ポーランド・リトアニア共和国
(ポーランド・リトアニア から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/01/12 08:20 UTC 版)
ポーランド王国およびリトアニア大公国(ポーランドおうこくおよびリトアニアたいこうこく、ポーランド語: Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie、英語: Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)、通称ポーランド・リトアニア共和国(ポーランド・リトアニアきょうわこく、英語: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)[2]は、ポーランド王とリトアニア大公の両方を兼ねた実質的に共通の君主によって統治された国、およびポーランドとリトアニアによる連邦[3]である。16世紀から17世紀のヨーロッパで最も大きく、最も人口の多い国の1つであった[4]。17世紀初頭の連邦の最大版図はほぼ100万平方キロメートルを占め[5]、1618年の時点でのほぼ1200万人の多民族を維持した[6][7]。ポーランド語とラテン語が共同公用語であった。
- ^ Daniel Z Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386‐1795, p46
- ^ ルーシ語: Королѣвъство Польское и Великое князство Литовское、リトアニア語: Lenkijos Karalystė ir Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė、ラテン語: Regnum Poloniae Magnique Ducatus Lithuaniae(18世紀以前)
- ^ Zbigniew Pucek: Państwo i społeczeństwo 2012/1, Krakow, 2012, p. 17.
- ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Pimlico 1997, p. 554: "Poland–Lithuania was another country which experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
- ^ According to Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych: Atlas Historyczny Polski, wydanie X, 1990, p. 16, 990.000 km2
- ^ Based on 1618 population map Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (p. 115), 1618 languages map (p119), 1657–67 losses map (p. 128) and 1717 map Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (p. 141) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
- ^ According to Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych: Atlas Historyczny Polski, wydanie X, 1990, p. 16, just over 9 million in 1618.
- ^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820654-2, Google print p. 84
- ^ Rett R. Ludwikowski, Constitution-Making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance, Duke University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8223-1802-4, Google Print, p. 34
- ^ George Sanford, Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989, Palgrave, 2002, ISBN 0-333-77475-2, Google print p. 11 – constitutional monarchy, p. 3 – anarchy
- ^ "Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation .
- ^ Halina Stephan, Living in Translation: Polish Writers in America, Rodopi, 2003, ISBN 90-420-1016-9, Google Print p. 373.
- ^ Feliks Gross, https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0313309329&id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+religious+tolerance Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution, Greenwood Press, 1999, ISBN 0-313-30932-9, p. 122 (notes)
- ^ George Sanford, Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989, Palgrave, 2002, ISBN 0-333-77475-2, Google print p. 11 – constitutional monarchy, p. 3 – anarchy
- ^ "In the mid-1500s, united Poland was the largest state in Europe and perhaps the continent's most powerful state politically and militarily".
- ^ George Sanford, Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989, Palgrave, 2002, ISBN 0-333-77475-2, Google print p. 11 – constitutional monarchy, p. 3 – anarchy
- ^ Martin Van Gelderen, Quentin Skinner, Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80756-5 p. 54.
- ^ "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis" Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (discussion and full online text) of Evsey Domar (1970).
- ^ Poland's 1997 Constitution in Its Historical Context; Daniel H. Cole, Indiana University School of Law, 22 September 1998 http://indylaw.indiana.edu/instructors/cole/web%20page/polconst.pdf
- ^ Blaustein, Albert (1993). Constitutions of the World. Fred B. Rothman & Company. ISBN 9780837703626
- ^ Isaac Kramnick, Introduction, Madison, James (1987). The Federalist Papers. Penguin Classics. p. 13. ISBN 0-14-044495-5 . "May second oldest constitution."
- ^ John Markoff describes the advent of modern codified national constitutions as one of the milestones of democracy, and states that "The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791."
- ^ (ポーランド語: Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska、ラテン語: Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae)Polish‐Prussian alliance of 1790
- ^ ルーシ語: Рѣч Посполита、リトアニア語: Žečpospolita
- ^ ポーランド語: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów、ウクライナ語: Річ Посполита Двух Народів、ベラルーシ語: Рэч Паспалітая Абодвух Народаў、リトアニア語: Abiejų tautų respublika
- ^ /Paweł Jasienica. Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów. 1967‐1972; Paweł Jasienica. The Commonwealth of Both Nations. Miami: American Institute of Polish Culture, 1987.「共和国(Rzeczpospolita)」および「二民族(Oba Narody)」という言葉は当時から広く用いられていたが、ポーランド民族とリトアニア民族の「二民族の共和国」という呼称は共和国が存在していた時期に使われたことはない。日本語では「両民族の共和国」「二国民の共和国」「両国民の共和国」とも訳される。
- ^ Maciej Janowski, Polish Liberal Thought, Central European University Press, 2001, ISBN 963-9241-18-0, Google Print: p3, p12
- ^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763‐1848, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820654-2, Google print p84
- ^ Rett R. Ludwikowski, Constitution-Making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance, Duke University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8223-1802-4, Google Print, p34
- ^ a b George Sanford, Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989, Palgrave, 2002, ISBN 0-333-77475-2, Google print p11—constitutional monarchy, p3—anarchy
- ^ a b c Aleksander Gella, Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors, SUNY Press, 1998, ISBN 0-88706-833-2, Google Print, p13
- ^ "Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation… But Poland, which retained possession of the Lithuanian lands it had seized, but Poland had greater representation in the Diet and became the dominant partner.""Lublin, Union of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.[1]
- ^ Halina Stephan, Living in Translation: Polish Writers in America, Rodopi, 2003, ISBN 90-420-1016-9, Google Print p373. Quoting from Sarmatian Review academic journal mission statement: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was […] characterized by religious tolerance unusual in premodern Europe
- ^ This quality of the Commonwealth was recognized by its contemporaries. Robert Burton, in his The Anatomy of Melancholy, first published in 1621, writes of Poland: "Poland is a receptacle of all religions, where Samosetans, Socinians, Photinians [...], Arians, Anabaptists are to be found"; "In Europe, Poland and Amsterdam are the common sanctuaries [for Jews]".
- ^ Feliks Gross, Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution, Greenwood Press, 1999, ISBN 0-313-30932-9, Google Print, p122 (notes)
- ^ "Poland." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 20 Feb. 2009
- ^ (英語) Francis Dvornik (1992). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. Rutgers University Press. p. 300. ISBN 08-13507-99-5
- ^ (英語) Salo Wittmayer Baron (1976). A social and religious history of the Jews. Columbia University Press. ISBN 02-31088-53-1
- ^ Martin Van Gelderen, Quentin Skinner, Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80756-5 Google Print: p54
- ^ The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis, discussion and full online text of Evsey Domar (1970) "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis", Economic History Review 30:1 (March), pp18‐32
- ^ a b John Markoff describes the advent of modern codified national constitutions and states that "The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791." John Markoff, Waves of Democracy, 1996, ISBN 0-8039-9019-7, Google Print, p121
- ^ Total and Jewish population based on Frazee; others are estimations from Pogonowski (se following reference). Charles A. Frazee, World History the Easy Way, Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 0-8120-9766-1
- ^ Based on 1618 population map (p115), 1618 languages map (p119), 1657–67 losses map (p128) and 1717 map (p141) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
- ^ Andrzej Jezierski, Cecylia Leszczyńska, Historia gospodarcza Polski, 2003, s. 68.
- ^ Russia's Rise as a European Power, 1650-1750, Jeremy Black, History Today, Vol. 36 Issue: 8, August 1986
- ^ a b Pacy, James S.; James T. McHugh. Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War (1st Edition ed.). Post Road West, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. doi:10.1336/0313318786. ISBN 0-313-31878-6 2006年9月3日閲覧。
- ^ Bardach, Juliusz (1998). O Rzeczpospolitą Obojga Narodów. Warszawa
- ^ Joanna Olkiewicz, Najaśniejsza Republika Wenecka (Most Serene Republic of Venice), Książka i Wiedza, 1972, Warszawa
- ^ Joseph Conrad, Notes on Life and Letters: Notes on Life and Letters, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-56163-9, Google Print, p422 (notes)
- ^ Frost, Robert I.. The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in northeastern Europe, 1558‐1721. Harlow, England; New York: Longman's 2000. Especially pp9‐11, 114, 181, 323.
- ^ (英語) David Sneath (2007). The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia. Columbia University Press. p. 188. ISBN 02-31140-54-1
- ^ (英語) M. L. Bush (1988). Rich noble, poor noble. Manchester University Press ND. p. 8-9. ISBN 07-19023-81-5
- ^ a b c (英語) Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 06-74926-85-4
- ^ William Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs, Transaction Publishers, 2005, ISBN 1-4128-0490-6, Google Print, pp42‐43
- ^ John Adams, The Political Writings of John Adams, Regnery Gateway, 2001, ISBN 0-89526-292-4, Google Print, p.242
- ^ a b Henry Eldridge Bourne, The Revolutionary Period in Europe 1763 to 1815, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4179-3418-2, Google Print p161
- ^ a b Wolfgang Menzel, Germany from the Earliest Period Vol. 4, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4191-2171-5, Google Print, p33
- ^ Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, ISBN 1-84212-511-7, Google Print p431[リンク切れ]
- ^ Carl L. Bucki, The Constitution of May 3, 1791, Text of a presentation made at the Polish Arts Club of Buffalo on the occasion of the celebrations of Poland's Constitution Day on May 3, 1996. Retrieved March 20, 2006
- ^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz, The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, Routledge (UK), 2001, ISBN 0-415-25491-4, Google Print p131
- ^ “Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History”. Britannica.com (1910年1月31日). 2009年2月1日閲覧。
- ^ https://books.google.co.jp/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN086091710X&id=EhtMbM1Z8BkC&dq=Union+of+Lublin&lpg=PA284&pg=PA285&sig=Iz4vVbE7WIYY8AI-_UNKwB6C7wY&redir_esc=y&hl=ja , "Lineages of the Absolutist State". ISBN 9780860917106
- ^ https://books.google.co.jp/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN086091710X&id=EhtMbM1Z8BkC&dq=Union+of+Lublin&lpg=PA284&pg=PA285&sig=Iz4vVbE7WIYY8AI-_UNKwB6C7wY&redir_esc=y&hl=ja
- ^ (英語) Krzysztof Olszewski (2007). The Rise and Decline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade. p. 7 2009年4月22日閲覧。[リンク切れ]
- ^ (英語) Norman Davies (2005). God's Playground: A History of Poland. Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 02-31128-19-3
- ^ Tadeusz Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (New York: Praeger Publishers 1970) at 167
- ^ Dan D.Y. Shapira. (2009) "Turkism", Polish Sarmatism and Jewish Szlachta Some reflections on a cultural context of the Polish-Lithuanian Karaites Karadeniz Arastirmalari pp. 29–43
- ^ Andrzej Wasko, Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: <space>The Dilemma of Polish Culture, Sarmatian Review XVII.2, online
- ^ a b c Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence, Yale University Press, 1994, ISBN 0300060785, Google Print, p.48
- ^ a b Daniel. Z Stone, A History of East Central Europe, p.46
- ^ Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael, Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0199250855, Google Print p.184
- ^ Östen Dahl, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, ISBN 9027230579, Google Print, p.45
- ^ Glanville Price, Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Blackwell Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0631220399, Google Print, p.30
- ^ a b c d Mikulas Teich, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0521367131, Google Print, p.295
- ^ a b c d e f Kevin O'Connor, Culture And Customs of the Baltic States, Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0313331251, Google Print, p.115
- ^ Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0521583357, Google Print, p.88
- ^ Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, ISBN 0765606658, Google Print, p.177
- ^ Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature, University of California Press, 1983, ISBN 0520044770, Google Print, p.108
- ^ a b Jan K. Ostrowski, Land of the Winged Horsemen: Art in Poland, 1572-1764, Yale University Press, 1999, ISBN 0300079184, Google Print, p.27
- ^ a b (英語) Joanna B. Michlic (2006). Poland's threatening other: the image of the Jew from 1880 to the present. U of Nebraska Press. p. 42. ISBN 08-03232-40-3
- ^ (英語) Rosemary A. Chorzempa (1993). Polish roots. Genealogical Pub.. ISBN 08-06313-78-1
- ^ They were the first Catholic schools in which one of the main languages of instruction was Polish. [...] Although he followed Locke in attaching weight to the native language, in general Latin lost ground to French rather than Polish. (英語) Richard Butterwick (1998). Poland's last king and English culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732-1798. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-19-820701-8
- ^ Östen Dahl, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, ISBN 9027230579, Google Print, p.41
- ^ Daniel. Z Stone, A History of East Central Europe, p.4
- ^ Zinkevičius, Z. (1993). Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. p. 70. ISBN 5-420-01085-2. "Official usage of Lithuanian language in the 16th century Lithuania's cities proves magistrate's decree of Vilnius city, which was sealed by Žygimantas Augustas' in 1552...//Courts juratory were written in Lithuanian language. In fact, such [courts juratory written in Lithuanian] survived from the 17th century..."
- ^ “"Mes Wladislaus..." a letter from Wladyslaw Vasa issued in 1639 written in Lithuanian language”. 2006年9月3日閲覧。
- ^ Ališauskas, V.; L. Jovaiša, M. Paknys, R. Petrauskas, E. Raila and others (2001). Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos kultūra. Tyrinėjimai ir vaizdai. Vilnius. p. 500. ISBN 9955-445-26-2. "In 1794 Government's declarations were carried out and in Lithuanian."
- ^ (ポーランド語) Karol Zierhoffer, Zofia Zierhoffer (2000). Nazwy zachodnioeuropejskie w języku polskim a związki Polski z kulturą Europy. Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk. p. 79. ISBN 83-7063-286-6 Podobną opinię przekazał nieco późnej, w 1577 r. Marcin Kromer "Za naszej pamięci weszli [...] do głównych miast Polski kupcy i rzemieślnicy włoscy, a język ich jest także częściowo w użyciu, mianowicie wśród wytworniejszych Polaków, którzy chętnie podróżują do Włoch".
- ^ A. stated, for instance by the preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997.
- ^ Alfonsas Eidintas, Vytautas Zalys, Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918‐1940, Palgrave, 1999, ISBN 0-312-22458-3. Print, p78
- ^ “"Zobaczyć Kresy". Grzegorz Górny. Rzeczpospolita 23-08-2008 (in Polish)” ((ポーランド語)). Rp.pl (2008年8月23日). 2009年2月1日閲覧。
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