ジャガイモ飢饉
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/06/10 07:35 UTC 版)
ジャガイモ飢饉(ジャガイモききん、英語: Potato Famine、アイルランド語: An Gorta Mór あるいは An Drochshaol[1])は、19世紀のアイルランド島で主要食物のジャガイモが疫病により枯死したことで起こった大飢饉のことである。アイルランドにおいては歴史を飢餓前と飢餓後に分けるほど決定的な影響を与えたため、「Great Famine(大飢饉)」と呼ばれている。特に1847年の状況は最も酷かったため、ブラック47(Black '47)とも呼ばれる[2]。
- ^ O termo surgiu em títulos de múltiplas obras sobre o evento, como demonstra a pesquisa no WorldCat
- ^ “‘BLACK ‘47’ – THE DARKEST OF YEARS; For Ireland, it marked the full onslaught of the Famine” (英語). Boston Irish (2017年3月2日). 2022年9月29日閲覧。
- ^ Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063
- ^ a b c d Genocide: a history. (2004) 2011年4月1日閲覧。
- ^ Ross, David, 1943- (2002). Ireland : history of a nation (New ed ed.). New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset. ISBN 1-84205-164-4. OCLC 52945911
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. University College Dublin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 804630176
- ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991) [1962]. The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 19. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851
- ^ Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. xvi–ii, 2–3. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063
- ^ Kinealy, This Great Calamity, p. xvii.
- ^ A fome que atingiu a Irlanda entre 1845 e 1852 tornou-se parte integrante do folclore irlandês. Kenealy, This Great Calamity, p. 342.
- ^ a b The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629
- ^ Citado em Blake (1967), p. 179.
- ^ Woodham-Smith (1964), p. 31.
- ^ A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland por Christine Kinealy 2011年3月31日閲覧。
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ a b Laxton, Edward. (1997). The famine ships : the Irish exodus to America (1st American ed ed.). New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5313-1. OCLC 37509632
- ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991) [1962]. The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. pp. 20-21. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851
- ^ a b Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991) [1962]. The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 24. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851
- ^ Butt, Isaac (29 March 1876). "Land Tenure (Ireland) Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 773.
- ^ Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 21. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851
- ^ a b Woodham Smith, Cecil, 1896-1977. (1991, ©1962). The great hunger : Ireland, 1845-1849. London: Penguin. p. 22. ISBN 0-14-014515-X. OCLC 59833851
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 9-10. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Robert Kee, The Laurel and the Ivy: The Story of Charles Stewart Parnell and Irish Nationalism p. 15.
- ^ Jill and Leon Uris, Ireland A Terrible Beauty (New York, Bantam Books,2003), p. 15.
- ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). pp. 19-20. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629
- ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 20. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629
- ^ a b Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 40. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409
- ^ a b Kinealy, Christine. (1995). This great calamity : the Irish famine, 1845-52. [Dublin]: Gill & Macmillan. p. 31. ISBN 1-57098-034-9. OCLC 32484115
- ^ a b Woodham-Smith (1964), p. 38
- ^ Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 41. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409
- ^ W.C. Paddock, "Our Last Chance to Win the War on Hunger", 1992, Advances in Plant Pathology 8:197–222.
- ^ a b Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 42. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409
- ^ a b Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 39–40
- ^ Kinealy, Christine. (1995). This great calamity : the Irish famine, 1845-52. [Dublin]: Gill & Macmillan. p. 33. ISBN 1-57098-034-9. OCLC 32484115
- ^ a b Kinealy, Christine. (2006). This great calamity : the Irish Famine, 1845-52. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. OCLC 212379063
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816
- ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 69. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002
- ^ David Ross (2002) Ireland: History of a Nation: 311
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816
- ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. pp. 94-96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209
- ^ Woodham-Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962), 41–42
- ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209
- ^ The Nation Newspaper, 1 November 1844.
- ^ Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945
- ^ a b The Nation Newspaper, 1846
- ^ Duffy, Peter, 1969- (2007). The killing of Major Denis Mahon : a mystery of old Ireland (1st ed ed.). New York, NY: Harper. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-06-084050-1. OCLC 148887326
- ^ Duffy, Peter, 1969- (2007). The killing of Major Denis Mahon : a mystery of old Ireland (1st ed ed.). New York, NY: Harper. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-06-084050-1. OCLC 148887326
- ^ Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Four Years of Irish History 1845–1849, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1888, pp. 277–278
- ^ a b Last Conquest Of Ireland (Perhaps), John Mitchel, Lynch, Cole & Meehan 1873.
- ^ F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, 30
- ^ a b c Kinealy "This Great Calamity" pg 38
- ^ a b Robert Blake, Disraeli, 221–241.
- ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 78–86
- ^ Michael Doheny's The Felon's Track, M.H. Gill & Son, LTD, 1951 Edition p. 98
- ^ a b c d Lyons, 30–34.
- ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (1996). Jail journal 1876, or, Five years in British prisons. New York: Woodstock Books. p. 16. ISBN 1-85477-218-X. OCLC 34690880
- ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1962) The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–9: 408–11
- ^ a b David Ross (2002) Ireland: History of a Nation: 224, 311
- ^ a b 'Fearful realities' : new perspectives on the famine. Morash, Chris, 1963-, Hayes, Richard., Society for the Study of Nineteenth-Century Ireland.. Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. (1996). p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7165-2565-3. OCLC 34722690
- ^ Kinealy (1995), 354.
- ^ A Short History of Ireland (第2版 ed.). ケンブリッジ、イングランド: Cambridge University Press. (1994) [1983]. p. 115
- ^ This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52. 米国メリーランド州ランハム: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. (1995). p. 200
- ^ a b Mitchel, John, 1815-1875. (2005). The last conquest of Ireland (perhaps). Maume, Patrick.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. pp. 94-96. ISBN 1-904558-36-4. OCLC 60705209
- ^ A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland, por Christine Kinealy
- ^ Alfred Webb, biografia não publicada, c. 1868, pp. 120–122
- ^ Kinealy (1995), 161.
- ^ “Why crescentstar on Drogheda Utd emblem?”. 2008年3月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年10月27日閲覧。
- ^ “Gratitude to the Ottomans”. 2010年6月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年10月27日閲覧。
- ^ Ward, Mike (1992). Irish Repay Choctaw Famine Gift: March Traces Trail of Tears in Trek for Somalian Relief. American-Stateman Capitol 2007年9月20日閲覧。.
- ^ a b Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 95. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 115. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629
- ^ a b The great Irish famine. Póirtéir, Cathal.. Dublin: Mercier Press. (1995). p. 156. ISBN 1-85635-111-4. OCLC 32822629
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 95-98. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Litton, Helen. (1994). The Irish famine : an illustrated history. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-937702-14-5. OCLC 31595441
- ^ Donnelly, James S. (2001). The great Irish potato famine. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 110. ISBN 0-7509-2632-5. OCLC 48920409
- ^ Thornton, Jeremy (2004). The Irish Potato Famine. The Rosen Publishing Group: Irish Immigrants Come to America (1845-1850). p. 24
- ^ Thornton, Jeremy (2004). The Irish Potato Famine, Irish Immigrants Come to America (1845-1850). The Rosen Publishing Group
- ^ Harman Akenson, Donald (1999). The Irish in Ontario, a study in rural history. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 404
- ^ Peter Gray, 1995, The Irish Famine, Thames and Hudson:London
- ^ Annual Register James Dodsley, registo de 1849 em julgamento
- ^ James Jupp (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins
- ^ Woodham-Smith. The Great Famine, p204
- ^ O registo civil de nascimentos e mortes na Irlanda não foi imposto por lei até 1863. URL: http://www.groireland.ie/history.htm アーカイブ 2010年7月1日 - ウェイバックマシン Acesso em 20-10-2007.
- ^ Richard Killen, A Short History of Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd., 2003)
- ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
- ^ Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'…Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (Nov. 1984), pp. 473–488."
- ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
- ^ Joe Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society (Gill History of Ireland Series No.10) p.2
- ^ a b c Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 36. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002
- ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002
- ^ Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002
- ^ M. Levi-Bacci, Population and nutrition: an essy on European demographic history, Cambridge, 1991, p. 38
- ^ a b Mapping the great Irish famine : a survey of the famine decades. Kennedy, Liam, 1946-. Dublin: Four Courts Press. (1999). p. 104. ISBN 1-85182-353-0. OCLC 43456002
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. (2006). Ireland's great famine : interdisciplinary perspectives. Eiríksson, Andrés.. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-904558-58-3. OCLC 67873816
- ^ Kinealy, Christine (1995), This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52, Gill & Macmillan, p. 80
- ^ “British fail to attend Famine ceremony” (英語). independent. 2020年8月20日閲覧。
- ^ Smith, Roberta (2002年7月16日). “Critic's Notebook; A Memorial Remembers The Hungry” (英語). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 2020年8月20日閲覧。
- ^ “Bono Takes World-record-breaking Debt Petition to Millennium Summit”. nyrock.com (2000年). 2012年10月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年3月20日閲覧。
- ^ Blair issues apology for Irish Potato Famine The Independent 1997年7月2日
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