アインスタイニウム
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/03/05 08:43 UTC 版)
アインスタイニウム (英: einsteinium [aɪnˈstaɪniəm]) は原子番号99の元素。元素記号はEs。人工放射性元素であり、アクチノイド系列の元素の1つであり、7番目の超ウラン元素である。
- ^ Einsteinium. periodic.lanl.gov
- ^ a b c Haire, p. 1579
- ^ a b c Hammond C. R. "The elements" in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.), Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-0486-5
- ^ a b c d e f g Ghiorso, Albert (2003). “Einsteinium and Fermium”. Chemical and Engineering News 81 (36): 174–175. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p174 .
- ^ a b c Seaborg, p. 39
- ^ a b John Emsley Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-850340-7 pp. 133–135
- ^ 254Es, 254Fm and 253Fm would not be produced because of lack of beta decay in 254Cf and 253Es
- ^ a b c Ghiorso, A.; Thompson, S.; Higgins, G.; Seaborg, G.; Studier, M.; Fields, P.; Fried, S.; Diamond, H. et al. (1955). “New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100”. Phys. Rev. 99 (3): 1048–1049. Bibcode: 1955PhRv...99.1048G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048 . Google Books
- ^ Fields, P.; Studier, M.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Inghram, M.; Pyle, G.; Stevens, C.; Fried, S. et al. (1956). “Transplutonium Elements in Thermonuclear Test Debris”. Physical Review 102 (1): 180–182. Bibcode: 1956PhRv..102..180F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.180. Google Books
- ^ Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2011, ISBN 978-0-486-48238-5 (pbk.) pp. 267.
- ^ Ghiorso, Albert; Rossi, G. Bernard; Harvey, Bernard G.; Thompson, Stanley G. (1954). “Reactions of U-238 with Cyclotron-Produced Nitrogen Ions”. Physical Review 93 (1): 257. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...93..257G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.257.
- ^ Thompson, S. G.; Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B. G.; Choppin, G. R. (1954). “Transcurium Isotopes Produced in the Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium”. Physical Review 93 (4): 908. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...93..908T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.908 .
- ^ Harvey, Bernard; Thompson, Stanley; Ghiorso, Albert; Choppin, Gregory (1954). “Further Production of Transcurium Nuclides by Neutron Irradiation”. Physical Review 93 (5): 1129. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...93.1129H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129 .
- ^ Studier, M.; Fields, P.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Friedman, A.; Sellers, P.; Pyle, G.; Stevens, C. et al. (1954). “Elements 99 and 100 from Pile-Irradiated Plutonium”. Physical Review 93 (6): 1428. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...93.1428S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1428.
- ^ Choppin, G. R.; Thompson, S. G.; Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B. G. (1954). “Nuclear Properties of Some Isotopes of Californium, Elements 99 and 100”. Physical Review 94 (4): 1080–1081. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...94.1080C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.1080.
- ^ Fields, P.; Studier, M.; Mech, J.; Diamond, H.; Friedman, A.; Magnusson, L.; Huizenga, J. (1954). “Additional Properties of Isotopes of Elements 99 and 100”. Physical Review 94 (1): 209–210. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...94..209F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.209.
- ^ Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Harvey, B.G. and Choppin, G.R. (July 23, 1954) "Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100", Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, UCRL-2591
- ^ Thompson, S. G.; Harvey, B. G.; Choppin, G. R.; Seaborg, G. T. (1954). “Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 76 (24): 6229–6236. doi:10.1021/ja01653a004 .
- ^ Atterling, Hugo; Forsling, Wilhelm; Holm, Lennart; Melander, Lars; Åström, Björn (1954). “Element 100 Produced by Means of Cyclotron-Accelerated Oxygen Ions”. Physical Review 95 (2): 585–586. Bibcode: 1954PhRv...95..585A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2.
- ^ Richard Lee Miller (1991). Under the cloud: the decades of nuclear testing. Two-Sixty Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-881043-05-8
- ^ John McPhee (1980). The Curve of Binding Energy. Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc.. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-374-51598-0
- ^ Haire, p. 1577
- ^ Seaborg, G.T. (1994) Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg, World Scientific, p. 6, ISBN 981-02-1440-5.
- ^ Haire, p. 1580
- ^ Haire, R. G. (1990) "Properties of the Transplutonium Metals (Am-Fm)", in: Metals Handbook, Vol. 2, 10th edition, (ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio), pp. 1198–1201.
- ^ Haire, p. 1591
- ^ a b Haire, R. (1986). “Preparation, properties, and some recent studies of the actinide metals”. Journal of the Less Common Metals 121: 379–398. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(86)90554-0 .
- ^ a b Greenwood, p. 1268
- ^ a b Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. (1979). “Studies of einsteinium metal”. Le Journal de Physique 40: C4–101. doi:10.1051/jphyscol:1979431 . draft manuscript
- ^ Seaborg, p. 61
- ^ Kleinschmidt, Phillip D.; Ward, John W.; Matlack, George M.; Haire, Richard G. (1984). “Henry's Law vaporization studies and thermodynamics of einsteinium-253 metal dissolved in ytterbium”. The Journal of Chemical Physics 81 (1): 473–477. Bibcode: 1984JChPh..81..473K. doi:10.1063/1.447328.
- ^ Seaborg, p. 52
- ^ a b Seaborg, p. 60
- ^ a b c Ensor, D. D.; Peterson, J. R.; Haire, R. G.; Young, J. P. (1981). “Absorption spectrophotometric study of 253EsF3 and its decay products in the bulk-phase solid state”. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 43 (10): 2425–2427. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(81)80274-6.
- ^ a b c Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. (1973). “Identification and analysis of einsteinium sesquioxide by electron diffraction”. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 35 (2): 489–496. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.
- ^ Seaborg, p. 55
- ^ Seaborg, p. 76
- ^ Huray, P.; Nave, S.; Haire, R. (1983). “Magnetism of the heavy 5f elements”. Journal of the Less Common Metals 93 (2): 293–300. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90175-3.
- ^ Huray, Paul G.; Nave, S. E.; Haire, R. G.; Moore, J. R. (1984). “Magnetic Properties of Es2O3 and EsF3”. Inorganica Chimica Acta 94 (1–3): 120–122. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)94587-0.
- ^ Holleman, p. 1956
- ^ Seaborg, p. 53
- ^ Haire, p. 1578
- ^ Ahmad, I.; Wagner, Frank (1977). “Half-life of the longest-lived einsteinium isotope-252Es”. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 39 (9): 1509–1511. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(77)80089-4.
- ^ McHarris, William; Stephens, F.; Asaro, F.; Perlman, I. (1966). “Decay Scheme of Einsteinium-254”. Physical Review 144 (3): 1031–1045. Bibcode: 1966PhRv..144.1031M. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.144.1031.
- ^ Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). “The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties”. Chinese Physics C 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode: 2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 .
- ^ Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, "Evaluation of nuclear criticality safety data and limits for actinides in transport", p. 16.
- ^ Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7
- ^ Gopka, V. F.; Yushchenko, A. V.; Yushchenko, V. A.; Panov, I. V.; Kim, Ch. (2008). “Identification of absorption lines of short half-life actinides in the spectrum of Przybylski's star (HD 101065)”. Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies 24 (2): 89–98. Bibcode: 2008KPCB...24...89G. doi:10.3103/S0884591308020049.
- ^ Seaborg, p. 51
- ^ “High Flux Isotope Reactor”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 2010年9月23日閲覧。
- ^ “ru:Радионуклидные источники и препараты” (Russian). Research Institute of Atomic Reactors. 2010年9月26日閲覧。
- ^ a b Haire, p. 1582
- ^ Greenwood, p. 1262
- ^ Porter, C. E.; Riley, F. D., Jr.; Vandergrift, R. D.; Felker, L. K. (1997). “Fermium Purification Using Teva Resin Extraction Chromatography”. Sep. Sci. Technol. 32 (1–4): 83–92. doi:10.1080/01496399708003188 .
- ^ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Ghiorso, Albert and Seaborg, Glenn Theodore (2000) The Transuranium People: The Inside Story, Imperial College Press, pp. 190–191, ISBN 978-1-86094-087-3.
- ^ Seaborg, pp. 36–37
- ^ Jones, M.; Schuman, R.; Butler, J.; Cowper, G.; Eastwood, T.; Jackson, H. (1956). “Isotopes of Einsteinium and Fermium Produced by Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium”. Physical Review 102 (1): 203–207. Bibcode: 1956PhRv..102..203J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.203.
- ^ Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). “The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties”. Chinese Physics C 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode: 2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 .
- ^ Guseva, L.; Filippova, K.; Gerlit, Y.; Druin, V.; Myasoedov, B.; Tarantin, N. (1956). “Experiments on the production of einsteinium and fermium with a cyclotron”. Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954) 3 (4): 341–346. doi:10.1016/0891-3919(56)90064-X.
- ^ Harry H. Binder: Lexikon der chemischen Elemente, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3, pp. 18–23.
- ^ Эйнштейний (in Russian, a popular article by one of the involved scientists)
- ^ Chetham-Strode, A.; Holm, L. (1956). “New Isotope Einsteinium-248”. Physical Review 104 (5): 1314. Bibcode: 1956PhRv..104.1314C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1314.
- ^ Harvey, Bernard; Chetham-Strode, Alfred; Ghiorso, Albert; Choppin, Gregory; Thompson, Stanley (1956). “New Isotopes of Einsteinium”. Physical Review 104 (5): 1315–1319. Bibcode: 1956PhRv..104.1315H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1315 .
- ^ Kulyukhin, S.; Auerman, L. N.; Novichenko, V. L.; Mikheev, N. B.; Rumer, I. A.; Kamenskaya, A. N.; Goncharov, L. A.; Smirnov, A. I. (1985). “Production of microgram quantities of einsteinium-253 by the reactor irradiation of californium”. Inorganica Chimica Acta 110: 25–26. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)81347-X.
- ^ a b c Seaborg, p. 40
- ^ These were codenamed: "Anacostia" (5.2 kilotons, 1962), "Kennebec" (<5 kilotons, 1963), "Par" (38 kilotons, 1964), "Barbel" (<20 kilotons, 1964), "Tweed" (<20 kilotons, 1965), "Cyclamen" (13 kilotons, 1966), "Kankakee" (20-200 kilotons, 1966), "Vulcan" (25 kilotons, 1966) and "Hutch" (20-200 kilotons, 1969)
- ^ United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 through September 1992 Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.
- ^ Seaborg, p. 43
- ^ Seaborg, p. 44
- ^ Seaborg, p. 47
- ^ Haire, p. 1583
- ^ Haire, pp. 1584–1585
- ^ a b Hall, Nina (2000). The new chemistry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0-521-45224-3
- ^ Haire, p. 1588
- ^ Haire, p. 1590
- ^ a b c Haire, R. G.; Eyring, L. (1994). “Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry”. In K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 18. North-Holland, New York. pp. 414–505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2
- ^ Kleinschmidt, P. (1994). “Thermochemistry of the actinides”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213–214: 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2 .
- ^ Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. (1969). “Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride”. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5 (4): 307–313. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5 .
- ^ a b Miasoedov, B. F. Analytical chemistry of transplutonium elements, Wiley, 1974 (Original from the University of California), ISBN 0-470-62715-8, p. 99
- ^ Fellows, R.; Peterson, J. R.; Noé, M.; Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G. (1975). “X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of crystalline einsteinium(III) bromide, 253EsBr3”. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 11 (11): 737–742. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80090-0.
- ^ a b c Haire, pp. 1595–1596
- ^ a b c Seaborg, p. 62
- ^ a b c d e Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G.; Peterson, J. R.; Ensor, D. D.; Fellow, R. L. (1981). “Chemical consequences of radioactive decay. 2. Spectrophotometric study of the ingrowth of berkelium-249 and californium-249 into halides of einsteinium-253”. Inorganic Chemistry 20 (11): 3979–3983. doi:10.1021/ic50225a076.
- ^ Haire, p. 1598
- ^ Holleman, p. 1969
- ^ a b c Greenwood, p. 1270
- ^ Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G.; Fellows, R. L.; Peterson, J. R. (1978). “Spectrophotometric studies of transcurium element halides and oxyhalides in the solid state”. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 43 (2): 479–488. doi:10.1007/BF02519508.
- ^ Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C.; Peterson, J. R. (1969). “The solution absorption spectrum of Es3+”. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5 (4): 245–250. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80192-3 .
- ^ a b Peterson, J.R. (1979). “Preparation, characterization, and decay of einsteinium(II) in the solid state”. Le Journal de Physique 40 (4): C4–111. doi:10.1051/jphyscol:1979435 . manuscript draft
- ^ Fellows, R.L.; Young, J.P.; Haire, R.G. and Peterson J.R. (1977) in: GJ McCarthy and JJ Rhyne (eds) The Rare Earths in Modern Science and Technology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 493–499.
- ^ Young, J.P.; Haire R.G., Fellows, R.L.; Noe, M. and Peterson, J.R. (1976) "Spectroscopic and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Bromides of Californium-249 and Einsteinium-253", in: W. Müller and R. Lindner (eds.) Plutonium 1975, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 227–234.
- ^ Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. (1969). “Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 73 (5): 1540–1549. doi:10.1021/j100725a060.
- ^ Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. (1983). “5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es3+ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases”. Journal of the Less Common Metals 93 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9.
- ^ It's Elemental – The Element Einsteinium. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955). “New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101”. Physical Review 98 (5): 1518–1519. Bibcode: 1955PhRv...98.1518G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1 .
- ^ Schadel, M.; Bruchle, W.; Brugger, M.; Gaggeler, H.; Moody, K.; Schardt, D.; Summerer, K.; Hulet, E. et al. (1986). “Heavy isotope production by multinucleon transfer reactions with 254Es”. Journal of the Less Common Metals 122: 411–417. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(86)90435-2 .
- ^ Lougheed, R. W.; Landrum, J. H.; Hulet, E. K.; Wild, J. F.; Dougan, R. J.; Dougan, A. D.; Gäggeler, H.; Schädel, M. et al. (1985). “Search for superheavy elements using 48Ca + 254Esg reaction”. Physical Review C 32 (5): 1760–1763. Bibcode: 1985PhRvC..32.1760L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760. PMID 9953034.
- ^ Turkevich, A. L.; Franzgrote, E. J.; Patterson, J. H. (1967). “Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor V Landing Site”. Science 158 (3801): 635–637. Bibcode: 1967Sci...158..635T. doi:10.1126/science.158.3801.635. PMID 17732956.
- ^ International Commission on Radiological Protection (1988). Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers, Part 4. 19. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-08-036886-3
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