スンジャタ・ケイタ

索引トップ用語の索引ランキングカテゴリー

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/11/04 18:47 UTC 版)

信仰

ニアヌは、スンジャタがムスリムであったのではないかと推定した。ところが、ジョン・フェイジによると、その主張の根拠となるような口承伝統叙事詩はまったく存在しない。スンジャタの臣民は先祖伝来の宗教を墨守し、スンジャタもまたそうすることで臣民の支持を得ていたとするのが通説である^[30]^[31]^[32]。その他、スンジャタはムスリムではあったが伝統宗教も重んじていた（つまり、シンクレティズムの実践者であった）という説がある^[33]^[34]。スンジャタの跡を継いだマンサは、マッカ巡礼で有名なマンサ・ムーサは言うに及ばず、スンジャタの息子とされるマンサ・ウリ・ケイタ（英語版）も含めて、みなムスリムであったとされる^[35]。

スンジャタの英雄譚の中では、スンジャタの祖先はビラール・ブン・ラバーフとされており^[36]、スンジャタ自身がズルカルナイン（イスラーム文化圏における英雄でアレクサンドロス大王に由来するとされる）の末裔だと語る箇所もある^[37]。ニアヌは、スンジャタが放浪中、シセの街でイスラームに触れ、ムスリムのローブを纏って故郷のニアニに戻ってきたのではないかと推測する^[38]。ニアニにはモスク（イスラームの礼拝所）が一つしかなく、スンジャタの母が「ビスミッラー」と唱えるのみであったが、少なくとも「ビスミッラー」程度の専門用語は知られていたと言える^[38]。スンジャタが実際にムスリムであったか否かは不明であるが、ラルフ・オーステンが「イスラーム化された文化」と呼ぶもの、つまり、ムスリム／非ムスリムに関わらず現地の住民がアラブ・イスラーム文化を自己の文化に統合したものにスンジャタの英雄譚が影響されたことは明らかである^[37]。

出典

^ Conrad 2005, p. 44.
^ ^a ^b ^c 『イスラム事典』平凡社、1982年4月10日。ISBN 4-582-12601-4。、「マリ帝国」の項（執筆者：川田順造）。
^ ^a ^b Cox, George O. African Empires and Civilizations: ancient and medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p. 160.
^ Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton, 2005, pp. 45–46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.
^ “Mali’s first president, Modibo Keita, died a prisoner on this day in 1977”. 2018年7月17日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Conrad 2005, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b eds Alexander, Leslie M., & Walter C. Rucker, Encyclopedia of African American History, Vol. 1, pp. 109-110, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 1-85109-769-4.
^ Ed. Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Éthiopiques, Issues 21-24, Grande imprimerie africaine, 1980, p. 79.
^ Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples (eds David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans. David C. Conrad), pp. ix, x, xxvi, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.
^ An Interview with Ibn Battuta, Kathleen Knoblock, Primary Source Fluency Activities: World Cultures (In Sub-Saharan Africa), pub. Shell Education 2007 ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1
^ Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, by Ibn Battuta, London 2005, p. 324 ISBN 0-415-34473-5
^ Jansen, Jan (1998). “Hot Issues: The 1997 Kamabolon Ceremony in Kangaba (Mali)”. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 31 (2): 253–278. JSTOR 221083. On page 256, Jan Jansen writes: “Mansa is generally translated as 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' The Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice for this translation, which has an enormous impact on their analysis of the Kamabolon ceremony.”
^ A Grammar of the Mandingo Language: With Vocabularies, by Robert Maxwell Macbrair, London 1873, p. 5.
^ Making America – A History of the United States, 5th edition, by Carol Berkin, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly & Douglas Egerton, Boston 2011, p. 13 ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3
^ Maurice Delafosse, La langue mandingue et ses dialects (Malinké, Bambara, Dioula), Paris 1929, p. 612. There, the author brings down the French word "roi" (English: king), and brings its Mandingo equivalent, mã-nsa, mã-sa, mā-sa, ma-nsa-kye.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Niane, D.T. (1998-05-10). “6. Mali and the second Mandingo expansion”. In D. T. Niane (PDF). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV. University of California Press. pp. 117-171. ISBN 978-0520066991 2018年1月1日閲覧。
^ Snodgrass 2009, p. 77.
^ Sammis, Kathy, Focus on World History: The Era of Expanding Global Connections --1000-1500, p. 66
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples (eds David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans. David C. Conrad), p. xxxv, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.
^ Conrad 2005, p. 35.
^ BBC World Service, see: See: BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, West African Kingdoms (under Origins).
^ See vols. 1-3 Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues, l'Histoire, les Civilisations (vols. 1-3)(in Gallica).
^ Delafosse, Maurice, Traditions historiques et légendaires du Soudan occidental, Traduites d'un manscrit arabe inédit par Maurice Delafosse (in Gallica).
^ Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, p. 49.
^ Fyle, Magbaily, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, p. 61.
^ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, p. 133, University of California Press, 1984, ISBN 0-435-94810-5.
^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia (2010), p. 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
^ Austen, Ralph A., In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic As History, Literature and Performance, Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1999), p. 93, ISBN 0-253-21248-0.
^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia (2010), p. 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
^ Fage, J. D, The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600 (eds J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver), p. 390, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-20981-1.
^ Badru, Pade, The Spread of Islam in West Africa: colonization, globalization, and the emergence of fundamentalism, pp. 100-102, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7734-5535-3.
^ ^a ^b Collins, Robert O., & James McDonald, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 84, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-86746-0.
^ Historians believe that Sundiata was not a devout Muslim and that it was his descendants who made Islam the official religion of the nobility.
^ "Religion in Africa and the Diaspora - Comparative Belief Study", African Belief.
^ Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, pp. 51-53.
^ D.T. Niane, Soundjata ou L’Épopée Mandigue, Paris 1961, p. 15 note 2 (French)
^ ^a ^b Austen, Ralph. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 98.
^ ^a ^b Niane 1965, p. 21.
^ The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 11, Americana Corp., 1977, p. 667, ISBN 0-7172-0108-2.
^ ^a ^b Asante, Molefi K., Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia of Black Studies, SAGE Publications, 2005, p. 318, ISBN 0-7619-2762-X.
^ Ngom, Biram: La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987.
^ Djibril Tamsir Niane, Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou, p. 22.
^ Fage, J. D., & Oliver, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge History of Africa, p. 381. Cambridge University Press, 1975.
^ Snodgrass (2009), Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 77.
^ ^a ^b Boahen, A. Adu, Topics in West African History, p. 16, Longman, 1966, ISBN 0-582-64502-6.
^ Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations, vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912) (eds Marie François Joseph Clozel).
^ See also: Mamadou Kouyate quoted in BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, "West African Kingdoms" (under Origins).
^ Cooley, William, The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained (1841): Or an Enquiry Into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa, p. 62, Routledge, 1966 ISBN 0-7146-1799-7.
^ ^a ^b Ellen Snodgrass, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 78.
^ Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, French West Africa: The Federation, HMSO, 1943, p. 171.
^ Ronica Roth, "Mali's Boy-King: A Thirteenth-Century African Epic Becomes Digital" (in NEH): Humanities, July/August 1998, Vol. 19/Number 4.
^ Trey McElveen, Mrs. Rohlfs, "Hamlet and The Lion King: Shakespearean Influences on Modern Entertainment", British Literature, 17 April 1998 (in lionking.org).

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