1873年恐慌
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2022/06/25 06:46 UTC 版)
地球的保護主義
1873年の不況後、農業と工業の経営者が保護関税についてロビー活動を行った。1879年間税はこれら受益者を保護し、国の干渉を通じて経済回復を促し、ビスマルクやカナダ首相のジョン・A・マクドナルドなど保守派政治家に対する支持を呼び戻した。宰相ビスマルクは1870年の古典的自由主義経済政策から次第に逸れて、高関税、鉄道の国有化、強制的社会保障など多くの保守的かつ進歩的政策を採るようになった[38][39][40]。この政治と経済のナショナリズムは、ドイツとカナダの古典的自由主義政党の資産を減らした。フランスはイギリスと同様に1897年まで続く長期不況に入っていた。フランスも関税の操作で経済問題を克服しようとした。1880年および1892年の新法で、多くの農業および工業輸入品に厳格な関税を課し、保護主義を目指した[41]。アメリカ合衆国は今だ南北戦争の後の時代にあり、強い保護主義者であり続けた[42]。
脚注
参考文献
- Barreyre, Nicolas (2011). “The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the Realignment of American Politics”. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10 (4): 403–423. doi:10.1017/S1537781411000260.
- Eyck, Erich (1950). Bismarck and the German Empire
- Fawcett, W. L. (1877). Gold and Debt; An American Hand-Book of Finance
- Fels, Rendigs (1949). “The Long-Wave Depression, 1873–97”. Review of Economics and Statistics 31 (1): 69–73. doi:10.2307/1927196. JSTOR 1927196.
- Fels, Rendigs (1951). “American Business Cycles, 1865–79”. American Economic Review 41 (3): 325–349. JSTOR 1802106.
- Foner, Eric (1990). A Short History of Reconstruction 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060964316
- Glasner, David (1997). “Crisis of 1873”. In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F.. Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4
- Kindleberger, Charles P. (2005). Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 137. ISBN 0471467146
- Kirkland, Edward Chase (1967). Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1860–1897. Chicago: Quadrangle Books
- Loomis, Noel M. (1968). Wells Fargo
- Lubetkin, M. John (2006). Jay Cooke’s Gamble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873 Focused on construction in the West.
- Manchester, William (1968). The Arms of Krupp. ISBN 978-0-316-52940-2
- Marek, George R. (1974). The Eagles Die: Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-246-10880-7
- Masur, Gerhard (1970). Imperial Berlin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465032095
- Mixon, Peter (2008). “The Crisis of 1873: Perspectives from Multiple Asset Classes”. Journal of Economic History 68 (3): 722–757. doi:10.1017/S0022050708000624.
- Moseley, Fred (1997). “Depression of 1873–1879”. In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F.. Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4
- Musson, A. E. (1959). “The Great Depression in Britain, 1873–1896: A Reappraisal”. Journal of Economic History 19 (2): 199–228. JSTOR 2114975.
- Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1907). Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War. 2. pp. 378–430 Available - Google ブックス
- Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1926). A History of the United States Since the Civil War. 3. pp. 69–122
- Persons, Warren M.; Tuttle, Pierson M.; Frickey, Edwin (1920). “Business and Financial Conditions Following the Civil War in the United States”. Review of Economic Statistics 2 (Supplement 2): 5–21. doi:10.2307/1928610. JSTOR 1928610.
- Rezneck, Samuel (1950). “Distress, Relief, and Discontent in the United States during the Depression of 1873–78”. Journal of Political Economy 58 (6): 494–512. doi:10.1086/257012. JSTOR 1827088.
- Richardson, Heather Cox (2007). West From Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War. ISBN 978-0-300-11052-4
- Richter, Hans Werner (1962). Bismarck
- Scott, Ira O., Jr. (1952). “A Comparison of Production during the Depressions of 1873 and 1929”. American Economic Review 42 (4): 569–576. JSTOR 1810159.
- Sprague, Oliver Mitchell Wentworth (1910). History of crises under the national banking system. pp. 1–107 Available - Google ブックス
- Unger, Irwin (1964). The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. pp. 213–228
- Wheeler, Keith (1973). The Railroaders. New York: Time-Life Books
- White, Richard (2011). Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. ISBN 978-0-393-06126-0
- Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006) contents
年鑑
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1873 (1879) - Google ブックス
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1875 (1877) - Google ブックス
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1876 (1885) - Google ブックス
- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1877 (1878) - Google ブックス
関連項目
- ^ Musson (1959)
- ^ “What history teaches us about the welfare state”. The Washington Post (2011年8月29日). 2011年9月10日閲覧。
- ^ Richardson (2007) p. 131
- ^ White (2011) p. 17
- ^ Oberholtzer, A History of the United States Since the Civil War (1926) 3:79–122
- ^ Unger (1964) ch 8
- ^ Loomis (1968), pp. 219–220, 224–225.
- ^ Silver coinage was resumed under the w:Bland–Allison Act of 1878.
- ^ Wheeler (1973), p. 81.
- ^ Loomis (1968), pp. 119–120.
- ^ Masur (1970), p. 65.
- ^ Charles Poor Kindleberger, Historical Economics: Art or Science? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990; pg. 321.
- ^ a b Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.
- ^ Lord Keynes (2012年1月26日). “Social Democracy for the 21st Century: A Post Keynesian Perspective: US Unemployment, 1869–1899”. Socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com. 2013年12月8日閲覧。
- ^ Rezneck (1950)
- ^ Among the lumbering firms that failed were the Danaher & Melendy Company and Oliver O. Stanchfield of Ludington, Michigan, and Cushman, Calkins & Company and Tyson, Sweet & Company of Manistee, Michigan. History of Manistee, Mason and Oceana Counties, Michigan (1882), "History of Mason County", p. 50, and "History of Manistee County", pp. 52, 53 (separate pagination).
- ^ Loomis (1968), pp. 241–243.
- ^ Masur (1970), pp. 63–65.
- ^ Charles Savoie, (2005年4月). “Monetary Madhouse”. Silver-Investor.com. 2011年9月10日閲覧。
- ^ Fünfundzwanzig Jahre oesterreichischer Finanzpolitik: (1848 bis 1873) : ein historischer Rückblick, Wilhelm Emil Angerstein, Luckhardt'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1874. (ドイツ語)
- ^ Manchester (1968), p. 135.
- ^ Marek (1974), pp. 181–182.
- ^ Masur (1970), pp. 64–65.
- ^ Technické noviny, číslo 46, rok 1988, ročník 36
- ^ Historické štúdie, Volume 1–2, p.239, Slovenská akadémia vied, Historický ústav SAV., Československá akademie věd, Vyd-vo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava 1955.
- ^ Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, Jewish Budapest: monuments, rites, history, Central European University Press, 1999 p.67 [1]
- ^ British Economic History, 1870–1914, W.H.B. Court, Cambridge University Press 1965.
- ^ Marek (1974), pp. 182–183.
- ^ a b Masur (1970), pp. 74–75.
- ^ Marek (1974), p. 182.
- ^ Masur (1970), pp. 75–76.
- ^ Globale Krisen und europäische Verantwortung: Visionen für das 21. Jahrhundert, S. 92, Martina Haedrich, Werner Ruf, Baden-Baden 1992. ISBN 3-7890-4155-6
- ^ Dienel, Hans-Liudger (2004). Unconnected transport networks: European intermodal traffic junctions 1800–2000. Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag. p. 146. ISBN 3-593-37661-X
- ^ The economic development of the American nation, p. 356, Reginald Charles McGrane, Ginn & Co., Boston 1950.
- ^ W. B Sutch, The long depression, 1865–1895 (1957)
- ^ Park, Young Goo (1997). “Depression and capital formation: The United Kingdom and Germany, 1873–96”. Journal of European Economic History 26 (3): 511–534.
- ^ Pamuk, Sevket (1984). “The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873–1896”. Journal of Economic History 44 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1017/S0022050700031399.
- ^ Eyck (1950), pp. 223–236, 252–261.
- ^ Masur (1970), pp. 75–80.
- ^ Richter (1962), pp. 219–220, 255–256.
- ^ Breton, Yves; et al. (1997). La Longue Stagnation en France: L'Autre Grande Depression, 1873–1897. Paris: Économica. ISBN 2-7178-3130-4
- ^ Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896. Syracuse: University Press
- 1 1873年恐慌とは
- 2 1873年恐慌の概要
- 3 地球的保護主義
- 1873年恐慌のページへのリンク