ミカド_(オペレッタ)とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

ミカド (オペレッタ)

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/02/17 04:56 UTC 版)

『ミカド』 (The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu ) は、ウィリアム・S・ギルバート脚本、アーサー・サリヴァン作曲による二幕物のコミック・オペラ（英国式オペレッタ）。ギルバート・アンド・サリヴァンの14作品のうち9作品目であった。1885年3月14日にイギリスのロンドン・ストランドにあるサヴォイ劇場で初演されて672回上演し、当時の歌劇史上2番目の上演回数を誇り、舞台作品の中でもロングラン作品の1つとなった^[1]^{[n 1]}。1885年の終演までにヨーロッパやアメリカで少なくとも150カンパニーが上演した^[2]。現在もサヴォイ劇場でしばしば上演されているだけでなく、アマチュア劇団や学校演劇でも演じられている。様々な言語に翻訳され^{[n 2]}、歌劇史上最も多く上演される作品の1つとなっている。

脚注

註釈

^ オペレッタ『Les Cloches de Corneville 』が長年トップであったが、1886年に『Dorothy 』が開幕してから『ミカド』は第3位に繰り下がった
^ 日本語訳のテクストは、小谷野敦による『喜歌劇ミカド：十九世紀英国人がみた日本』（中央公論新社）
^ ^a ^b 元々ピシュ・タッシュ役に配役された役者が第2幕でのカルテット「Brightly dawns our wedding day 」の低音がうまく歌えなかった。ピシュ・タッシュが歌うはずであった箇所を他の役より低くして下のFにまで下げた。そのため他のバスの登場人物であるゴー・トゥがこの曲に登場し、セリフに突入することになった。ドイリー・カート・オペラ・カンパニーはこのように2人体制を続けたが、楽譜ではこのことには言及していない。他のカンパニーでは一般的に声域が可能であればピシュ・タッシュのみでゴー・トゥを外す。
^ オリジナル版はピシュタシュも含まれていたが、出番が減らされた後に削除された。しかし現在もヴォーカル・スコアにはまだ出番が減らされた時のままの楽譜もある。
^ このキャラクターはジェイムス・プランシェの『The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood 』(1840年)のGreat-Grand-Lord-High-Everything であるBaron Factotum に由来する。
^ Bab Balladの『King Borriah Bungalee Boo 』(1866年)の登場人物で横柄なPish-Tush-Pooh-Bah を2つに分けたものである。ピシュ、タシュ、プー、バーの4つ共侮辱的な語句である。
^ これによりリチャード・ドイリー・カートの2番目の妻でカンパニー責任者ヘレン・カートはギルバート・アンド・サリヴァンのレパートリー・シーズンから常に人気のこの作品を外すことにした。See Wilson and Lloyd, p. 83
^ ココの曲は「ニガーのセレナーデ歌手」から「バンジョー・セレナーデ歌手」に(Dover, p. 9; and Green, p. 416)、ミカドの女性への罰は強面にすることになった(Bradley (1996) p. 623; and Green p. 435).
^ 1907年、ジョージ・ソーンの『Tit-Willow 』などがイギリス初のPhonoscène としてバッキンガム宮殿で上映された。
^ 他にラブ・バトラーの伝記でも政界での役職を兼任していた頃を「プーバー時代」と呼んだ。

出典

^ Gillan, Don. Longest runs in the theatre up to 1920.
^ ^a ^b Mencken, H. L. Article on The Mikado. Baltimore Evening Sun, 29 November 1910
^ 『キプリングの日本発見』ラドヤード・キプリング、中央公論社、2002、p87
^ ^a ^b 変容するジャポニズム―舞台作品の変遷多和田真太良、学習院大学人文科学論集ⅩⅩⅤ（2016）
^ 大炎上した日本風オペラ「ザ・ミカド」はなぜ怒りを買ったのかHuffingtonpost, 2015年09月30日
^ Traubner, p. 162
^ Jacobs, p. 187
^ Crowther, Andrew. "The Carpet Quarrel Explained", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 28 June 1997, accessed 6 November 2007
^ Ainger, p. 226
^ Ainger, p. 230
^ Ainger, p. 232
^ ^a ^b Ainger, p. 233
^ ^a ^b "The Japanese exhibition, 1885–87", English Heritage, accessed 29 January 2013
^ Cellier and Bridgeman, p. 186
^ ^a ^b Jones (1985), p. 22
^ Jones (2007), p. 687
^ Jones (1985), p. 25
^ Baily, pp. 235–36
^ Schickel, Richard (1999年12月27日). “Topsy-Turvy”. Time 2011年7月16日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Jones (2007), pp. 688–93
^ Quoted at Lyricoperasandiego.com
^ ^a ^b ^c Gilbert, W. S. "The Evolution of The Mikado", New York Daily Tribune, 9 August 1885
^ Illustrated London News, 12 February 1885, p. 143
^ 1938年に内閣訓令によってヘボン式を排したローマ字表記の統一（内閣訓令式）が図られたためである。
^ ^a ^b Seeley, Paul. (1985) "The Japanese March in The Mikado", The Musical Times, 126(1710) pp. 454–56.
^ Gillan, Don. A History of the Royal Command Performance, StageBeauty.net, accessed 16 June 2009
^ Photos of, and information about, the 1926 Mikado costume designs.
^ Prestige, Colin. "D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates", a paper presented at the International Conference of G&S held at the University of Kansas, May 1970
^ Information about American productions
^ Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte had tried various techniques for gaining an American copyright that would prevent unauthorised productions. In the case of Princess Ida and The Mikado, they hired an American, George Lowell Tracy, to create the piano arrangement of the score, hoping that he would obtain rights that he could assign to them. The U.S. courts held, however, that the act of publication made the opera freely available for production by anyone. Jacobs, p. 214 and Ainger, pp. 247, 248 and 251
^ Rollins and Witts, p. 59
^ Rollins and Witts, pp. 59–64
^ Jacobs, Arthur. "Carte, Richard D'Oyly (1844–1901)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004, accessed 12 September 2008
^ Joseph (1994), pp. 81 and 163
^ Bradley (2005), p. 25
^ The conductor Ernest MacMillan, along with other musician internees, recreated the score from memory with the aid of a libretto. See MacMillan, pp. 25–27
^ "Production History", Stratford Festival website, accessed 15 February 2014
^ Kan'ichi Asakawa. "Institutions before the Reform", The Early Institutional Life of Japan: A Study in the Reform of 645 A.D., Tokyo: Shueisha (1903), p. 25. Quote: "We purposely avoid, in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature, the misleading term Mikado. ... It originally meant not only the Sovereign, but also his house, the court, and even the State, and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties. ... The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing."
^ Dark and Grey, p. 101
^ Mairs, Dave. "Gilbert & Sullivan... the greatest show takes to the road", Your Canterbury, 2 June 2014
^ ^a ^b Steinberg, Neil. "Updated Mikado promises to be as rousing as ever". Chicago Sun-Times, 6 December 2010.
^ "Mikado Genesis", Lyric Opera San Diego
^ Jones (1985), pp. 22–25
^ Allen, p. 239
^ this translation. Daniel Kravetz wrote in The Palace Peeper, December 2007, p. 3, that the song was composed in 1868 by Masujiro Omura, with words by Yajiro Shinagawa.
^ "Historia Miya San". General Sasaki gives historical information about "Ton-yare Bushi" and includes Midi files and a translation. Here is a YouTube version of the Japanese song.
^ "A Study Guide to the production of The Mikado", Pittsburgh Public Theater, p. 13
^ Munich, Adrienne. Queen Victoria's Secrets, 1998, ISBN 978-0-231-10481-4
^ Seay, James L. "For Tricks that Are Dark", Pamphlet Press
^ Faris, p. 53
^ Review of The Mikado discussing reception by the Japanese
^ "Edward Gorey in Japan; Translation or Transformation: A Chat with Motoyuki Shibata", Goreyography (2008)
^ "London Greets Fushimi; He Visits King Edward – Wants to Hear "The Mikado"", The New York Times, 7 May 1907
^ Andrew, Goodman (1980). “The Fushimi incident: theatre censorship and The Mikado”. Journal of Legal History 1: 297–302. Cass; Routledge
^ Adair Fitz-Gerald, S. J. (1925). The Story of the Savoy Opera in Gilbert and Sullivan's Day. D. Appleton and Company. p. 212
^ Article about the 1946 Mikado in Japan
^ "Japan: No Mikado, Much Regret", Time Magazine, 16 June 1947
^ "Ernie Pyle Theater Tokyo presents Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado", Japan Times, 5 February 1970
^ ^a ^b Sumiko Enbutsu: The Mikado in the Town of Chichibu
^ Brooke, James. "Japanese Hail The Mikado, Long-Banned Imperial Spoof", The New York Times, 3 April 2003, accessed 15 July 2014
^ "The Mikado – Diary". The Times, 23 July 1992
^ See this link and this one.
^ ^a ^b Sean Curtin. The Chichibu Mikado. The Japan Society.
^ Kai-Hwa Wang, Frances. "Stereotypes in The Mikado Stir Controversy in Seattle", NBC news, 17 July 2014
^ ^a ^b ^c Crowther, Andrew. "The Mikado and Racism", Andrew Crowther: Playwright and Biographer, 20 July 2014
^ Levin, Michael. "Who the Hell Put These People in Charge of Popular Culture?", Huffington Post, 16 August 2014
^ Kiley, Brendan. "Last Night's Polite But Necessary Discussion at the Seattle Rep About Race, Theater, and the Mikado Controversy", TheStranger.com, August 19, 2014
^ Gilbert (1992) p. 41, note 1
^ Gilbert (1992), p. 9, note 1
^ Pullum, Geoffrey. "The Politics of Taboo Words", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 19 May 2014
^ ^a ^b Bradley (1996) p. 572.
^ Eliot, George. "Silly Novels by Lady Novelists" (1896).
^ Benford, Chapter IX
^ Baily, Lesley. Gilbert and Sullivan and their world (1973), Thames and Hudson, p. 117
^ Rahim, Sameer. "The opera novice: The Mikado by Gilbert & Sullivan", The Telegraph, 1 February 2013, accessed 13 May 2014; Tommasini, Anthony. "Mikado Survives Some Updating", The New York Times, 10 January 1998, accessed 20 May 2014
^ The Independent review of 2004 London Mikado
^ Suart, Richard. They'd None of 'em Be Missed. Pallas Athene Arts, 2008 ISBN 978-1-84368-036-9
^ Wilson and Lloyd, p. 37
^ See here and here
^ Smythe, Dame Ethel. Impressions that Remained, 1923, Quoted in Baily, p. 292
^ ^a ^b Shepherd, Marc. "Recordings of The Mikado", Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, 13 July 2009, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1926 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1936 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1950 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1957 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1984 Stratford recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1990 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Shepherd, Marc. Review of the 1992 recording, Gilbert & Sullivan Discography, accessed 6 June 2012
^ Altman, Rick Silent Film Sound, Columbia University Press (2005), p. 159, ISBN 978-0-231-11662-6
^ Information about the 1926 film from the G&S Discography
^ See Schmitt, Thomas. The Genealogy of Clip Culture, in Henry Keazor and Thorsten Wübbena (eds.) Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video, transcript Verlag (2010), pp. 45 et seq., ISBN 978-3-8376-1185-4
^ Cinegram of the 1939 Mikado film containing photos, cast biographies and other information
^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Technicolor Mikado Film (1939)", Archived 2006年9月4日, at the Wayback Machine. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography (2001), accessed 20 November 2009
^ Galbraith IV, Stuart. "The Mikado (Blu-ray)". DVDTalk, 27 March 2011
^ Photos from the 1966 film
^ Sullivan, Dan. "The Mikado (1967)". The New York Times, 15 March 1967, accessed 22 March 2010
^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Brent Walker Mikado (1982)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 5 April 2009
^ "Professional Shows from the Festival", Musical Collectibles catalogue website, accessed 15 October 2012
^ Gilbert (1921), preface by Rupert D'Oyly Carte, p. vii: "But the evidence of never-failing popularity which recent revivals of the Savoy Operas have afforded suggests that this last literary work of Sir W. S. Gilbert should no longer be withheld [due to wartime shortages] from the public".
^ Fishman, Stephen, The Public Domain: How to Find Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. Ch. 1, § A.4.a. Nolo Press. 3rd ed. 2006.
^ The Black Mikado recording information
^ Information about Essgee's Mikado
^ The Mikado Project, LodestoneTheatre.org, accessed 2 October 2010
^ Heymont, George. "The Mikado Project (Trouble In Titipu)", The Huffington Post, 21 April 2011, accessed 14 March 2012
^ Mitchell, Gladys. Death at the Opera, Grayson & Grayson (London:1934), ASIN: B0026QP6BO
^ "Millennium Episode Profile of 'The Mikado'". Millennium-This Is Who We Are, Graham P. Smith, accessed 16 August 2010
^ Donna Bowman (2010年5月10日). “How I Met Your Mother "Robots Vs. Wrestlers"”. The AV Club. The Onion. 2010年5月12日閲覧。
^ “Mikado-themed advertising cards”. The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive (2007年). 2007年8月13日閲覧。
^ Who's Who in the DC Universe, update 1987, vol. 4, p.8
^ Smith, Ed. "The Capitalist; or, The City of Fort Worth (The Texas Mikado)", Baylor University Libraries Digital Collections, accessed 9 November 2012
^ ^a ^b Green, Edward. "Ballads,songs and speeches", BBC News, 20 September 2004, accessed 30 September 2009
^ Keith Wiley webpage, referring to the Code of Hammurabi
^ See Wikipedia List of Magnum, P.I. episodes and TV.com Magnum, P.I. Episode Guide
^ "Pooh Bah" at the Oxford English Dictionary, accessed 7 December 2009 (subscription required)
^ Beckford, Martin. "Lord Mandelson likened to Pooh-Bah, Lord High Everything Else in The Mikado", The Daily Telegraph, 3 December 2009
^ “pooh-bah – Definition”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. 2009年6月14日閲覧。
^ "Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes", Grand Lodge Freemasonry site, 8 April 2004, accessed 14 September 2009. See also “The Grand Poo-Bah”. The KoL Wiki. Coldfront L.L.C. 2010年5月5日閲覧。
^ Stone, Martin. "Little Shop of Horrors – Screen to Stage". Mondo Musicals! 14 February 2008, accessed 6 April 2010
^ “Song-o-matic – There is Beauty”. BeesWeb – the official site of Richard Thompson. 2011年1月15日閲覧。
^ Jean, Al. (2004). Commentary for "Cape Feare", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox
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^ Soundtrack for The Shootist, Internet Movie Database
^ Sherman, Allan. Allan in Wonderland (1964) Warner Bros. Records
^ Suart, Richard and Smyth, A.S.H. They’d none of ‘em be missed, (2008) Pallas Athene. ISBN 978-1-84368-036-9.