政敵の悪魔化とは？わかりやすく解説

政敵の悪魔化（せいてきのあくまか、Demonizing the enemy）とは、政敵が破壊行為を目論む邪悪な侵略者であるという考えを助長させるプロパガンダ手法である^[1] .^[2]。

定義

ジュールズ・ボイコフは政敵の悪魔化を以下の4つに定義する^[3]。

メディアも国家も、敵の本質的な性質を、道徳的な善悪の枠に当てはめて描写している
相手の性格は、マニ教的な善悪二元論的手法で描かれる
これらの悪魔的描写は主に国家によって発信される
国家は政敵からの反論を隠す

歴史

政敵に対する悪魔化は歴史上ほとんどの時代に使われてきた。トゥキディデスは古代ギリシャでその例を記録した^[4]。

フィリップ・ナイトレイは、政敵(最初はその指導者、後に個人)の悪魔化は、西側メディアが従う予測可能なパターンとなり、最終段階は残虐行為であると信じていた

第二次世界大戦中、敵国に対する悪魔化や旗を振る愛国心を含むプロパガンダドキュメンタリーが、米国国務省や米国の他の州機関によって作成され、承認された後に配布された^[5]^[6]。

擬人化と悪魔化

第一次世界大戦中にロシアのマスメディアによって悪魔化されたカイザー・ヴィルヘルム2世のように、敵が個人であれば、悪魔化は簡単に実行できる^[7]。

出典

^ Dower, Nigel (7 July 2009). The Ethics of War and Peace. Polity. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7456-4168-3. "...the demonization or dehumanization of the enemy..."
^ Conserva, Henry T. (1 February 2003). Propaganda Techniques. AuthorHouse. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4107-0496-2. "The oldest trick of the propagandist is to demonize and dehumanize the hated other or others and make the enemy a ..."
^ Jules Boykoff (2007). Beyond bullets: the suppression of dissent in the United States. AK Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-904859-59-8
^ Jonathan J. Price (19 July 2001). Thucydides and Internal War. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-139-42843-9 2013年8月29日閲覧. "It is a banal fact that political leaders of nations fighting wars habitually demonize the enemy.... Hellenic speakers who strive to demonize and conceptually alienate other Hellenes...."
^ Steve Thorne (12 April 2006). The Language of War. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-203-00659-7 2013年12月6日閲覧. "In an article published in The Guardian (4 October 2001), Philip Knightley points out: The way wars are reported in the western media follows a depressingly predictable pattern: stage one, the crisis; stage two, the demonisation of the enemy's leader, stage three, the demonization of enemy as individuals; and stage four, atrocities."
^ Scott, Ian (1 January 2006). In Capra's Shadow: The Life and Career of Screenwriter Robert Riskin. University Press of Kentucky. p. 169. ISBN 0-8131-7135-0 2013年12月24日閲覧. "They included scenes of enemy demonization and flag-waving patriotism, much in the vein of documentaries being prepared within the State Department and other bodies."
^ Heretz, Leonid (28 February 2008). Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture under the Last Tsars. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-139-47066-7

[Dower2009-1] Dower, Nigel (7 July 2009). The Ethics of War and Peace. Polity. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7456-4168-3. "...the demonization or dehumanization of the enemy..."

[Conserva2003-2] Conserva, Henry T. (1 February 2003). Propaganda Techniques. AuthorHouse. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4107-0496-2. "The oldest trick of the propagandist is to demonize and dehumanize the hated other or others and make the enemy a ..."

[Boykoff2007-3] Jules Boykoff (2007). Beyond bullets: the suppression of dissent in the United States. AK Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-904859-59-8

[Price2001-4] Jonathan J. Price (19 July 2001). Thucydides and Internal War. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-139-42843-9 2013年8月29日閲覧. "It is a banal fact that political leaders of nations fighting wars habitually demonize the enemy.... Hellenic speakers who strive to demonize and conceptually alienate other Hellenes...."

[Thorne2006-5] Steve Thorne (12 April 2006). The Language of War. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-203-00659-7 2013年12月6日閲覧. "In an article published in The Guardian (4 October 2001), Philip Knightley points out: The way wars are reported in the western media follows a depressingly predictable pattern: stage one, the crisis; stage two, the demonisation of the enemy's leader, stage three, the demonization of enemy as individuals; and stage four, atrocities."

[Scott2006-6] Scott, Ian (1 January 2006). In Capra's Shadow: The Life and Career of Screenwriter Robert Riskin. University Press of Kentucky. p. 169. ISBN 0-8131-7135-0 2013年12月24日閲覧. "They included scenes of enemy demonization and flag-waving patriotism, much in the vein of documentaries being prepared within the State Department and other bodies."

[Heretz2008-7] Heretz, Leonid (28 February 2008). Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture under the Last Tsars. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-139-47066-7

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

政敵の悪魔化とは？ わかりやすく解説

政敵の悪魔化

定義

歴史

擬人化と悪魔化

出典

「政敵の悪魔化」の関連用語

政敵の悪魔化とは？わかりやすく解説