volumes 33 and 34 (1966) St Anne Soho, pp. 51–53. Date accessed: 12 January 2008.
  81. ^ Charles II Statue at LondonRemembers.
  82. ^ Wolfson, pp. 102–03.
  83. ^ Wolfson, p. 102.
  84. ^ a b Bradley, Ian. "W.S. Gilbert: He was an Englishman". History Today, Vol. 61, Issue 5, 2011
  85. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 343.
  86. ^ Crowther, Andrew. Notes on the Hooligan
  87. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 331
  88. ^ Gilbert, W. S. The Pinafore Picture Book, London: George Bell and Sons (1908)
  89. ^ Gilbert, W. S. The Story of The Mikado, London: Daniel O'Connor (1921)
  90. ^ Ainger, pp. 417–18
  91. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 328.
  92. ^ Biography of David Gascoyne, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, accessed 2 June 2011
  93. ^ Dark, Sidney and Rowland Grey. W. S. Gilbert: His Life and Letters, Methuen & Co Ltd, London (1923) p. 222
  94. ^ Biography of Stanley Spencer, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, accessed 2 June 2011; see also Preece Family History and One Name Study (1894–1895), accessed 2 June 2011
  95. ^ Elliott, Vicky. Lives Laid Bare – The second wife of the British painter Stanley Spencer..." SF Gate, San Francisco Chronicle, 19 July 1998, accessed 2 June 2011
  96. ^ Stedman (1996), p. 346
  97. ^ Goodman, Andrew. Grim's Dyke: A Short History of the House and Its Owners, Glittering Prizes, pp. 17–18 ISBN 978-1-85811-550-4
  98. ^ Howarth, Paul; Feldman, A. “If you give me your attention”. Gilbert and Sullivan Archive. 2011年5月29日閲覧。
  99. ^ a b Grossmith, George. "Recollections of Sir W. S. Gilbert", The Bookman, vol. 40, no. 238, July 1911, p. 162
  100. ^ Dark, Sidney; Rowland Grey (1923). W S Gilbert: His Life and Letters. London: Methuen. pp. 157–58 
  101. ^ Boyd, Frank M. A Pelican's Tale, Fifty Years of London and Elsewhere, p. 195, London: Herbert Jenkins (1919)
  102. ^ Bond, Jessie, Chapter 16
  103. ^ a b George Grossmith's tribute to Gilbert in The Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1911
  104. ^ Scott, Mrs. Clement, Old Days in Bohemian London (c.1910). New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 71–72
  105. ^ See Stedman (1996), pp. 254–56, 323–24
  106. ^ Ainger, pp. 193–94.
  107. ^ Anonymous 1871–1935, p. 238, London: John Murray (1936)
  108. ^ Hicks, Seymour and Terriss, Ellaline Views of W.S. Gilbert
  109. ^ Grossmith, George (1888). “8”. A Society Clown: Reminiscences. Bristol/London: Arrowsmith. http://math.boisestate.edu/gas/books/grossmith/gg08.html 
  110. ^ Carter, Mary. Letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, 6 January 1956
  111. ^ "The Lasting Charm of Gilbert and Sullivan: Operas of an Artificial World", The Times, 14 February 1957, p. 5
  112. ^ a b c Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares". Hartford Courant, 18 October 2006. Available for a fee at courant.com archives.
  113. ^ Cox-Ife, William. W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9
  114. ^ PG Wodehouse (1881–1975) guardian.co.uk, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  115. ^ Lesson 35—Cole Porter: You're the Top PBS.org, American Masters for Teachers, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  116. ^ Furia, Phillip.Ira Gershwin: The Art of a Lyricist Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  117. ^ e.g., Stedman (1996), Crowther (2000), Ainger (2002), and Crowther (2011)
  118. ^ Bradley (2005), Chapter 1

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