ウマヅラコウモリとは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

ウマヅラコウモリ

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/06/27 14:51 UTC 版)

ウマヅラコウモリ（学名：Hypsignathus monstrosus、英名：Hammer-headed Bat、hammer-headed fruit bat、big-lipped bat、hammerhead bat^[2]^[3]）は、オオコウモリ科に分類されるコウモリの一種。ウマヅラコウモリ属 (学名：Hypsignathus) は単型。本種を含めた5属でEpomophorini族を構成する。西アフリカと中央アフリカに分布し、アフリカ大陸最大のコウモリであり、翼開長1 mに達し、雄は雌の二倍の大きさになる。雄と雌は外見も大きく異なり、コウモリの中でも性的二形が大きい。これらの違いは、雄が声を増幅するためであり、雄の喉頭は雌の三倍の大きさで、顔に大きな共鳴室がある。和名の由来は、雄の顔がウマに似ていることから。雌は典型的なオオコウモリと同じで、キツネのような顔をしている。

脚注

^ ^a ^b ^c Tanshi, I. (2016). “Hypsignathus monstrosus”. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T10734A115098825.
^ Boland, Julia (2003年). “Hypsignathus monstrosus (hammer-headed fruit bat)”. Animal Diversity Web. 2023年6月14日閲覧。
^ “Is the Hammer-Headed Bat a Real Animal?”. ThoughtCo (2018年10月25日). 2023年6月14日閲覧。
^ D. W. マクドナルド編『動物大百科6　有袋類ほか』平凡社、1986年、67頁。ISBN 4-582-54506-8。
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f D. W. マクドナルド編『動物大百科6　有袋類ほか』平凡社、1986年、88-89頁。ISBN 4-582-54506-8。
^ ^a ^b Almeida, Francisca C; Giannini, Norberto P; Desalle, Rob; Simmons, Nancy B (2011). “Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny?”. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 281. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-281. PMC 3199269. PMID 21961908.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allen, H. (1861). “Description of new pteropine bats from Africa”. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 156–158.
^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494。
^ Palmer, T.S. (1904). “Index of Genera and Subgenera”. North American Fauna (23): 343.
^ Wheeler, W. A. (1872). A Dictionary of the English Language, Explanatory, Pronouncing Etymological, and Synonymous, with Copious Appendix. G & C Merriam
^ Bergmans, W. (1997). “Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 5. The genera Ussonycteris Andersen, 1912, Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 and Megaloglossus Pagenstecher, 1885; general remarks and conclusions; annex: key to all species”. Beaufortia 47 (2): 11–90.
^ Amador, Lucila I.; Moyers Arévalo, R. Leticia; Almeida, Francisca C.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Giannini, Norberto P. (2018). “Bat Systematics in the Light of Unconstrained Analyses of a Comprehensive Molecular Supermatrix”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25: 37–70. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9363-8. hdl:11336/55671.
^ Cunhaalmeida, Francisca; Giannini, Norberto Pedro; Simmons, Nancy B. (2016). “The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)”. Acta Chiropterologica 18: 73–90. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. hdl:11336/12847.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Happold, M. (2013). Mammals of Africa. 4. A&C Black. pp. 259–262. ISBN 9781408189962
^ ^a ^b ^c Nowak, M., R. (1994). Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9780801849862
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Langevin, P.; Barclay, R. (1990). “Hypsignathus monstrosus”. Mammalian Species (357): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3504110. JSTOR 3504110.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nowak, M., R. (1999). Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
^ Hsu, T. C.; Benirschke, Kurt (1977). “Hypsignathus monstrosus (Hammer-headed fruit bat)”. An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. pp. 13–16. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6436-2_4. ISBN 978-1-4684-7997-3
^ Primus, Ashley; Harvey, Jessica; Guimondou, Sylvain; Mboumba, Serge; Ngangui, Raphaël; Hoffman, Federico; Baker, Robert; Porter, Calvin A. (2006). “Karyology and Chromosomal Evolution of Some Small Mammals Inhabiting the Rainforest of the Rabi Oil Field, Gabon”. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington (12): 371–382.
^ Denys, C.; Kadjo, B.; Missoup, A. D.; Monadjem, A.; Aniskine, V. (2013). “New records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) and karyotypes from Guinean Mount Nimba (West Africa)”. Italian Journal of Zoology 80 (2): 279–290. doi:10.1080/11250003.2013.775367. hdl:2263/42399.
^ “Hypsignathus monstrosus (Hammer-headed fruit bat)”. Animal Diversity Web. 2024年6月22日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b ^c Bradbury, Jack W. (1977). “Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat”. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 45 (3): 225–255. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x. https://zenodo.org/record/8204647.
^ Toth, C. A.; Parsons, S. (2013). “Is lek breeding rare in bats?”. Journal of Zoology 291: 3–11. doi:10.1111/jzo.12069.
^ Olson, Sarah H.; Bounga, Gerard; Ondzie, Alain; Bushmaker, Trent; Seifert, Stephanie N.; Kuisma, Eeva; Taylor, Dylan W.; Munster, Vincent J. et al. (2019). “Lek-associated movement of a putative Ebolavirus reservoir, the hammer-headed fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), in northern Republic of Congo”. PLOS ONE 14 (10): e0223139. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1423139O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223139. PMC 6772046. PMID 31574111.
^ Neil, Emily (2018). “First sighting of a long-tailed hawk attacking a hammer-headed fruit bat”. African Journal of Ecology 56: 131. doi:10.1111/aje.12419.
^ ^a ^b “Hammer-headed Fruit Bat”. BATS Magazine 34 (1). (2015).
^ Mildenstein, T.; Tanshi, I.; Racey, P. A. (2016). “Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine”. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer. pp. 327. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12. ISBN 978-3-319-25218-6
^ Mickleburgh, Simon; Waylen, Kerry; Racey, Paul (2009). “Bats as bushmeat: A global review”. Oryx 43 (2): 217. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000938.
^ Gonzalez, E.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Pourrut, X. (2007). “Ebolavirus and Other Filoviruses”. Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 315. pp. 363–387. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_15. ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9. PMC 7121322. PMID 17848072
^ “What is Ebola Virus Disease?”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019年11月5日). 2020年4月13日閲覧。 “Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from.”
^ Rewar, Suresh; Mirdha, Dashrath (2015). “Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview”. Annals of Global Health 80 (6): 444–51. doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005. PMID 25960093. "Despite concerted investigative efforts, the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown."
^ Baseler, Laura; Chertow, Daniel S.; Johnson, Karl M.; Feldmann, Heinz; Morens, David M. (2017). “The Pathogenesis of Ebola Virus Disease”. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 12: 387–418. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100506. PMID 27959626. "The geographic ranges of many animal species, including bats, squirrels, mice and rats, dormice, and shrews, match or overlap with known outbreak sites of African filoviruses, but none of these mammals has yet been universally accepted as an EBOV reservoir."
^ Leendertz, Siv Aina J.; Gogarten, Jan F.; Düx, Ariane; Calvignac-Spencer, Sebastien; Leendertz, Fabian H. (2016). “Assessing the Evidence Supporting Fruit Bats as the Primary Reservoirs for Ebola Viruses”. Ecohealth 13 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1053-0. PMC 7088038. PMID 26268210.
^ “A new species in the ZOO Wrocław. It's a flying moose, or ... a bat”. Tu Wrocław (2020年5月6日). 2020年6月8日閲覧。
^ MacNamara, Mark C.; Doherty, James G.; Viola, Stephen; Schacter, Amy (1980). “The management and breeding of Hammer-headed bats Hypsignathus monstrosus at the New York Zoological Park”. International Zoo Yearbook 20 (1): 262. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1980.tb00988.x.